PREMIER

Microsoft
Excel 2007
Advanced
Pre m ie r Tra ining Lim ite d
4 Ra ve y Stre e t
Lo ndo n
EC 2A 4Q P
Te le pho ne +44 (0)20 7729 1811
www.pre m c s.c o m
 Advanced Excel 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 

MODULE 1 REVIEW OF INTERMEDIATE COURSE ............................... 2 

MODULE 2 NAMING RANGES ................................................................. 2 

Naming a cell, range or formula ............................................................ 2
Moving to a named range ..................................................................... 4
Pasting names in formulas .................................................................... 4
Deleting a named range ........................................................................ 5
Paste a list of named ranges................................................................. 5
MODULE 3 FUNCTIONS ......................................................................... 11 
If statements ........................................................................................ 11
Text functions ...................................................................................... 15
Date and time ...................................................................................... 17
Look up functions ................................................................................ 18
Financial functions .............................................................................. 20
Mathematical functions ....................................................................... 24
Subtotals ............................................................................................. 28
Exercise - module 3 ............................................................................ 33
MODULE 4 TEMPLATES ....................................................................... 39 
Creating ............................................................................................... 40 
Using a template ................................................................................. 40 
Editing a template ............................................................................... 40 
Notes – module 4 41 
MODULE 5 - AUDITING A WORKBOOK .............................................. 43 
Auditing and watch window, ................................................................ 43 
Checking data for errors...................................................................... 44 
Finding data precedents...................................................................... 45 
Finding formula dependants................................................................ 45 
Watch window ..................................................................................... 46 
Formula auditing mode ....................................................................... 47 
Notes – module 5 50 
MODULE 6 DATA VALIDATION ............................................................. 52 
Setting data validation ......................................................................... 52 
Checking for invalid data ..................................................................... 55 
MODULE 7 MACROS .............................................................................. 60 
Overview of macros/vba...................................................................... 60 
Recording a macro .............................................................................. 60 
Running macros .................................................................................. 62 
Add macros to quick access toolbar ................................................... 64 
Simple editing of macros ..................................................................... 64 
Exercise – module 7 66 
Notes – module 7 67 
MODULE 8 EXCEL’S ANALYTICAL TOOLS ......................................... 71 
Goal seek ............................................................................................ 71 
Scenarios ............................................................................................ 73 
Solver .................................................................................................. 79 
2 & 1 way input table ........................................................................... 81 
Notes – module 8 85 
 Advanced Excel 2007

INDEX....................................................................................................... 89 
 Advanced Excel 2007

INTRODUCTION
This manual is designed to provide information required when
using Excel 2007. This documentation acts as a reference
guide to the course and does not replace the documentation
provided with the software.

The documentation is split up into modules. Within each

module is an exercise and pages for notes. There is a
reference index at the back to help you to refer to subjects as
required.

These notes are to be used during the training course and in

conjunction with the Excel 2007 reference manual. Premier
Computer Solutions holds the copyright to this
documentation. Under the copyright laws, the documentation
may not be copied, photocopied, reproduced or translated, or
reduced to any electronic medium or machine readable form,
in whole or in part, unless the prior consent of Premier
Computer Solutions is obtained.

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MODULE 1
REVIEW OF INTERMEDIATE
COURSE
Revision Exercise
1. Create the exercise on the following page, using the
calculations given.
2. The factors that might change are located in separate cell
for easy “what-if” analysis. The formulae are given below:

SALES start at 3,500 and increase by the Assumption

Growth in Sales “10%”.

