1

Seismic Analysis of Structures

Using EC8
EC8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance

• EC8 includes a full methodology and regulations to perform seismic

analysis of structures
• However several issues should be further detailed in each country from
a National Annex text. These issues amongst others contain:
- Ground investigations necessity
- Seismic zone maps and reference ground accelerations
- Parameters S , TB , TC , TD defining horizontal response spectra
- Values of φ (calculation of ψE,i for buildings – safety factor for variable
actions)
- Values of γI (importance factor for buildings)
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Contents of EC8

Section 1 - General
Scope of EC8 – Assumptions, definitions and symbols

Section 2 – Performance requirements and compliance criteria

Basic performance requirements and compliance criteria applicable to buildings
and civil engineering works in seismic regions

Section 3 – Ground conditions and seismic action

Rules for the representation and calculation of seismic actions and for their
combination with other actions

Section 4 – Design of buildings

General design rules relevant specifically to buildings

Section 5-9 – Specific rules for design of several types of buildings

Design specifications for concrete, steel, composite concrete-steel, timber and
masonry buildings

Section 10 – Base isolation

Fundamental requirements and other relevant aspects of design and safety,
related to base isolation
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Earthquake analysis of structures in EC8

Structural types covered by EC8

• Concrete structures • Steel structures • Masonry structures

• Composite steel-concrete structures • Timber structures

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Types of Seismic Analysis in EC8

• Lateral Force method of analysis

- This type of analysis may be applied to buildings whose response is
not significantly affected by contributions of higher modes of vibration.
- Several regularity criteria must be met

3n number of modes 1st mode (T1)

Seismic actions
T1 from equivalent
T2 Sdof (T1)

3Tn

But 1st mode (T1) dominates the response

(regularity criteria)
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Types of Seismic Analysis in EC8

• Modal Response Spectrum analysis

- This type of analysis can be applied to all buildings (including those
that fail the regularity criteria of Lateral Force method)
- Take into account so many modes that at least 90% of the total mass
becomes active in earthquake forces
Seismic actions
3n number of modes Modes from equivalent
Sdof
T1
T1
T2 T1

+ +
3Tn Tk Tk

Need k modes to reach 90% of activated

mass during analysis
Total Structural Response
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Types of Seismic Analysis in EC8

• Non-Linear methods of analysis

- Non-Linear static (pushover) analysis
- Non-Linear time-history analysis

Non-Linear methods discussion is out of the scope of this Lesson

Modal Response Spectrum analysis application in concrete buildings will

be discussed in detail in the following pages.
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis in EC8

Regulations (EC8)

§3. Seismic actions calculation from Response Spectrum

§4.2. Characteristics of earthquake resistant buildings

§4.2.4. Combination coefficients for variable actions

§4.3. Structural analysis

§4.3.1 Modelling
§4.3.2 Accidental torsional effects
§4.3.3 Methods of analysis
§4.3.3.3 Modal Response Spectrum analysis

§5 Design concepts and criteria for concrete buildings

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Application of Modal Response Spectrum analysis
§3. Specify the response spectrum
shape that complies to each specific
case criteria

where:
Sd(T) design spectrum
T vibration period of a linear SDOF
system
ag design ground acceleration on
type A ground (ag = γI.agR)
TB,TC limits of the constant spectral
acceleration branch
TD value defining the beginning of the
constant displacement
response range of the spectrum
S soil factor
q behaviour factor
η damping correction factor with
reference value η = 1 for 5% viscous
damping
β lower bound factor for the
horizontal design spectrum.
Recommended value: β=0,2
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Application of Modal Response Spectrum analysis

§3.2.4 Inertial effects (mass consideration at each floor)

• Mass calculation of last floor • Mass calculation of other floors

From load combination G+0.3Q From load combination G+0.15Q

B G  0.3Q B G  0.15Q
m  m 
g 9.81 g 9.81

• Accidental torsional effects Lx

In order to cover uncertainties in the

location of masses and in the spatial
Ey Ex Ey
variation of seismic motion the mass
0.05Lx
location will be displaced from the
geometric mass centre (K) by an
Ly 0.05Ly
K
accidental eccentricity:
eai  0.05  L i Ex

