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INTRODUCTION
Daylighting in buildings provides multidimensional benefits that have been
widely reviewed in the specialized literature. The provision of daylight through
building openings permits views to the outdoors, which concurrently contributes to
visual, psychological comforts, health, and productivity. Additionally, optimum
daylighting design strategies reduce reliance on artificial lighting and lessen energy
consumption. Although daylighting has many benefits, it has however undesirable
side effects such as heat gain and glare. Therefore, successful daylighting designs
will consider the use of shading devices to reduce glare and excess heat gain
in buildings. Shading devices are used in buildings to provide a healthy balance by
reducing the excessive glare and heat gain and providing privacy.
Passive and active systems in buildings -
Fixed shading devices are a prominent feature in vernacular architecture.
They are often designed in response to environmental conditions using locally
available materials such as clay, tree branches, concrete, wood planks, bamboo
and others to shade the buildings from direct sunlight. The modern architectural
movement dismissed these strategies until the 1970 energy crisis, which triggered
a renewed interest in passive design strategies as well as pressing for advanced
solutions.
Conventional static passive shading devices are often categorized first as
internal or external based on location of the system. The performance of shading
devices including overhangs, external roller shades, Venetian blinds and internal
shadings were investigated in several studies. Furthermore, fixed external shading
devices have been widely known as an effective way of controlling heat gain and
glare in buildings and reducing cooling energy and cost reductions in different
climatic conditions. By comparison, external shading devices are more effective
than internal shading devices since they are more efficient in decreasing the
cooling loads of buildings in hot climate regions. Fixed shading devices have,
however, their limitations, the most important of which is their inability to adapt to
the external conditions variations as well as blocking the view to the outside.
At the other end of the spectrum, active shading strategies try to achieve a
balance between sufficient daylighting levels, providing solar protection, energy
balance and enabling the occupants with the flexibility to control the shading
devices according to their evolving needs. Active shading devices are systems that
tend to change their properties in response to exterior climate and interior
requirements. The use of active shading systems decreases the undesirable
solar heat gain, increase daylight, provide control for the users, may generate
on-site energy and increase the use of natural ventilation. The active systems
can be within the glazing of the openings or as an exterior shading system.
This is usually achieved through the use of smart glazing technologies,
sensors and control systems, or through the application of smart dynamic shading
devices.

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AIM -

To design smart façade using Passive and Active facade for a commercial building.

OBJECTIVE -

To study the passive and active shading devices strategies for a building.

SCOPE -

Buildings, as the largest users of energy, are also our greatest opportunity for energy
conservation and protection of the environment. The rapidly growing energy needs
have raised global concerns over continued depletion of energy resources and their
negative impact on the environment. The façade is one of the most significant
contributors to the energy conservation and comfort parameters of any building.
Strategies and technologies that allow us to maintain our satisfaction with the interior
environment while consuming fewer of the resources have always been the major
objectives for contemporary façade design. A well designed façade can effectively
control the physical environmental factors such as heat, light and sound, thus
improve the occupant comfort within a building. The location and climate are crucial
factors in selecting appropriate façade materials and deciding on the design
strategies for sustainable facades. The cover story of this edition focuses on the
various approaches for designing sustainable facades for the future, which are high
performing, comfortable, safe, at the same time aesthetic. It also discusses emerging
façade technologies, and advanced, smart materials for facades, describing their
properties and applications.

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SHADING DEVICES -
Shading devices are purpose built devices to protect from the sunlight, from natural
light, or screening them from view. Shading devices can form part of the facade or
can be mounted inside the building, they can be fixed or operable. There are two
types:

Passive shading devices

Active shading devices.

 TYPES OF PASSIVE SHADING DEVICES –

Openings, especially windows, greatly influence the thermal conditions within a

building. Windows usually contain several elements, some of which are adjustable.
These elements perform various functions, including the following:

Ventilation, daylight, provision of privacy and security, prevention of glare,

exclusion of rainfall, allowing a view out, exclusion of dust, noises, pollution and
insects exclusion of direct solar radiation.