PRICE starts at 15.50 and increases by the Assumption

Growth in Price “0”

REVENUE is Sales * Price

RAW MATERIALS are Sales * Assumption Unit Raw Material

LABOUR is constant at 10,000

ENERGY is Sales * Assumption Unit Energy

DEPRECIATION is constant at 750

TOTAL COSTS is the sum of the above four costs

GROSS PROFIT is Revenue – Total Costs

OVERHEADS are constant at 12,500

NET PROFIT is Gross Profit – Overheads

The Net Profit for December should be £60,631.63

3. Rename the worksheet as PROFIT PROJECTION.

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MODULE 2
NAMING RANGES
There are a variety of uses for names in a workbook. A name
can be applied to any cell or range. Names are also useful
for the following:

‰ Making formulas easier to understand

Note: Although Excel ‰ Quick Navigation
2007’s new Table
functionality allows you to
‰ Improving Solver’s report results
create formulas using ‰ Storing a value that will be used over and over
column names, these are but that might occasionally need to change, such
not considered named as a sales tax rate.
ranges.
‰ Storing formulas
‰ Defining a dynamic range

NAMING A CELL, RANGE OR FORMULA

The following must rules must be followed when naming

ranges:

‰ The first character if a range name must be a letter or

underline.
‰ The remaining characters must be letters, numbers,
underlines or periods.
‰ No spaces.
‰ Do not use cell references as names.

1. Select the cell(s).

2. Click in the Name Box in the formula bar.

Name Box

3. Type a name (named ranges cannot contain any spaces)

and then press ENTER.

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Alternatively, on the Formulas tab, in the Named Cells group,

click Name a Range.

1. In the New Name dialog box, in the Name box, type the
name that you want to use for your reference. Names can
be up to 255 characters in length.
2. To specify the scope of the name, in the Scope drop-down
list box, select Workbook, or the name of a worksheet in
the workbook.
3. Click on OK.
Create Names Based On Row/Column Titles
1. Select the range you want to name, including the row or
column titles you want to use for the names.
2. Click on the Formulas tab, in the Named Cells group,
click Create from Selection.

3. Select the appropriate check box or boxes to name the

rows or columns using the text in the top row, bottom row,
left column, or right column of the range.

4. Click on OK.

Using Named Ranges

Named Ranges can be used to move to various locations in a

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workbook and pasted into formulas.

Note: Named Ranges MOVING TO A NAMED RANGE

can be unique to the
workbook or the 1. Click on the downward arrow to the right of the name box
worksheet. in the formula bar.
2. Select the named range.

Name Box List

PASTING NAMES IN FORMULAS

1. Start formulas by typing = and then the formula name.
2. Click on the Formulas tab, in the Named Cells group,
click Use in Formula.

3. Select the name to use.

4. Finish the formula and then press ENTER.

5. Alternatively press F3 to display the Paste Name dialog

box.

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DELETING A NAMED RANGE

1. Click on the Formulas tab, in the Named Cells group,
click Name Manager.

2. Select the name to delete and click on the Delete button.

3. Click on OK.

4. Alternatively to display the Name Manager dialog box

press CTRL + F3.

PASTE A LIST OF NAMED RANGES

1. Select an empty cell.
2. Click on the Formulas tab, in the Named Cells group,
click Use in Formula.

3. Choose Paste.

4. Click on the Paste List button.

5. Alternatively press F3 or

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Notes – Module 2

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Notes – Module 2

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Notes – Module 2

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Notes – Module 2

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MODULE 3
FUNCTIONS
Functions are built-in formulas that perform complex
mathematical, financial, statistical or analytical calculations.
Excel provides more than 200 built-in functions, or predefined
formulas.

Each function consists of an equal sign (=), the function name

and the argument(s). Arguments are cells used for carrying
out the calculation. The SUM function adds the number of
cells in specified cells. The active cell shows the result of the
function.

=SUM(B1:B9)

Equal Function Arguments

Name

IF STATEMENTS

A logical function enables you to make a decision depending

if the conditions set are true or false.

IF FUNCTION

=IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)
An example is in cell A3 if the value is equal to 10 insert 1, if
not insert 0.
A B C
1
2
3 10 1

In cell B3 the calculation would be

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=IF(A3=10,1,0)
If the true or false condition is to be text and not a value, the
text has to be enclosed in double quotes.

=IF(A3=10,“Yes”, “No”)

Listed below are the comparative operators that can be used

in logical
= Equal To functions.