Li is the floor-dimension perpendicular to

the direction of the seismic action
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Application of Modal Response Spectrum analysis
§3.2.4 Inertial effects (mass consideration at each floor)
Lx

mass in 4 different locations

Ex (4 different solutions 1,2,3,4)

Lx
Ly 0.05Ly
K
Ey Ey
Ex Ex Ex
1 4
0.05Lx
Ey Ey
Ly 0.05Ly
K
Lx
Ex 2 Ex 3

Ey 0.05Lx Ey

Ly K Design each element with the

maximum response values from the
4 solutions
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 1

Application of Methodology in fixed-base sdof structure

Input data details:
- Concrete structure
- L=4m F
M
m=5t

- Agricultural building
- Seismic zone I of Greece
- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5
- Rock soil deposits
- Inverted pendulum system in DCM design
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 1
Earthquake action calculations:
- Agricultural building (importance class IV γI=0.8)
- Seismic zone I of Greece (agr=0.16g  ag=γIagr=0.8·0.16g=1.26m/s²)
- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5 (Type 1)
- Rock soil deposits (ground type A)
S=1.0 , TB=0.15s , TC=0.4s , TD=2.0s
- Inverted pendulum system in DCM design (qo=1.5)
q=qo·kw= 1.5·1=1.5
System without walls kw=1

 2 T  2.5 2   m 2  m
T= 0s Sd  0   αg  S         1.26  1.0    0  0.84
 3 TB  q 3  s 3  s
2.5 m  2.5  m
T= TB=0.15s Sd  0.15  αg  S   1.26  1.0     2.1
q s  1.5  s
2.5 m  2.5  m
T= TC=0.4s Sd  0.4   αg  S   1.26  1.0     2.1
q s  1.5  s
2.5  TC  m 2.5  0.4  m
T= TD=2.0s Sd 2.0   αg  S     1.26  1.0     0.42
q T s 1.5  2  s
2.5  TC  TD  m 2.5  0.4  2  m
T= 3.0s Sd 3.0   αg  S   1.26  1.0    0.19
q  T 2  s 1.5  32  s
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 1
m T (sec) Sd(T) m/s²
Lower limit Sd(T) β  ag  0.2  1.26  0.25
s2 0.00 0.84

Response spectrum (5% ) 0.15 2.10

2.50
0.40 2.10
0.50 1.68
2.00
0.60 1.40
Sd(T) (m/s²)

0.80 1.05
1.50
1.00 0.84
1.20 0.70
1.00
1.40 0.60

0.50 1.60 0.53

1.80 0.47

0.00 2.00 0.42

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 2.20 0.35
T (sec)
2.40 0.29
2.60 0.25
4.00 0.25

Mass m=5t
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 1
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

Open File Example 1, select the joint at the top of the structure and assign mass in X-direction
equal to 5t.

mass at the top joint Model appearance

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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 1
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

From Define Response Spectrum Functions check Add new Function and type the values of T
and Acceleration that were calculated for this case.

Response Spectrum function definition

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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 1
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:
In Analyze Set Options select Dynamic
From Define Response Spectrum Cases check Analysis and from Set Dynamic Parameters
Add new Spectra, select damping 0.05 in modal ask for 10 modes to be calculated. Since
combination and the EC8 function in Input we only have 1 dynamic degree of freedom
Response Spectra. (1 mass movement in X-direction) we are
only expecting from SAP to calculate 1
mode (even when we asked for 10).

Response Spectrum Case definition

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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 1
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:
Run the analysis. In the The period of the structure is T=0.3768. If we look at the
right window select calculated response spectrum we can see that the Acceleration
Display Show mode shape value is equal to Sd(0.37)=2.1m/s². Thus the force at the top
1 (mode shape 2 does not is F=m·Sd(t)=5·2.1=10.5 KN and the base moment
exist if we try to ask one). M=10.5KN·4m=42 KNm

From Display Show Elements Forces/Stresses we select

Frames and Moment 3-3 diagram in the EC8 Spectra Case.

The diagram shows

exactly the same
value for the EC8
Spectra case as the
calculation by hand.

