Example Ec
Example Ec
Section 1 - General
Scope of EC8 – Assumptions, definitions and symbols
3Tn
+ +
3Tn Tk Tk
Regulations (EC8)
where:
Sd(T) design spectrum
T vibration period of a linear SDOF
system
ag design ground acceleration on
type A ground (ag = γI.agR)
TB,TC limits of the constant spectral
acceleration branch
TD value defining the beginning of the
constant displacement
response range of the spectrum
S soil factor
q behaviour factor
η damping correction factor with
reference value η = 1 for 5% viscous
damping
β lower bound factor for the
horizontal design spectrum.
Recommended value: β=0,2
9
Application of Modal Response Spectrum analysis
B G 0.3Q B G 0.15Q
m m
g 9.81 g 9.81
Lx
Ly 0.05Ly
K
Ey Ey
Ex Ex Ex
1 4
0.05Lx
Ey Ey
Ly 0.05Ly
K
Lx
Ex 2 Ex 3
Ey 0.05Lx Ey
- Agricultural building
- Seismic zone I of Greece
- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5
- Rock soil deposits
- Inverted pendulum system in DCM design
12
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 1
Earthquake action calculations:
- Agricultural building (importance class IV γI=0.8)
- Seismic zone I of Greece (agr=0.16g ag=γIagr=0.8·0.16g=1.26m/s²)
- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5 (Type 1)
- Rock soil deposits (ground type A)
S=1.0 , TB=0.15s , TC=0.4s , TD=2.0s
- Inverted pendulum system in DCM design (qo=1.5)
q=qo·kw= 1.5·1=1.5
System without walls kw=1
2 T 2.5 2 m 2 m
T= 0s Sd 0 αg S 1.26 1.0 0 0.84
3 TB q 3 s 3 s
2.5 m 2.5 m
T= TB=0.15s Sd 0.15 αg S 1.26 1.0 2.1
q s 1.5 s
2.5 m 2.5 m
T= TC=0.4s Sd 0.4 αg S 1.26 1.0 2.1
q s 1.5 s
2.5 TC m 2.5 0.4 m
T= TD=2.0s Sd 2.0 αg S 1.26 1.0 0.42
q T s 1.5 2 s
2.5 TC TD m 2.5 0.4 2 m
T= 3.0s Sd 3.0 αg S 1.26 1.0 0.19
q T 2 s 1.5 32 s
13
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 1
m T (sec) Sd(T) m/s²
Lower limit Sd(T) β ag 0.2 1.26 0.25
s2 0.00 0.84
0.80 1.05
1.50
1.00 0.84
1.20 0.70
1.00
1.40 0.60
Mass m=5t
14
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 1
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:
Open File Example 1, select the joint at the top of the structure and assign mass in X-direction
equal to 5t.
From Define Response Spectrum Functions check Add new Function and type the values of T
and Acceleration that were calculated for this case.
- Concrete structure
- At each floor g=15KN/m, q=10KN/m
3.0 m
q=10KN/m
- Ordinary building
3.0 m
- Seismic zone I of Greece q=10KN/m
g=15KN/m
3.0 m
vS,30=450m/s q=10KN/m
g=15KN/m
3.0 m
Z
Y
B A A
X
7.0 m 7.0 m
19
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 2
Earthquake action calculations:
- Ordinary building (importance class III γI=1)
- Seismic zone I of Greece (agr=0.16g ag=γIagr=0.16g=1.57m/s²)
- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5 (Type 1)
- Soil deposits of very dense sand with vS,30=450m/s (ground type B)
S=1.2 , TB=0.15s , TC=0.5s , TD=2.0s
- Frame system in DCM design (qo=3αu/α1)
Multistorey, multi-bay frame system αu/α1=1.3 q=qo·kw= (3·1.3)·1=3.9
Frame system kw=1
2 T 2.5 2 m 2 m
T= 0s Sd 0 αg S 1.57 2 1.2 0 1.26 2
3 TB q 3 s 3 s
2.5 m 2.5 m
T= TB=0.15s Sd 0.15 αg S 1.57 2 1.2 1.21
q s 3.9 s2
2.5 m 2.5 m
T= TC=0.5s Sd 0.5 αg S 1.57 2 1.2 1.21
q s 3.9 s2
2.5 TC m 2.5 0.5 m
T= TD=2.0s Sd 2.0 αg S 1.57 2 1.2 0.30 2
q T s 3.9 2 s
2.5 TC TD m 2.5 0.5 2 m
T= 3.0s Sd 3.0 αg S 1.57 1.2 0.13
q T 2 s2 3.9 3
2 s2
20
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 2
m
Lower limit Sd(T) β ag 0.2 1.57 0.31
s2 T (sec) Sd(T) (m/s²)
Response spectrum (5% ) 0.00 1.26
1.40
0.15 1.21
1.20
0.50 1.21
1.00 0.60 1.01
Sd(T) (m/s²)
0.70 0.86
0.80
0.80 0.75
0.60
1.00 0.60
Open File Example 2 and select the joints at the center of the first 3 floors (not the last floor
joint) and assign mass in X-direction equal to 23.55t. Repeat the same procedure with the
joint at the last floor assigning this time a mass value 25.69t.