External shading devices are only one of these elements. Others include curtains,
glass, solid or louvred shutters, security bars and mosquito screens. The functions of
external shading devices include:
Allowing a view out, protection from rain, protection from direct solar
radiation, protection from sky glare.
VARIOUS SHADING DEVICES AND THEIR GEOMETRIES –
There are three types of sun-shading devices. They are:

Vertical devices

Horizontal devices

Egg-crate devices

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Windows without shading devices have some shading characteristics measured by

their horizontal and vertical shading angles. See figure. In describing the
characteristics of shading devices, it should be noted that the window and the
shading device are considered as one unit.

Vertical shading devices –

Vertical Shading Devices consist of pilasters, louvre blades or projecting fins in a
vertical position. Their performance is measured by the horizontal shadow angle
(delta). They are commonly referred to as fins and are most effective on western
and eastern elevations.

Horizontal shading devices -

Horizontal Shading Devices are usually in the form of canopies, long verandas,
movable horizontal louvre blades or roof overhangs. They are best suited to
southern and northern elevations and their performance is measured by the vertical
shadow angle (epsilon).

Egg-crate devices -
Are combinations of vertical and horizontal devices. They are usually in the form of
grill blocks or decorative screens. Their performance is determined by both the
horizontal and vertical shadow angles and (delta and epsilon).

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DESIGN OF SHADING DEVICES -

There are certain steps to be followed in the design of shading devices.
Step One:
It is necessary to determine when shading is required, that is at what times of the
year and during what hours of the day. This is usually done by defining the
overheated and underheated periods.
Step Two:
The position of the sun at the times when shading is required must be established.
This is usually done with the aid of a sun-path diagram.
Step Three:
The dimensions and proportions of the shading device that will provide shading
during the period earlier defined is found. This is done with the aid of a shadow sngle
pro tractor.
Step Four
The choice of prefabricated devices or the design of new ones. The design of
shading devices takes not only the required. geometry into consideration but also
aesthetic and structural factors.
WHEN IS SHADING REQUIRED?
Shading is required both during the overheated period and when conditions are
comfortable. The reason for this is that if solar gain is permitted during comfortable
periods the excess heat thus gained may cause hot discomfort. Thus the lower limit
of comfort is used to establish when shading should start.

USE OF SUN PATH DIAGRAMS:

The next step in the design of sun-shading devices is to determine the position of
the sun at the times when shading is required. The position of the sun is defined by
two angles - the solar altitude B (beta, measured from Q to 90 degrees above the
horizon) and the solar azimuth (theta). The solar azimuth is measured from the
south and is measured from 0 to -180 degrees (westward) and 0 to + 180 degrees
(eastward). See figure, The position of the sun can be determined in five ways:

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By Calculation
The solar azimuth and altitude can be calculated given the latitude, date and time
from mathematical formulae. In fact the vertical and horizontal shading angles can
be calculated directly for various orientations. This method is usually too tedious for
architectural purposes.
By a computer program
There are various computer programs that can make the necessary calculations and
present the results graphically, sometimes even in the form of plots. Such programs
are now available on microcomputers and are becoming more popular.
From tables
A good alternative is the use of almanacs where the necessary solar angles are
tabled. These tables undergo minor revisions yearly.
Experimental methods
Complex and lengthy research on the sun-Earth relationship is often carried out
experimentally using the heliodon, the solarscope or some other device. See figure.
These studies are carried out on models and are very popular in teaching.

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 TYPES OF ACTIVE SHADING DEVICES -

Active or responsive shading systems, also called dynamic or kinetic shading

systems, are often designed to respond to one or multiple environmental situations
including: daylighting control, solar thermal control, ventilation control, and in
addition sometimes energy generation.