Mode Shape 1 (T=0.3768sec)

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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 2
Application of Methodology in 2D plane frame
q=10KN/m

Input data details: g=15KN/m

- Concrete structure
- At each floor g=15KN/m, q=10KN/m

3.0 m
q=10KN/m

- Bay width 7m g=15KN/m

- Ordinary building

3.0 m
- Seismic zone I of Greece q=10KN/m

g=15KN/m

- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5

- Soil deposits of very dense sand with

3.0 m
vS,30=450m/s q=10KN/m

g=15KN/m

- Frame system in DCM design C D D

3.0 m
Z

Y
B A A
X

7.0 m 7.0 m
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 2
Earthquake action calculations:
- Ordinary building (importance class III γI=1)
- Seismic zone I of Greece (agr=0.16g  ag=γIagr=0.16g=1.57m/s²)
- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5 (Type 1)
- Soil deposits of very dense sand with vS,30=450m/s (ground type B)
S=1.2 , TB=0.15s , TC=0.5s , TD=2.0s
- Frame system in DCM design (qo=3αu/α1)
Multistorey, multi-bay frame system αu/α1=1.3 q=qo·kw= (3·1.3)·1=3.9
Frame system kw=1

 2 T  2.5 2   m 2  m
T= 0s Sd  0   αg  S         1.57 2  1.2    0  1.26 2
 3 TB  q 3  s 3  s
2.5 m  2.5  m
T= TB=0.15s Sd  0.15  αg  S   1.57 2  1.2     1.21
q s  3.9  s2
2.5 m  2.5  m
T= TC=0.5s Sd  0.5  αg  S   1.57 2  1.2     1.21
q s  3.9  s2
2.5  TC  m 2.5  0.5  m
T= TD=2.0s Sd 2.0   αg  S     1.57 2  1.2     0.30 2
q T s 3.9  2  s
2.5  TC  TD  m 2.5  0.5  2  m
T= 3.0s Sd 3.0   αg  S   1.57  1.2    0.13
q  T 2  s2 3.9  3 
2  s2
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 2
m
Lower limit Sd(T) β  ag  0.2  1.57  0.31
s2 T (sec) Sd(T) (m/s²)
Response spectrum (5% ) 0.00 1.26
1.40
0.15 1.21
1.20
0.50 1.21
1.00 0.60 1.01
Sd(T) (m/s²)

0.70 0.86
0.80
0.80 0.75
0.60
1.00 0.60

0.40 1.20 0.50

1.40 0.43
0.20
1.60 0.38
0.00 1.80 0.34
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
2.00 0.31
T (sec)
4.00 0.31

Mass calculations from gravity loads

Mass of last floor:
At each floor: B G  0.3Q 210  0.3  140
m    25.69 t
Total G=2·7m·15KN/m=210KN g 9.81 9.81
Total Q=2·7m·10KN/m=140KN Mass of other floors:
B G  0.15Q 210  0.15  140
m    23.55 t
g 9.81 9.81
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 2
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

Open File Example 2 and select the joints at the center of the first 3 floors (not the last floor
joint) and assign mass in X-direction equal to 23.55t. Repeat the same procedure with the
joint at the last floor assigning this time a mass value 25.69t.

Model appearance
mass in 3 first floors mass in last floor
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 2
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

From Define Response Spectrum Functions check Add new Function and type the values of T
and Acceleration that were calculated for this case.

Response Spectrum function definition

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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 2
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:
From Define Load Combinations click
From Define Response Spectrum Cases check Modify/Show on the SEISMIC combo
Add new Spectra, select damping 0.05 in modal and replace the E Load Case with EC8
combination and the EC8 function in Input Spectra (accurate earthquake loads to
Response Spectra. replace the simplified).

Response Spectrum Case definition Replace E load case with EC8

Spectra
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 2
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:
In Analyze Set Options select Dynamic
Finally From Define Static Load Cases delete Analysis and from Set Dynamic Parameters
the E Load Case which is now replaced by exact ask for 10 modes to be calculated. Since
earthquake forces from the spectrum. we only have 4 dynamic degrees of
freedom (4 masses movements, one at
each floor in X-direction) we are only
expecting from SAP to calculate those 4
modes (even when we asked for 10).