Model appearance
mass in 3 first floors mass in last floor
22
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 2
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:
From Define Response Spectrum Functions check Add new Function and type the values of T
and Acceleration that were calculated for this case.
Run the analysis. In the right window select Display Show mode shape 1 and then Show
mode shape 2.
In the right window select Display Show elements forces/stresses and Moment 3-3 for the
Seismic combo. The moment diagram for this combo is presented. Since the earthquake
force does not have a fixed direction, moments at columns can be both positive-negative.
- School
- Seismic zone II of Greece
- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5
- Deep soil deposits of stiff clay with
vS,30=300m/s
- Frame system in DCM design
28
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Earthquake action calculations:
- School (importance class II γI=1.2)
- Seismic zone II of Greece (agr=0.24g ag=γI·agr=1.2·0.24g=2.83m/s²)
- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5 (Type 1)
- Deep soil deposits of stiff clay with vS,30=300m/s (ground type C)
S=1.15 , TB=0.20s , TC=0.60s , TD=2.0s
- Frame system in DCM design (qo=3αu/α1)
Multistorey, multi-bay frame system αu/α1=1.3 q=qo·kw= (3·1.3)·1=3.9
Frame system kw=1
2 T 2.5 2 m 2 m
T= 0s Sd 0 αg S 2.83 2 1.15 2.17 2
3 TB q 3 s 3 s
2.5 m 2.5 m
T= TB=0.20s Sd 0.20 αg S 2.83 2 1.15 2.09
q s 3.9 s2
2.5 m 2.5 m
T= TC=0.6s Sd 0.6 αg S 2.83 2 1.15 2.09
q s 3.9 s2
2.5 TC m 2.5 0.6 m
T= TD=2.0s Sd 2.0 αg S 2.83 2 1.15 0.63 2
q T s 3.9 2 s
2.5 TC TD m 2.5 0.6 2 m
T= 3.0s Sd 3.0 αg S 2.83 1.15 0.28
q T 2 s2 3.9 32 s2
29
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
m
Lower limit Sd(T) β ag 0.2 2.83 0.57
s2 T (sec) Sd(T) m/s²
Response spectrum (5% ) 0.00 2.17
2.50
0.20 2.09
18
Last floor mass moments of inertia: Other floors mass moments of inertia:
Jm μ (Ix Iy ) Jm μ (Ix Iy )
t t
Jm 1.02 2592 5832 m4 8592.48 tm2 Jm 0.93 2
2592 5832 m4 7834.32 tm2
m 2
m
31
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:
Open File Example 3 and select the joints at the center of the first 3 floors (not the last floor
joint) and assign mass in X and Y directions equal to 201.83t and mass moment of inertia in
Rotation about 3 equal to 7834.32tm². Repeat the same procedure with the joint at the last
floor assigning this time a mass value 220.18t and mass moment of inertia 8592.48tm².
From Define Response Spectrum Functions check Add new Function and type the values of T
and Acceleration that were calculated for this case.
From Define Response Spectrum Cases check Add new Spectra, select
damping 0.05 in modal combination and the EC8 function in Input Response
Spectra in direction U1. Repeat the same for EC8Y Case choosing the EC8
function in direction U2.
From Define Load Combinations Delete the EARTHQX and EARTHQY combinations. Then Add
two new earthquake Combos as described at the following figures.
Finally the model must be solved in 4 different From the right window select the 4 nodes
mass locations as presented in the figure. and then from Edit Move enter
Delta X=-0.9m
mass in 4 different locations Delta Y=0.6m
(4 different solutions 1,2,3,4)
Lx
Ey Ey
Ex Ex
1 4
0.05Lx
K
Ey Ey
0.05Ly
Ly
Ex 2 Ex 3
0.05Lx=0.05·18m=0.9m
0.05Ly=0.05·12m=0.6m
New appearance with mass at location point 1.
37
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:
Run the analysis. In the left window select Display Show mode shape 1 and then Show
mode shape 2.
There is some difference from the empirical relationship for 1st mode T=0.1n (n: stories number)
This difference is due to the frame system (flexible) without any concrete walls.
38
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:
In the left window select Display Show elements forces/stresses and then check for Load
Case EARTHQX the Moment 3-3.
If we introduce a few concrete walls at the structure we can study the difference in
earthquake response. First File Save As Example 3b. Then create 2 wall frame sections.
Using the XZ view at the right window assign the wall properties at the corner columns of
the structure.
2
WALLXX WALLYY
1
XY view XZ view 1 XZ view 2
40
Modal Response Spectrum analysis Example 3b
Modal Response Spectrum Analysis in Sap:
The new appearance of the structure is presented in the figure below. After running the
analysis we can view the change in the first mode (T1=0.419sec).