ACTIVE SHADING
SYSTEMS

SMART GLAZING KINETIC INTEGRATION OF

SYSTEMS EXTERNALSHADING RENEWABLE ENERGY
SYSTEMS SYSTEMS

Suspended Particle Rotating Shading PV Shading Devices

Devices Devices

Solar Collectors
Electrochromic Folding Shading Integrated Shading
Devices Devices Devices

Liquid Crystal Algae Façade

Devices Systems

Figure 1. Active shading systems classification diagram

Smart glazing systems –

Windows with dynamic optical properties are a form of building shade. Smart glass,
often called smart windows, is defined to be the glass whose light transmission
properties are altered when voltage, light or heat is applied, by changing from
translucent to transparent. The function of a smart window is to control the
transmission of light into and out of the glazing system, according to occupants’
comfort. Smart windows can also regulate lighting and heating levels for energy load
management. Smart glass technologies include SPDs, EC devices and LCDs.
Installing smart glass in buildings envelope, is similar to creating climate adaptable
building shells, in which costs for heating, cooling and lighting are reduced.
SPDs (suspended particle devices) tend to rapidly switch from a dark bluish-
black state to a clear greyish appearance when voltage is applied to control the
amount of light, glare and heat passing through.
The EC (electrochromic devices) devices use a technology that utilizes an
electrical voltage to control the amount of light passing through the glass. ECs
offer dynamic and responsive control that responds to the external changing
conditions and controls visible transmittance, reduce glare and improve indoor light.
LCDs use liquid crystals that dissolve into a liquid polymer they will, in turn,
solidify. The liquid crystals are randomly arranged in the droplets, resulting in
scattering of light as it passes through the smart window assembly and forming a
translucent film.

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Kinetic external shading systems –

Kinetic shading systems follow the same concept as dynamic facades and were
introduced to satisfy some of the energy characteristics of the building envelope.

The development of these systems was a response to the growing awareness of

energy reduction in buildings. Their adaptability offers the potential to achieve an
energy-efficient environment, improve the comfort, balances indoor environmental
quality (IEQ), such as, reduced glare, view to outside, privacy, thermal comfort and air
quality and increase satisfaction and productivity of the occupants while minimizing
the energy cost and environmental impact.

The systems move in response to mechanical, chemical or electrical stimuli by

which folding, sliding, expanding, shrinking and transforming in the shading devices
take place.

The development of kinetic facades presented in the literature are mainly

concerned with the functional possibilities and enabling technology. The
mechanism in the kinetic shading depends on mechanical, chemical and electrical
engineering where folding, sliding, expanding, shrinking and transforming in the
shading devices takes place. In this literature review the dominant types; rotating
and folding shading systems have been explored.

Rotating shading devices –

Rotating shading systems consist of a shading device made of either glass, metal,
fabric or timber and is designed to rotate around either a horizontal or vertical axis
depending on the position of its slates. Glass lamella device have a better utilization
of daylight over other systems.

The rotational movement of kinetic facades creates slow responses on every panel of
the facade, which prevents any noise or distraction for the building’s occupants
throughout the day.

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The influence of external dynamic louvers with light dimming strategies in an office
building at hot and humid climate in Abu Dhabi, UAE was explored. The results
showed that the dynamic louvers with inclination angle of −20◦ for the south had
30.31% energy savings, while with a 20◦ inclination angle for the east and west
orientations the savings were 34.02% and 28.57%, respectively.

Similarly, a new double skin façade with movable integrated shading louvers was
investigated and showed that during the entire year the proposed façade significantly
improved the building energy behaviour, especially when the winter configuration
forced convection was considered.

The rotating shading devices are made of different materials, but predominantly
use:
(i) glass louvers, (ii) metal louvers and (iii) timber louvers.

Folding shading devices –

An effective type of shading systems is the shape morphing solar shading also
called the folding shading system or the Origami shading device. This type of
shading had been applied in several engineering fields, in adjustable and
reconfigurable structures. Folding geometries have been used in biomedical
devices, and in space and aircraft applications. However, in architecture the use
of folding Origami has only been recently experimented, especially as a shading
device. When installed, they usually have different typologies of movement such as,
translation, rotation and scaling, where external forces are required. Recent trends
in shading device design have been trying to replace traditional mechanical
systems with integrated multifunctional and smart actuators and are responsible for
moving or controlling the mechanism.
Usually, sensors are able to analyze the variation of an external stimulus
and transfer the information to the actuator, which provides the structure with a
change in one of its properties. The application of shape morphing solar shading in
buildings depends on the following criteria that are considered to identify and
analyze in detail the most suitable smart materials:

• Corrosion resistance.
• Durability (life cycle of the smart movement/shape memory effect)
• Stimulus responsiveness (solar radiation, outside air temperature, electrical
stimulus)
• Workability (process and adaptability)
• Achievable movements
• Impressing force

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Recently, there are no solar shading devices that are entirely made of smart
materials due to the material properties and costs. Therefore, smart materials are
still used either as sensors or as actuators.
The types of smart materials of folding shading systems (either sensors or actuators)
are illustrated in Figure.

Shape Change
Shape Memory
Stimulus- Materials
Smart (SCMs) Alloys (SMAs)
responsive
Shape Memory Shape Memory
Materials Materials Polymers
(SRMs) Materials (SMPs)
(SMMs)
Shape Memory
Hybrids
(SMHs)

Figure 2. Smart materials types for folding shading systems.

Integration of renewable energy systems -

PV integrated shading devices –

The integration of PV materials into shading systems was introduced in 1998.
Integration of renewable energy generation can be applied in a very effective way in
the shading devices, combining a dual benefit: shading and production of electricity.
Integrated PV shadings could be used to provide energy controlling shape morphing
devices.
Studies show that the use of BIPV as exterior solar shading devices produces on-
site electricity and reduces cooling loads by 10% and 9.2% in building.
Building integrated PV systems are used for generating electricity and as shading
devices, they can be integrated into building envelope, such as roof, cladding,
window shading, semi-transparent windows and facades. Additionally they can
reduce the use of building materials and electricity costs, reduction in use of fossil
fuels and emission of ozone depleting gasses.
Visual and the thermal performances of transparent BIPV on windows have been
compared and revealed that in residential buildings in hot humid climate regions
BIPV with slat angles of 60◦ and 68◦ provided good visual and thermal effect

It was found out that shading devices with integrated south facing PV can produce
electricity to be used for lighting and that the theoretical efficiency of 12% is
satisfactory for simple geometries.

The design characteristics of shading devices (SDs) with integrated photovoltaic

panels (PVs) for residential building facades were studied for cooling and heating
weather conditions in Crete. The results defined the best position PV-integrated
shading devices according to the best lighting levels for tasks.

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Thirteen different forms of monocrystalline PV panels mounted on south-facing

shading devices of office buildings in Mediterranean region were evaluated. The
results showed that the best form of shading device integrated with PV was the
“Brise-soleil full façade” which had the best optimization in the heating, cooling and
lighting loads. Integration of PV panels on louvers is another alternative in which the
blade is exposed to provide full ventilation and can be tilted to maximize the efficiency.

Solar collectors integrated shading devices –

Solar collectors are used in buildings to reduce energy consumption and carbon
emissions; they are usually installed on building facades, roofs, balconies, awnings
and outdoor spaces, which are called building-integrated solar thermal (BIST)
systems. Integration of solar collectors with exterior shading devices can reduce
solar radiation and at the same time generate heat.
Solar collector devices have been investigated in some researches, and research
methods typically include heat output estimation, numerical model calculation and
simulation analysis.
A full-size prototype of solar collector was installed on a shading louver and
showed that when the solar radiation was enough, the systems did not require
auxiliary heating equipment and the performance was 20% more than the
performance of conventional solar collectors with natural circulation function.