< Less Than

> Greater Than

<= Less than or equal to

>= Greater than or equal to

<> Not Equal to

NESTING =IF()’s
You may want to use an =IF() function again as part of the
TRUE or
FALSE
If Average Score is Then return part of
the
Greater than 89 A formula.
From 80 to 89 B
You can
From 70 to 79 C use the
following
From 60 to 69 D
nested
Less than 60 F =IF()
Note: Remember to close the
function:
same number or brackets at
the end of the function as
functions, there are four =IF()
=IF(AverageScore>89,"A",IF(AverageScore>7
to four brackets at the end. 9,"B",IF(AverageScore>69,"C",IF(AverageSco
There can only be a maximum re>59,"D","F"))))
of 7 nested =IF()’s in a single
function.

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The function on the previous page reads:

If the average score is greater than 89 then insert an A, if not

is it greater than 79, if it is insert a B, if it is not, then is it
greater than 69, if it is insert a C if not is it greater than 59, if it
is insert an D if not then insert F.

Using Other Functions with IFs

For example if the =SUM() function is nested within an =IF()
function, the condition of the =IF() function can be based on
whether the total value in a range of cells is above or below a
certain value.

The following function would be used in cell B7.

=IF(SUM(B4:B6)>9000, “Good Sales”, “Bad Sales”)

=AND(logical1, logical2)
This logical function compares whether two cell match the
condition required, if the cells meet the condition TRUE is
inserted into the cell if not then FALSE is used.

The function in cell B5 is:

=AND(A3=20,A4=30)

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=OR(logical1, logical2)
This logical function compares whether one of two cells
meets the condition required. If the cells meet the condition
TRUE is inserted into the cell if not then FALSE is used.

The function in cell B5 is:

=OR(A3=20,A4=30)

Using The =AND() and =OR() Function With

=IF()s

The function in cell B5 is:

=IF(OR(A3=20,A4=40), “This is Correct”, “This

is Wrong”)

or using the =AND() function:

=IF(AND(A3=20,A4=40), “This is Correct”,

“This is Wrong”)

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TEXT FUNCTIONS

=TEXT(Value,Format_Text)
This function converts a number to a formatted text entry.

Value is the number or cell reference to a

cell containing a value.

Format_Text is the format from the category box

in the Format Cells/Number dialog
box. This cannot be the General
format.

=TEXT(1.5, £0.00) the result would be £1.50

=VALUE(text)
Note: You do not generally
need to use the VALUE This function converts a text string that represents a number
function in a formula because to a number.
Excel 2003 automatically
converts text to numbers as
necessary. This function is
provided for compatibility with Text can be text enclosed in quotation marks or a cell
other spreadsheet programs. reference.

=VALUE("£1,000") equals 1,000

=LEFT(text,num_char)
This function returns the first leftmost characters in a string.

=RIGHT(text,num_char)
This function returns the first characters in a string from the
right.

Text can be text enclosed in quotation marks or

a cell reference.

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Num_char represents the number of characters from

the left/right that you want the function to
return.

Note: These functions count

the spaces and punctuation as In cell B2 the following formula was inserted
characters and is only effective
if all pieces of text are the
same length.
=LEFT(A2,4)

In cell C2 the following formula was inserted

=RIGHT(A2,6)

LEN(text)
This functions counts the number of characters in a string,
this includes spaces and pronunciation.

Text can be text enclosed in quotation marks or a cell

reference.

In cell B2 the following formula has been used:

=LEN(A2)

=CONCATENATE(text1,text2…)
This function allows you to join different text cells together to
produce a single string of text.

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In column C the first and surnames have been joined

together.

=CONCATENATE(A2, “ ”, B2)

To insert a space between each entry place a space between

two quotes.

Alternatively you can use the ampersand (&) to join text cells
together.

=A2&“ ”&B2

DATE AND TIME

=TODAY()
This function will return the current date, it does not require
any arguments and will update automatically.