Moreover the function of the
concrete walls can be
identified by studying the
moment developed at their
base and compare it with the
column moment in the
previous model.
41
Lateral Force method of analysis
• Lateral Force method of analysis: application procedure
- This type of analysis may be applied to buildings whose response is
not significantly affected by contributions of higher modes of vibration.
- Several regularity criteria must be met
Seismic actions
3n number of modes st
1 mode (T1) from equivalent
T Sdof (T1)
1
T2
3Tn
1.50
F3
Fb Sd T1 m λ
1.00
F2
SdT1 λ: correction factor
0.50
F1
0.00
λ=0.85 if Τ1≤2TC , n>2 n
0 0.5 1 1.5
T1 T (sec)
2 2.5 3 3.5 4
λ=1 otherwise
Fb F1
i
42
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 2
Lateral Force method of Analysis in Sap:
q=10KN/m
- Concrete structure
- At each floor g=15KN/m, q=10KN/m
3.0 m
q=10KN/m
- Ordinary building
3.0 m
q=10KN/m
3.0 m
q=10KN/m
vS,30=450m/s g=15KN/m
C D D
- Frame system in DCM design
3.0 m
Z
Y
B A A
X
7.0 m 7.0 m
43
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 2
Earthquake action calculations (Copy from example 2):
Importance class III γI=1 ag=γIagr=0.16g=1.57m/s²
Spectrum Type 1
Ground type B: S=1.2 , TB=0.15s , TC=0.5s , TD=2.0s
q=3.9
z j
mj 23.55t 3m 23.55t 6m 23.55t 9m 25.69t 12m 732.18 tm
3m 23.55t
F1 99.09 KN 9.56 KN F2 19.12 KN F3 28.68 KN F4 41.72 KN
732.18 tm
44
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 2
q=10KN/m
F4 41.72 KN g=15KN/m
Select the 1st floor joint at the middle column
of the structure and assign a horizontal force
in X-direction equal to 9.56KN in Load Case
3.0 m
q=10KN/m
F3 28.68 KN
g=15KN/m “Lateral”.
3.0 m
q=10KN/m
F2 19.12 KN g=15KN/m
3.0 m
q=10KN/m
F2 9.56 KN g=15KN/m
C D D
3.0 m
Z
Y
B A A
X
7.0 m 7.0 m
LATSEIS G 0.3Q E
46
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 2
Display also the Moment 3-3 for the Compare the results with the Modal
LATSEIS2 case (earthquake forces in Response Spectrum analysis.
the –X direction)
We can see that the results are comparable amongst the two methods of analysis. This
similarity depends mainly on the structure regularity, period and type. If the structure’s higher
modes play an important role in the response then the two methods of analysis may give
results with significant differences.
47
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 3
- School
- Seismic zone II of Greece
- Design for earthquakes with MS>5.5
- Deep soil deposits of stiff clay with
vS,30=300m/s
- Frame system in DCM design
48
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 3
Earthquake action calculations (Copy from example 3):
Importance class II γI=1.2) ag=γI·agr=1.2·0.24g=2.83m/s²)
Spectrum Type 1
Ground type C: S=1.15 , TB=0.20s , TC=0.60s , TD=2.0s
q=3.9
From modal analysis results (just mass assignment on the structure) display the structural
periods in the two lateral directions. File Open Example 3 and File Display Input/Output
Text Files. At the “Modal Participating Mass Ratios” check the period in the two horizontal
directions X and Y (large mass ratios).
Y direction T1=0.57sec
X direction T2=0.47sec
49
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 3
3m 201.83t
F1 1466.8 KN 141.53 KN F2 283.06 KN F3 424.59 KN F4 617.60 KN
6275.1 tm
50
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 3
Additional moments to introduce torsional effects:
The horizontal forces will be applied at the centre of
the plan. The eccentricity will be considered through Lx
the additional moment, calculated as follows:
Y-direction:
0.05Lx Ey
0.05Lx=0.05·18m=0.9m
Mi
F1 141.53 KN M1 0.9m 141.53 KN 127.38 KNm
Ly K
F2 283.06 KN M2 0.9m 283.06 KN 254.75 KNm
Χ-direction: Lx
0.05Ly=0.05·12m=0.6m
In order to make a full comparison of the results of the two methods we should check all 4
mass locations for the Response Spectrum analysis and all 8 combinations of loads for the
Lateral force method.
54
Review of analysis methods in Eurocode 8
STATIC ANALYSIS
m1 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Preliminary Modal Analysis Define Response spectrum cases for the earthquake forces
Results: period T values Define appropriate combinations
Perform analysis
55
Lateral Force method of analysis Example 3c
Corrections
1) Name the Files as following
- Example 3
- Example 3 - Modes
- Example 3 – Response Spectrum
- Example 3 – Response Spectrum Location 1
- Example 3 – Lateral Force