Delete E Load Case

(simplified earthquake loading)
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 2
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

Run the analysis. In the right window select Display Show mode shape 1 and then Show
mode shape 2.

Mode Shape 1 (T=0.425sec) Mode Shape 2 (T=0.136sec)

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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 2
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

In the right window select Display Show elements forces/stresses and Moment 3-3 for the
Seismic combo. The moment diagram for this combo is presented. Since the earthquake
force does not have a fixed direction, moments at columns can be both positive-negative.

Moment 3-3 diagram

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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3

Application of Methodology in 3D frame structure

Input data details:
- Concrete structure
- At each floor g=15KN/m, q=10KN/m on beams
- Beam length X-X 6.0m
- Beam length Y-Y 4.0m

- School
- Seismic zone II of Greece
- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5
- Deep soil deposits of stiff clay with
vS,30=300m/s
- Frame system in DCM design
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Earthquake action calculations:
- School (importance class II γI=1.2)
- Seismic zone II of Greece (agr=0.24g  ag=γI·agr=1.2·0.24g=2.83m/s²)
- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5 (Type 1)
- Deep soil deposits of stiff clay with vS,30=300m/s (ground type C)
S=1.15 , TB=0.20s , TC=0.60s , TD=2.0s
- Frame system in DCM design (qo=3αu/α1)
Multistorey, multi-bay frame system αu/α1=1.3 q=qo·kw= (3·1.3)·1=3.9
Frame system kw=1

 2 T  2.5 2   m 2  m
T= 0s Sd  0   αg  S         2.83 2  1.15     2.17 2
 3 TB  q 3  s 3 s
2.5 m  2.5  m
T= TB=0.20s Sd  0.20   αg  S   2.83 2  1.15     2.09
q s  3.9  s2
2.5 m  2.5  m
T= TC=0.6s Sd  0.6   αg  S   2.83 2  1.15     2.09
q s  3.9  s2
2.5  TC  m 2.5  0.6  m
T= TD=2.0s Sd 2.0   αg  S     2.83 2  1.15     0.63 2
q T s 3.9  2  s
2.5  TC  TD  m 2.5  0.6  2  m
T= 3.0s Sd 3.0   αg  S   2.83  1.15    0.28
q  T 2  s2 3.9  32  s2
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
m
Lower limit Sd(T) β  ag  0.2  2.83  0.57
s2 T (sec) Sd(T) m/s²
Response spectrum (5% ) 0.00 2.17
2.50
0.20 2.09

2.00 0.60 2.09

0.80 1.56
Sd(T) (m/s²)

1.50 1.00 1.25

1.20 1.04
1.00 1.40 0.89
1.60 0.78
0.50 1.80 0.70
2.00 0.63
0.00 2.10 0.57
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
4.00 0.57
T (sec)

Mass of last floor:

Mass calculations from gravity loads
B G  0.3Q 1800  0.3  1200
m    220.18 t
At each floor: g 9.81 9.81
Total G=[4·(3·6m)+4·(3·4m)]·15KN/m=1800KN
Mass of other floors:
Total Q=[4·(3·6m)+4·(3·4m)]·10KN/m=1200KN B G  0.15Q 1800  0.15  1200
m    201.83 t
g 9.81 9.81
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Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Mass moment of inertia
At each floor, apart from the translational masses there is also a rotational mass
degree of freedom around Z-axis. In order to activate this degree of freedom we
must calculate the mass moment of inertia:
Y
Floor moments of inertia:
18m  123 m3 12m  183 m3 12
Ix   2592 m4 Iy   5832 m4
12 12 X

18

Distributed mass of last floor: Distributed mass of other floors:

m 220.18 t t m 201.83 t t
μ   1.02 2 μ   0.93 2
A floor 12m  18m m A floor 12m  18m m

Last floor mass moments of inertia: Other floors mass moments of inertia:

Jm  μ  (Ix  Iy )  Jm  μ  (Ix  Iy ) 
t t
Jm  1.02  2592  5832  m4  8592.48 tm2 Jm  0.93 2
 2592  5832  m4  7834.32 tm2
m 2
m
 31
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

Open File Example 3 and select the joints at the center of the first 3 floors (not the last floor
joint) and assign mass in X and Y directions equal to 201.83t and mass moment of inertia in
Rotation about 3 equal to 7834.32tm². Repeat the same procedure with the joint at the last
floor assigning this time a mass value 220.18t and mass moment of inertia 8592.48tm².

mass in 3 first floors mass in last floor Model appearance

 32
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

From Define Response Spectrum Functions check Add new Function and type the values of T
and Acceleration that were calculated for this case.