=NOW()
This function will return the current date and time, it does not
require any arguments and will update automatically.

=MONTH(serial_number)
This function returns the number of the month (from 1 – 12)
corresponding to a serial number.

In cell B3 the following formula was entered:

=MONTH(A3)

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LOOK UP FUNCTIONS

The LOOKUP functions are a good method of looking for

information in a list. It searches the left most column of a list
for a particular value and returns an entry in a column to the
right. There are two LOOKUP functions one that lookups
vertically, VLOOKUP or horizontally, HLOOKUP.

=VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_indx,ra
nge_lookup)

Lookup_value is the value that you require the function to

lookup.

Table_array is the range of cells that you want to look

in. You can name cell rangers as opposed
to using cell references

Col_indx this is the column in the table_array from

Note: The table must be which the matching value should be
sorted in ascending order. The returned. If you enter 2 it will return the
VLOOKUP function only value in the second column, 3 would return
returns one answer. If there a value in the third column and so on.
are several occurrences of a
target value VLOOKUP stops Range_lookup this is a logical test. If you want the
at the first one. It is not used
LOOKUP function to insert TRUE or
for entries that appear more
FALSE when a match is made enter either
than one in a list.
TRUE or FALSE. When omitted the actual
entry is returned.

In the above example the invoice number is entered in cell G3

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and the amount in G5 will be looked up on the table.

Cell G5 contains the following:

=LOOKUP(G3,A3:D11,4)

=HLOOKUP((lookup_value,table_array,row_indx,
range_lookup)
Looks for a value in the top row of a table and returns the
value in the same column for the row you specify.

Lookup_value is the value that you require the function to

lookup.

Table_array is the range of cells that you want to look

in. You can name cell rangers as opposed
to using cell references.

Row_index this is the row in the table_array from which

the matching value should be returned. If
you enter 2 it will return the value in the
second row, 3 would return a value in the
third row and so on. Headings in a table
count as row 1.

Range_lookup this is a logical test. If you want the

LOOKUP function to insert TRUE or
FALSE when a match is made enter either
TRUE or FALSE. When omitted the actual
entry is returned.

Cell B6 contains the following:

=HLOOKUP(B3,A8:E12,3)

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FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS

=PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)
This function calculates the payments on a loan (principle) at
a given interest rate for a specified number of payment
periods (term). It is normally used to calculate the monthly
repayments of a mortgage that is based on a constant
interest rate.

Rate is the interest rate. If you are calculating

monthly mortgage payments for a loan with
an annual interest of 8%, it has to be
divided by 12 to get the monthly interest
rate.

Nper is the total number of months for the

repayments. This has to be shown in
months.

Pv is the present value of the loan

Fv is the future value, or a cash balance you

want to attain after the last payment is
made. If fv is omitted, it is assumed to be 0
(zero), that is, the future value of a loan is
0. This argument is optional

Type is the number 0 (zero) or 1 and indicates

when payments are due. This argument is
optional

0 or omitted indicates that payments are

due at the end of the period

1 indicates that payments are at the

beginning of the period.

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Cell B7 contains the following formula

=PMT(B4/12,B5*12,B3)

=PPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
This function returns the principle for an investment based
upon periodic, constant payments and a constant interest
rate.

=IPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
This function returns the interest paid for an investment based
upon periodic, constant payments and constant interest rate.

Rate is the interest rate. If you are calculating

monthly mortgage payments for a loan with
an annual interest of 8%, it has to be
divided by 12 to get the monthly interest
rate.

Per Specifies the period and must be in the

range of 1 and the nper..

Nper is the total number of months for the

repayments. This has to be shown in
months.