Algae façade systems –

Algae façade systems grow micro-algae in order to generate heat and electricity and
are used as external cladding elements and dynamic shading devices. Double skin
façades were developed for the purpose of protecting curtain walls from the sun.
Several transparent façade technologies have been introduced in buildings, such as
insulated glass unit (IGU) and shading device (such as stretched metal, frit,
suspended film).
The use of those technologies in buildings is to protect the building from
excessive heat gain and improve the performance of the building. However, those
technologies are not enough for achieving high performance building. In order to do
that, energy generation must be achieved from the integration of those technologies;
such as Photovoltaic and solar thermal systems.
As an alternative for high performance facade, an algae facade system has
been introduced. The purpose of the clear vision zone is for view, daylight and
ventilation, while the algae zone is for growing algae. The algae growing
apparatus is comprised of intake systems for supplying CO2, and growing algae
(e.g., algae, nutrients, medium etc.) and discharging systems for emitting O2 and
collecting grown algae. The mechanism of work in this system is achieved first by
water being filled in the vertical glass louvers that contains nutrients which convert
daylight and CO2 to algal biomass through the bio-chemical process of
photosynthesis; at the same time the water is being heated up.

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CASE STUDIES –

1. AL BAHAR (KINETIC FAÇADE)

- A STANDOUT LANDMARK FOR THE CITY OF

ABU DHABI.

(FOLDING / CONTRACTING / EXPANDING)

The Aedas studio was chosen to design the new headquarters of the Abu
Dhabi Investment Council after an international competition for the commission. The
two 25-floor office towers have capacity for between 1000 and 1100 employees in
each.
Searching for innovative designs for the skyscrapers, nature and culture were the
most persistent sources of inspiration. The Al Bahar Towers demonstrate these two
sources in the advanced detection system which was designed to integrate the
building into its cultural context and respond directly to the climatic requirements of
the region: the “mashrabiya” form of the screens, anchored in the Islamic
architectural tradition of the Middle East, and the dynamic movement of each of the
individual units recalls the responses of the native plants. The use of highly
developed modern technologies permitted this focus through the use of parametric
and algorithmic modelling. The design concept was refined using computer
programming, without sacrificing the ideals of the project. In the end, a new
paradigm in the innovative design of tall buildings was borne.
The “mashrabiya” on the Al Bahar Towers is one of a series of transparent shading
components which open and close in response to the trajectory of the sun. Each of
the two towers boasts more than 1000 individual solar protectors, which are
controlled via the building’s management system, thereby creating an intelligent
façade.

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SITE PLANNING: two twin office towers facing south are placed on site connected
by skywalk.
ENTRY/EXIT

CONCEPT
• the design concept is based on the fusion between bio-inspiration, regional
architecture, and performance-based technology.
• circles and orbits are used to reflect the concept of unification and unity
evident in nature.
• The façade system defies the typical typology of the area’s skyscrapers,
providing a more agile and dynamic solution to the climatic conditions. The Al
Bahar Towers seek to provide a contextual and culturally sensitive design
which also utilises modern technology to achieve the highest possible
standards of efficiency.

PRINCIPLES
• design principle is to achieve a performance oriented, culturally relevant,
technologically advanced, and aesthetically intriguing building.

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PLANNING

 Based on six tangential arcs, taken from three intersecting circles

 A pattern which forms the basis of nearly all geometric configurations known
to the region.
 The design for the project began with two simple cylinders, because the
circular plan giving the most efficient floor area usage while also
creating the greatest volume with the least surface area which will highly
reduce the sun exposure surface area.
 An integrated building model consisting both the geometry of the buildings
and the mashrabiya shading devices

DESIGN ELEMENTS

• The design is based on the concept of adaptive flowers and the "mashrabiya"
- a wooden lattice shading screen

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SCREENS -
• A dynamic and sensitive shading screen acting as ' mashrabiya “
• Secondary skin filters the light and reduces glare.
• powered by renewable energy derived from photovoltaic panels.
• wraps giant lattice almost two towers completely except for the area north-
facing
• “By night, all the screens fold, allowing more of the façade to be seen… As
the sun rises in the morning in the East, the mashrabiya across the length of
that side of the building begins to close and when the sun moves round the
building, the entire vertical strip of the mashrabiya moves with the sun,” says
Eter Oborn, vice-president of Aedas and one of the project’s architects.

OPERATION

• As the sun rises in the morning in the east, the mashrabiya along this side of
the building will begin to close, and when the sun moves around the building,
all vertical strip mashrabiya move with the sun.
• At night all screens fold, allowing more of the facade.