Response Spectrum function definition

 33
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

From Define Response Spectrum Cases check Add new Spectra, select
damping 0.05 in modal combination and the EC8 function in Input Response
Spectra in direction U1. Repeat the same for EC8Y Case choosing the EC8
function in direction U2.

Response Spectrum Cases EC8-X and EC8-Y

 34
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

From Define Load Combinations Delete the EARTHQX and EARTHQY combinations. Then Add
two new earthquake Combos as described at the following figures.

Create 2 new earthquake combinations

 35
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:
In Analyze Set Options select Dynamic
From Define Static Load Cases delete the EX Analysis and from Set Dynamic
and EY Static Load Cases which are now Parameters ask for 12 modes to be
replaced by exact earthquake forces from the calculated (4 masses with 3 degrees of
spectrum. freedom each).

Delete EX and EY Load Case

(from simplified earthquake loading)
 36
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

Finally the model must be solved in 4 different From the right window select the 4 nodes
mass locations as presented in the figure. and then from Edit Move enter
Delta X=-0.9m
mass in 4 different locations Delta Y=0.6m
(4 different solutions 1,2,3,4)
Lx

Ey Ey
Ex Ex
1 4
0.05Lx
K
Ey Ey
0.05Ly
Ly

Ex 2 Ex 3

Here the solution will take place only for

location point 1.

0.05Lx=0.05·18m=0.9m

0.05Ly=0.05·12m=0.6m
New appearance with mass at location point 1.
 37
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

Run the analysis. In the left window select Display Show mode shape 1 and then Show
mode shape 2.

Mode Shape 1 (T=0.57sec) Mode Shape 2 (T=0.47sec)

There is some difference from the empirical relationship for 1st mode T=0.1n (n: stories number)
This difference is due to the frame system (flexible) without any concrete walls.
 38
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

In the left window select Display Show elements forces/stresses and then check for Load
Case EARTHQX the Moment 3-3.

Display moment diagram

Column Moment 3-3 for EARTHQX combo

 39
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3b
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

If we introduce a few concrete walls at the structure we can study the difference in
earthquake response. First File Save As Example 3b. Then create 2 wall frame sections.

Using the XZ view at the right window assign the wall properties at the corner columns of
the structure.
2

WALLYY WALLXX WALLXX WALLYY WALLYY WALLXX

WALLXX WALLYY
1
XY view XZ view 1 XZ view 2
 40
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3b
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:

The new appearance of the structure is presented in the figure below. After running the
analysis we can view the change in the first mode (T1=0.419sec).
Moreover the function of the
concrete walls can be
identified by studying the
moment developed at their
base and compare it with the
column moment in the
previous model.
 41
Lateral Force method of analysis
• Lateral Force method of analysis: application procedure
- This type of analysis may be applied to buildings whose response is
not significantly affected by contributions of higher modes of vibration.
- Several regularity criteria must be met
Seismic actions
3n number of modes st
1 mode (T1) from equivalent
T Sdof (T1)
1

T2

3Tn

But 1st mode (T1) dominates the

response (regularity criteria)
Total earthquake force in Fn
Response spectrum (5% )
2.50 each direction Fn-1
2.00
F4
Base shear force
Sd(T) (m/s²)

1.50
F3
Fb  Sd T1  m  λ
1.00
F2
SdT1 λ: correction factor
0.50
F1
0.00
λ=0.85 if Τ1≤2TC , n>2 n
0 0.5 1 1.5
T1 T (sec)
2 2.5 3 3.5 4
λ=1 otherwise
Fb  F1
i
 42
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 2
Lateral Force method of Analysis in Sap:
q=10KN/m