Pv is the present value of the loan

Fv is the future value, or a cash balance you

want to attain after the last payment is
made. If fv is omitted, it is assumed to be 0
(zero), that is, the future value of a loan is
0. This argument is optional

Type is the number 0 (zero) or 1 and indicates

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when payments are due. This argument is

optional

0 or omitted indicates that payments are

due at the end of the period

1 indicates that payments are at the

beginning of the period

Cell B10 contains the following function:

=PPMT(B4/12,B6,B5*12,B3)
Cell B11 contains the following function

=IPMT(B4/12,B6,B5*12,B3)

=PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)
This function calculates the present value of an investment
based on the total amount that a series of future payments is
worth now.

=NVP(rate,value1,value2)
This function calculates the net present value of an
investment by using a discount rate and a series of future
payments (negative values) and income (positive values).

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Rate Is the rate of discount over the

length of one period.
Value1, value2, are 1 to 29 arguments
representing the payments and
income.

Cell B13 contains the following function

=NPV(B12,B4:B10)

=FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
If you plan to save a regular amount at regular intervals, the
=FV function calculates how much you will have saved at a
specific point in the future, give a constant compounding rate.

Rate Is the periodic compounding rate on

your investment
Nper How many periods in the saving plan.
Pmt How much you are paying each period.
Pv This is an optional argument that lets
you specify a lump sum already present
at the beginning of the saving plan.
Type Is the number 0 (zero) or 1 and
indicates when payments are due. This
argument is optional
0 or omitted indicates that payments are
due at the end of the period

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1 indicates that payments are at the

beginning of the period.

For example, if you plan to deposit £2,000 each year for the
next 20 years into an account to save for retirement. The
account pays 7.5% interest, compounded annually, interest is
paid on the last day of each year. To calculate the value of
your account in 20 years.

Cell B7 contains the following formula:

=FV(B4,B5,B3)

MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS

=ROUND(number,num_digits)
This function rounds number to a specified number of decimal
places.

=ROUNDDOWN(number,num_digits)
This function rounds down numbers towards zero.

=ROUNDUP(number,num_digits)
This function rounds up numbers away from zero.

Function Result
=ROUND(333.1451,2) 333.15

=ROUND(333.1451,-2) 300

=ROUNDDOWN(333.1451,2) 333.14

=ROUNDUP(333.1451,1) 333.2

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=ABS(number)
This function returns the absolute value of a number. A
number without a sign for example a negative value will
become positive.

Function Result
=ABS(-500) 500

=SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)
This function adds cells specified by a criteria.

=COUNTIF(range,criteria)
This function counts the number of cells specified by a
criteria.

Cell D4 contains the following:

=SUMIF(A4:A13, “Green”,B4:B13)

Cell D6 contains the following:

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=COUNTIF(A4:A13, “Harry”)

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INFORMATION FUNCTIONS

=ISBLANK(value)
This function returns TRUE or FALSE if the cell it is
referenced to is blank.

=ISBLANK(A10)

If A10 was empty the result would be FALSE.

=ISNA(value)
This function return TRUE or FALSE if the cell it is referenced
to returns the #N/A error message.

=ISNA(A10)

If A10 had the error #N/A the result would be TRUE.

=ISERROR(value)
This function return TRUE or FALSE if the cell it is referenced
to returns one of the following error messages.

#N/A, #VALUE, #REF, #DIV/0, =NUM, #NAME?, #NULL

=ISERROR(A10)

If A10 displayed an error the result would be TRUE.

=ISERR(value)
This function return TRUE or FALSE if the cell it is referenced
to returns one of the following error messages.

#VALUE, #REF, #DIV/0, =NUM, #NAME?, #NULL

=ISERR(A10)

If A10 displayed an error (not #N/A) the result would be

TRUE.

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Used with the =IF() function the =IS() functions can highlight
to users errors in the worksheet

For example stopping the cell returning #DIV/0

In A5 the cell would show #DIV/0 when cell A3 is divided by

Note: =ISERROR() can
A4. The following calculation would be typed in A5 to display
also be used
a message to insert a value in cell A4.

=IF(ISERR(A3/A4)=True, “Enter a number in to cell

A4”, A3/A4)

SUBTOTALS

Excel enables you to summarise sorted data in a list with

subtotals. When a list is summarised with subtotals, Excel
calculates the subtotals based on subsets of the data and
also calculates a grand total.

