STA201 Statik

Loadings:

Concentrated Loading has unit of force.

Distributed Loading is the most common loading type in

engineering applications. It has units of force per length.

The beam supporting this stack of

limber is subjected to a uniform
distributed loading and so the
load-intensity diagram has a
rectangular shape. If the load
intensity is wo, then the resultant
force is determined from the area
of the rectangle, R= wo b. The line
of action of this force passes
through the centroid or center of
this area (x=a+b/2)

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Reduction of distributed loading:

The sandbags on the beam create a distributed load. How can we determine a single equivalent resultant
force and its location?

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Degree of Freedom of a body:

The most general movement of a rigid body with respect to its original position is defined by six
independent parameters. Three of them are translation along the axes and three of them for the rotation
about the
axes.

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Support (Connection) Types: As a general rule, if a support prevents the translation of a body in a given
direction, then a force is developed on the body in that direction. Likewise, if rotation is prevented, a
couple moment is exerted on the body. Typical examples of actual supports are shown in the following
sequence of photos.

This concrete girder rests on the ledge that is assumed to act as a smooth
contacting surface.

The floor beams of this building are welded together and thus form fixed
connections.

The rocker support for this bridge girder allows horizontal movement so
the bridge is free to expand and contract due to temperature change.

The cable exerts a force on the bracket in the direction of the cable.

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http://www.pre-
engineering.com/resources/oklahoma.ht
m

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Ball and socket joint Journal bearing

Küresel mafsal Radyal yük aktaran mafsal ve yataklar

http://www.perceptive.co.uk/case/birc_implants.htm

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Support Forces (2D):

The number of degrees of freedom restricted by support types are given in the last column.

Hinge, which connects two members, transfers only translation, but does not transfer rotation from one
member to the other. Elbow, knee are examples in human body.

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Support Forces (3D):

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Spring Support Type:

Force [N] Stiffness [N/m] Displacement

[m]

The solution to some equilibrium

problems can be simplified if one is
able to recognize members that are
subjected to only two or three forces.

Two-force members: Members with

only two locations where external and
support forces act on.

The magnitudes F1 and F2 must have

the same magnitude, acting in
opposite directions and they must be
collinear.

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AB BC AB

If Ball and Socket in 3D or Frictionless pin, hinge in 2D are used to connect a member at two points,
then the member is a two-force member. This two-force member can also be used for another connection
type that is called Short Link (pandül ayak).

Short Link (Pandül ayak):

Short link connection restricts only one degree of freedom of the rigid body.
The connections of a rigid body made by short links and their restrictions are hinges
shown in the figure.

Three-Force members: If a member is subjected to only three forces, then it is necessary that the forces
be either concurrent or parallel for the member to be in equilibrium.

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Statics is the study of rigid bodies that are at rest or move with constant velocity.
 
Mathematical models representing the physics of the problem are constructed. While F  0
building the model for the physical problem, statics uses four fundamental principles.

Principles of Statics

1. Parallelogram Law: Two vectors F1 and F2 may be

added to form a resultant vector R=F1+F2 by using the
parallelogram law. To do this, F1 and F2 are joined at
their tails. Parallel lines drawn from the head of each
vector intersect at a common point, thereby forming the
adjacent sides of a parallelogram. The resultant R is the
diagonal of the parallelogram, which extends from the
tails of F1 and F2 to the intersection of the lines.

2. Equilibrium Principle (Newton’s first law): A rijid

body originally at rest or moving in a straight line with
constant velocity, will remain in this state provided the
body is not subjected to an unbalanced force.

3. Superposition Principle: Adding or removing a

balanced force system on a body would not cahange the
equilibrium state of the body.

4. Action-Reaction Principle: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two rigid bodies are
equal, opposite and collinear.

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EQUILIBRIUM OF A RIGID BODY

Equations of Static Equilibrium (necessary and sufficient conditions):

Equilibrium of a body in space: Equilibrium of a particle in space::


 F  0 

M  r F  0
F 0
x
M 0
F
x
0
M
y
0
F 0
y

M
z
z 0

Equilibrium of a body in plane: Equilibrium of a particle in plane:

 
  0 
F   0 
F
 
 M  r 
F M0x  0 M  r F  0
F x 0
M 0
F 0
 Fx  0
y
y

F y 0 M z 0 F z 0

F z 0

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Procedure for Analysis: Coplanar force equilibrium problems for a rigid body can be solved using the
following procedure.

Draw an outlined shape of the body. Show all the forces and couple moments acting on the body. Indicate
the dimensions of the body necessary for computing the moments of forces. This schematic drawing is
called the Free Body Diagram (FBD) of the rigid body. Label all the loadings and specify their directions.
The sense of a force or a couple having an unknown magnitude but known line of action can be assumed.

Apply the moment equation of equilibrium, M O  0 , about a point (O) that lies at the intersection of
the lines of action of two unknown forces. In this way, the moments of these unknowns are zero about O,
and a direct solution for the third unknown can be determined. When applying the force equilibrium
equations,  Fx  0 and  Fy  0 , orient the x and y axes along lines that will provide the simplest
resolution of the forces into their x and y components.

If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a negative scalar for a force or couple moment
magnitude, this indicates that the sense is opposite to that which was assumed on the free-body diagram.

A 200kg platform is suspended off an oil rig. How do we determine the force reactions at the joints and
the force in the cables.

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Frame Roof
FBD

A steel beam is used to support

roof joints. How can we
determine the support reactions
at A & B?

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Example: Determine the magnitude of force at
the pin A and in the cable BC needed to support
the 500 N load. Neglect the weight of the boom
AB.

Note that cable CB is a two-force member. Hence

the tension on CB will be collinear with its axis.
The cable forces are always align tangent to the
cable. Also boom AB is a two force member.

SCD F x  0  A cos35o  T cos22o  0

F y  0  A sin35o  T sin22o  500  0

T  1820 N
A  2060 N
T A 500 N

Example:The uniform rod AB has a weight

of 15N and the spring is unstretched when
=0o. If =30o , determine the stiffness k of
the spring, so that the rod is in equilibrium.
Let BC has length s.

6m
Ax C  30o A
(30o) s
Ay 1.5 m
T B


s  62  32  236cos30o  3.72m
15 N
1.3 m 1.3 m
3 3.72
  α  23.8o
sin α sin 30o

M A 0  151.3  T cos 23.8o 1.5  T sin 23.8o 2.6  0  T  8.05N

T  k s  3  8.05  k 3.72  3  k  11.2 N/m

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Equilibrium in plane (coplanar):

AB axis should not be

parallel to y-axis

.Maximum three equilibrium equations can be written in plane. The forth wont be a new equilibrium
equation, but will be a linear dependent equation.

Classification of a structure due to its connection:

If the number of unknown reactions exceeds the available number of equilibrium equations, a member of
any type is classified as statically indeterminate. The additional support reactions on the structure that are
not needed to keep it in stable equilibrium are called redundants. The number of these redundants is
referred to as the degree of indeterminacy.

Number of connections

in space in plane
Statically determinate =6 =3

Statically indeterminate >6 >3

mechanism (uncomplete <6 <3
connected)
Improper connected =6 =3

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Beam Statically determinate

Cantilevered Beam

Continuous beam

Continuous beam

Statically
indeterminate

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Improper Constraints:

In some cases, there may be as many unknown reactions as there are equations of equilibrium.
However, if the supports are not properly constrained, the body may become unstable for some loading
cases.

Here, we have 6 unknowns but there

is nothing restricting rotation about
the x axis.

Here the body can rotate about

point O.

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Example: Determine the x, y, z components of reaction at the fixed wall A.

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