Input data details: g=15KN/m

- Concrete structure
- At each floor g=15KN/m, q=10KN/m

3.0 m
q=10KN/m

- Bay width 7m g=15KN/m

- Ordinary building

3.0 m
q=10KN/m

- Seismic zone I of Greece g=15KN/m

- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5

- Soil deposits of very dense sand with

3.0 m
q=10KN/m

vS,30=450m/s g=15KN/m

C D D
- Frame system in DCM design

3.0 m
Z

Y
B A A
X

7.0 m 7.0 m
 43
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 2
Earthquake action calculations (Copy from example 2):
Importance class III  γI=1 ag=γIagr=0.16g=1.57m/s²

Spectrum Type 1
Ground type B: S=1.2 , TB=0.15s , TC=0.5s , TD=2.0s
q=3.9

From modal analysis results (just mass assignment on the structure):

T1= 0.4247sec TB < T1 < TC
2.5 m  2.5  m
Sd  0.4247   αg  S   1.57 2  1.2     1.21
q s  3.9  s2
Total structure mass m=3·23.55+25.69=96.34t (copy from example 2)
m
Base shear force: Fb  1.21  96.34 t  0.85  99.09 KN
s2
zi  mi zi : height at each floor
Horizontal force at each floor: Fi  Fb
 z j  mj mi : mass of each floor

z j
 mj  23.55t  3m  23.55t  6m  23.55t  9m  25.69t  12m  732.18 tm

3m  23.55t
F1  99.09 KN   9.56 KN F2  19.12 KN F3  28.68 KN F4  41.72 KN
732.18 tm
 44
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 2
q=10KN/m

F4  41.72 KN g=15KN/m
Select the 1st floor joint at the middle column
of the structure and assign a horizontal force
in X-direction equal to 9.56KN in Load Case

3.0 m
q=10KN/m

F3  28.68 KN
g=15KN/m “Lateral”.

3.0 m
q=10KN/m

F2  19.12 KN g=15KN/m

3.0 m
q=10KN/m

F2  9.56 KN g=15KN/m

C D D

3.0 m
Z

Y
B A A
X

7.0 m 7.0 m

Repeat the same for all stories applying the

From File Open Example 2 and Save As respective horizontal loads.
Example 2–Lateral Force.
In Define Static Load Cases define a
new case named LATERAL
 45
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 2
From Define Load Combinations Add 2 Run the analysis. At the window on the
combinations named LATSEIS1 and LATSEIS2 right click Display Show Elements
(the horizontal force taken in positive and Forces/Stresses and then Moment 3-3 for
negative direction as an earthquake force) as the LATSEIS1 case (earthquake in the +X
presented in the figures. direction).

LATSEIS  G  0.3Q  E
 46
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 2
Display also the Moment 3-3 for the Compare the results with the Modal
LATSEIS2 case (earthquake forces in Response Spectrum analysis.
the –X direction)

We can see that the results are comparable amongst the two methods of analysis. This
similarity depends mainly on the structure regularity, period and type. If the structure’s higher
modes play an important role in the response then the two methods of analysis may give
results with significant differences.
 47
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 3

Application of Methodology in 3D frame structure

Input data details:
- Concrete structure
- At each floor g=15KN/m, q=10KN/m
- Beam length X-X 6.0m
- Beam length Y-Y 4.0m

- School
- Seismic zone II of Greece
- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5
- Deep soil deposits of stiff clay with
vS,30=300m/s
- Frame system in DCM design
 48
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 3
Earthquake action calculations (Copy from example 3):
Importance class II γI=1.2) ag=γI·agr=1.2·0.24g=2.83m/s²)
Spectrum Type 1
Ground type C: S=1.15 , TB=0.20s , TC=0.60s , TD=2.0s
q=3.9

From modal analysis results (just mass assignment on the structure) display the structural
periods in the two lateral directions. File Open Example 3 and File Display Input/Output
Text Files. At the “Modal Participating Mass Ratios” check the period in the two horizontal
directions X and Y (large mass ratios).