AL BAHAR AT AL BAHAR AT NIGHT

DAYTIME
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MASHRABIYA DETAILS –

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ENGINEERING

• Each unit comprises a series of panels stretched ptfe (polytetrafluoroethylene)

and is driven by a linear actuator to progressively open and close once per
day, in response to a pre-programmed sequence that is calculated to avoid
direct sunlight to from the moment it hits the facade .

• Computer-controlled,
• Operates as a curtain wall,
• Ready to two meters of the exterior facade of buildings, in a separate frame.
• Each triangle is coated with micro fiberglass
• Programmed to respond to the movement of the sun.
• It is an ancient technique used in a modern way
• The whole system is protected by a variety of sensors that open the units in
case conditions change, or raise to cloud winds.
• Geometric patterns that make up this giant screen include more than 1,000
mobile elements that contract and expand during the day, depending on the
sun position.

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• A bespoke application was developed using javascript and advanced

parametric technologies to simulate the movement of the façade in response
to the sun’s path.
• The performance criteria and geometry build-up of the system design were
conveyed using a unique project specific, geometry construction &
performance manual.
• This freed the design-to-construction process from locking it down to certain
platforms and computer technologies and offered a universal data exchange
language, enabling all parties to communicate more effectively.

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS OF THE SCREEN

PHOTOVOLTIC CELLS

• Roofs facing south each tower incorporate photovoltaic cells.

• Generating approximately five percent of the total energy required
renewable energy sources, used for heating water.
• The towers have been one of the first buildings in the gulf that received
a leed silver rating.

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EFFICIENCY

• It is estimated that the screen reduces solar gain in more than 50% and
reduces the need for air conditioning

• Screens ability to filter light has allowed to be more selective in the choice of
glass.
• This allows us to use more naturally tinted glass, which allows more light
inside and less need for artificial light.
• the intelligent facade, together with solar thermal panels for hot-water heating
and photovoltaic panels on the roof, minimize the need for internal lighting
and cooling, altogether reducing total carbon dioxide emissions by over 1750
tons per year.
• for the project’s sustainable engineering and sensitive cultural and urban
approach, the towers were awarded the 2012 tall building innovation award.

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2. LA school (photovoltaic façade)

The ‘green dot amino leadership’ charter high school by American firm brooks and
scarpa architects is an innovative and sustainable building that also
encourages kids to learn. Located in a south los angeles neighbourhood, directly
under the flight path to lax and adjacent to the busy 105 century freeway, the site
already had its challenges. Aesthetics, sustainability and cost effectiveness were
considered along every stage of the construction.

Designed to enhance passive sustainable strategies, the large solar panel facade
and open-air courtyard both visually inform and define the building’s exterior
presence. the approach along the street edge is at once dramatic and unique. the
eco-friendly school offers abundant natural light, ventilation and views, while
providing sufficient shading and airflow.

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The south facade is clad with 650 solar panels, that provide a massive 75 percent of
the school’s total energy requirements — reducing the overall number of carbon
emissions by more than 3 million pounds. taking full advantage of los angeles’
temperate climate, a landscaped courtyard and multifunctional bleacher-type
terracing flows out to the open-air covered lobby and multilayered paseo. the
students are exposed to a new learning experience through the design, which also
sets an example for school typologies in the area. the integrated sustainability
principles not only have significant environmental benefits, they also offer the
children an uplifting atmosphere in which to learn.

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With a project target of CHPS and/or LEED Certification at the minimum, aesthetics,
sustainability, and cost-effectiveness were considered in every design decision.
Taking full advantage of the region’s temperate climate, the designers eschewed the
fully contained “big box” idiom of conventional schools on the primary use site.
Instead, a landscaped courtyard with multifunctional “bleacher” terracing flows into
the open-air covered lobby and the multilayered paseo, lending the school the
appeal of a collegiate campus and offering significant environmental benefits—
improving daylighting and access to fresh air both inside and out—while providing
substantial cost savings by limiting artificial lighting and thermal conditioning to the
smaller enclosed spaces.

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