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NAME: AMANDEEP JAIDKA ROLL NO:94322131283

 DATABASE: An organisation must have accurate and

reliable data for effective decision making. To this
end organization maintains records on the various
facts of its operations by building appropriate
model of the diverse classes of objects of interest.
These models capture the essential properties of the
objects and records relationship among them. Such
related data is called DATA BASE.

Example

Student Database having attribute name,rollno & class

Name
Rollno Class

283 Mca 2 SEM

AMAN

Its collection of logically related data and description

of data designed to meet the information offences of an
organization

 DATA BASE MANAGEMANT SYSTEM: A data base management system

(D.B.M.S) is a software system that allows access to data
contained in database. Objective of D.B.M.S.is to provide
a convenient and effective method of defining, staring,
and retrieving the information contained in database.
The D.B.M.S interfaces with application programs so that
the data contained in the database can be used by
multiple applications and users.

It is a general purpose software system that facilitates

the process of defining, constructing, manipulating and
sharing of database among various users. Protection and
security of data is also a function of DBMS.

 RELATIONAL DATA BASE MANAGEMENT STSTEM: RDBMS stands for

Relational Data Base Management System. In it data is
structured in database tables, fields and records. Each
RDBMS table consist of database table rows, and each
database table rows consist of one or more database table
fields. RDBMS stores the data into collection of tables
which might be related by common fields.RDBMS provide
relational operations to manipulate the data stored into
the database tables.

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 CAMPARISION BETWEEN DBMS AND RDBMS:

DBMS: A data base management system(D.B.M.S.) is a software

system that allows access to data contained in database.

RDBMS: R.D.B.M.S stands for Relational Data Base Management

System. In it data is structured in database tables, fields
and records.

DBMS RDBMS

1. In DBMS relation is made 1.In RDBMS relation is made

between two files. between two tables.

2. DBMS is mainly a storage 2.RDBMS has the major

area and it does not difference of solving the
employ any tables for queries easily as they are
storing the data or does stored in table format and
not use any special use many functional keys in
function keys or foreign solving the queries.
keys for the retrieval of
the data.

3. DBMS does not support 3.RDBMS support client/server

client/server Architecture Architecture.

4. DBMS are for smaller 4.RDBMS are designed to take

organizations with small care of large amounts of data
amount of data, where and also the security of this
security of the data is data.
not of major concern

5. DBMS creates Data and Meta 5.RDBMS creates relations

Data between tables and rows.
6. Example of DBMS is Ms 6.Example of RDBMS are ORACLE
access. ,MY SQL, dbase etc.
7. DBMS do not satisfy the 7.RDBMS satisfy the
normalisation condition. normalization condition.

SQL INTRODUCTION:
Structured Query Language is a database computer language
designed for managing data in relational database management
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systems (RDBMS), and originally based upon relational algebra.

Its scope includes data insert, query, update and delete,
schema creation and modification, and data access control.
Oracle divide the sql statement into three basic categories
are given below

 Data Definition Language (D.D.L)

 Data Manipulation Language (D.M.L)

 Data Control Language (D.C.L)

 Data Definition Language: A Data Definition Language or

Data Description Language (DDL) is a computer language
for defining data structures. DDl statement is used to
define, alter or drop database objects.

 CREATE TABLE command:

Purpose:

This command is used to create a new table in database.

SYNTEX:

Create table <table_name> (column1_name datatype(size)

,column2_name data type(size),…...);

EXAMPLE:

QUERY: Create a database table of an employee which

include id,1st & last name and dob.

CREATE TABLE employees(

id varchar(20),
First_name CHAR(20),
last_name CHAR(20)
);

OUTPUT:

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 DROP COMMAND

Purpose: Drop is used To destroy an existing

database,table, index, or view.

SYNTEX: Drop table <table_name>;

EXAMPLE:

QUERY: Drop the existing emp table…

DROP TABLE emp;

OUTPUT:

 ALTER TABLE command:

PURPOSE:

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This command is used to alter any existing database.

SYNTEX:

 Alter table <table name> add <column_name>,

Data type (size));

 Alter table <table name> drop column

<column_name>;

 Alter table <table name> modify <column

name>, new data type(new size);
EXAMPLE:

QUERY: Firstly add a column in table of employee

“dept” of type char and then remove the column “id”.

ALTER TABLE employee ADD dept char(20);

ALTER TABLE employee DROP COLUMN id;

ALTER TABLE employee modify city number(10);

OUTPUT:

 RENAME TABLE COMMAND:

PURPOSE:

This command is used to change the name of

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existing table.

SYNTEX:

RENAME table <old_name> to <new_name>;

EXEMPLE: Rename the existing table “employee” to new one

“teacher”;

OUTPUT:

 Data manipulation language:

Data Manipulation
Language (DML) is a family of computer languages used by
computer programs and/or database users to insert, delete
and update data in a database. DMl is used for these
work.

 INSERT Command:

PURPOSE:

This command is used to insert values in

existing table.

SYNTEX:

INSERT INTO <table name> (column1, [column2, ])

VALUES (value1, [value2, ...])

Or

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INSERT INTO <table name> values(&column Name

,&column name…);

EXAMPLE:

QUERY: Insert the data into table “teacher”.

OUTPUT:

 INSERT COMMAND:

PURPOSE:

Insert value into new table from exiting table

SYNTEX:

INSERT INTO <new table name> select column

Name1, column name2… from <old table name>;

EXAMPLE:

QUERY: create new table city from existing dept table

and also insert a values into city table as same as

dept table values.

OUTPUT:

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NAME: AMANDEEP JAIDKA ROLL NO:94322131283

 SELECT Command:

SYNTEX:

select * from <table_name>;

EXEMPLE:

QUERY: select the table “teacher” from database.

SELECT * FROM Teacher;

OUTPUT:

 UPDATE Command:

PURPOSE: The update command is used to change or modify

Data values in a table. To update

 All rows from a table

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Or
 A select set of rows from table

SYNTEX:

UPDATE <table name> SET column_name = value [,

column_name = value ...] [WHERE unique identifier

condition];

EXAMPLE:

QUERY: Set the value of column dept in table Teacher to

HOD, only in those rows where the value of column dept

is "accountant".

UPDATE teacher SET dept = ‘HOD’ WHERE f_name=’vps’

OUTPUT:

 DELETE Command:

PURPOSE:

Delete command is used to remove all rows from table or

To remove a selected set of rows from table.

SYNTEX:

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DELETE FROM <table name> [WHERE condition];

EXEMPLE:

QUERY: Delete rows from table teacher where the column

f_name = vpsingh:

DELETE FROM teacher WHERE f_name = 'vpsingh';

OUTPUT:

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