Y direction T1=0.57sec

X direction T2=0.47sec
 49
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 3

Y-direction: T1= 0.5699sec TB < T1 < TC

2.5 m  2.5  m
Sd  0.5699   αg  S   2.83 2  1.15     2.09
q s  3.9  s2

T2= 0.4728sec TB < T2 < TC

Χ-direction:
2.5 m  2.5  m
Sd  0.4728   αg  S   2.83 2  1.15     2.09
q s  3.9  s2

Total structure mass m=3·201.83+220.18=825.67t (copy from example 3)

m
Base shear force: Fb,X  Fb,Y  2.09  825.67 t  0.85  1466.80 KN
s2
zi  mi
Horizontal force at each floor: Fi  Fb
 z j  mj
z j
 mj  201.83t  3m  201.83t  6m  201.83t  9m  220.18t  12m  6275.10 tm

3m  201.83t
F1  1466.8 KN   141.53 KN F2  283.06 KN F3  424.59 KN F4  617.60 KN
6275.1 tm
 50
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 3
Additional moments to introduce torsional effects:
The horizontal forces will be applied at the centre of
the plan. The eccentricity will be considered through Lx
the additional moment, calculated as follows:
Y-direction:
0.05Lx Ey
0.05Lx=0.05·18m=0.9m
Mi
F1  141.53 KN M1  0.9m  141.53 KN  127.38 KNm
Ly K
F2  283.06 KN M2  0.9m  283.06 KN  254.75 KNm

F3  424.59 KN M3  0.9m  424.59 KN  382.13 KNm

F4  617.60 KN M4  0.9m  617.60 KN  555.84 KNm

Χ-direction: Lx

0.05Ly=0.05·12m=0.6m

F1  141.53 KN M1  0.6m  141.53 KN  84.92 KNm Mi

F2  283.06 KN M2  0.6m  283.06 KN  169.84 KNm Ly K

0.05Ly
F3  424.59 KN M3  0.6m  424.59 KN  254.75 KNm
Ex
F4  617.60 KN M4  0.6m  617.60 KN  370.56 KNm
 51
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 3
Save as Example 3–Lateral Force having
the model with the mass location at the
geometrical centre of the floor.
From Define Static Load Cases define
2 new Load Cases for the X-direction
and Y-direction earthquake forces.

From the 2D view window select

successively each joint and apply the
horizontal forces and moments that were
calculated a each Static Load Case. An
example is presented for the joint of the
first floor.
At each load case the horizontal force and
respective moment is assigned at the Repeat the same procedure for all the
joint. stories.
 52
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 3
Define Load Combinations and add 4 new combinations as the following figures describe.

SEISLAT 1  4   G  0.3Q  EX  0.3EY

G  0.3Q  EX  0.3EY G  0.3Q  EX  0.3EY G  0.3Q  EX  0.3EY G  0.3Q  EX  0.3EY

The same procedure must be adopted for the following 4 combinations:

SEISLAT 5  8   G  0.3Q  0.3EX  EY

 53
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 3
Run the analysis and display the maximum Moment 3-3 from the SEISLAT combinations.
Make the comparison with the Modal Response Spectrum method of analysis.

Modal Response Spectrum Analysis

Lateral Force Analysis (SEISLAT3) (mass Location 1)

In order to make a full comparison of the results of the two methods we should check all 4
mass locations for the Response Spectrum analysis and all 8 combinations of loads for the
Lateral force method.
 54
Review of analysis methods in Eurocode 8
STATIC ANALYSIS

From T1 calculate Sd(T1) at each direction (hand calculation)

Calculate base shear force Fb (hand calculation)
Perform Fb distribution with height (hand calculation)
Define static load cases for the earthquake forces
m3
Define appropriate combinations
m2 Perform analysis

m1 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Define spectrum Sd shape in computer code

Preliminary Modal Analysis Define Response spectrum cases for the earthquake forces
Results: period T values Define appropriate combinations
Perform analysis
 55
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 3c

Corrections
1) Name the Files as following
- Example 3
- Example 3 - Modes
- Example 3 – Response Spectrum
- Example 3 – Response Spectrum Location 1
- Example 3 – Lateral Force