CREATING SUBTOTALS
1. Sort the data according to the order in which you want to
create subtotals. For example to generate subtotals for
each region, sort the list in to regions.

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2. Select a cell in the list you want to summarise.

For example any cell in column F.

3. Click on the Data Ribbon and select Subtotals.

4. In the “At each change in” drop-down list select in this

case region. This will generate a subtotal at each change
in region.
5. Select a function from the “Use function” drop-down list.
6. Select the data you want to subtotal in the “Add subtotal
to:”, in this example select amount.
7. Click on OK.

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Above is an example of the total amount sold for each region.

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HIDING AND DISPLAYING DATA

When you add automatic subtotals to a list, Excel displays the
list in Outline view. You can expand and contract the level of
detail in the list to display only the subtotals and grand totals
of data.
1. To the left of the worksheet there are three buttons
labelled 1,2, & 3.
2. To view the sub and grand totals click on the button
labelled 2.
3. To view just the grand total click on the button labelled 1.
4. To view all in the list click on the button labelled 3.

Level 1, 2 and
3 buttons

Show detail
level button

Hide Detail
Level button

5. To display the detail for a level click on the plus (+) button.

REMOVING SUBTOTALS
1. Click on the Data Ribbon and select Subtotals.
2. Click on the “Remove All” button.

CREATE "NESTED," OR MULTIPLE-LEVEL,

SUBTOTALS
To "nest," or insert, subtotals for smaller groups within
existing subtotal groups, you must first sort the list.
1. Sort the list by two or more columns for which you want to
calculate subtotals. For example, to summarise amount
sold by region and by store within each region, first sort
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the list by the region column, and then sort by the store
column. When Excel inserts subtotals, the stores subtotal
values are nested within the subtotal values for the region.
2. Insert automatic subtotals for the first column for which
you want subtotals. This column should be the column you
specified in the “Sort by” box when the list was sorted. (In
the example, the region column would be the first column.)
3. After you have displayed automatic subtotals for the first
column, repeat the process for the next column.
4. Select a cell in the list.
5. Click on the Data Ribbon and select Subtotals.
6. In the “At each change in” box, select the next column you
want to subtotal.
7. Clear the “Replace current subtotals” check box, and then
click on OK.
Note: Subtotal summaries can 8. Repeat steps 4 through 7 for each column for which you
be used to create charts.
want to calculate subtotals.

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EXERCISE - MODULE 3

1. Create the above worksheet.

2. Enter a formula to calculate the TAX at 10%, but only if
the TOTAL exceeds 90,000. If the TOTAL does not
exceed 90,000 insert 0.
3. Replace the previous formula with one, which calculates
the TAX at 5% of the TOTAL, but only if sales are greater
than or equal to 8,000. If the sales are less than 8,000
insert 0.
4. Replace the previous formula with the one that calculates
the TAX for WHISKY at 8% of the TOTAL, and GIN at 6%
of the TOTAL, but no other drinks require tax to be paid.
For the drinks not requiring tax to be paid insert “No Tax”.
5. Replace the previous formula with one, which calculates
TAX using the Tax bands with the appropriate TAX
RATES that you are provided.
6. DO NOT REMOVE THE PREVIOUS FORMULA.

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7. Using the SUMIF function, calculate the TAX under Tax

Band A in cell E14.
8. Calculate the TAX paid for the remainder of the Tax
Bands.

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Notes – Module 3

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Notes – Module 3

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Notes – Module 3

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Notes – Module 3

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MODULE 4
TEMPLATES
To create new workbooks that already have your customised
formatting, you can base the new workbooks on a template.
A template is a workbook that contains specific content and
formatting so that you can use it as a basis for other similar
workbooks. A template can include standardised text such as
page headers and row and column labels, number formatting,
Visual Basic macros, and custom toolbars.

You can save a workbook as a template that you can use to

create other workbooks. In Microsoft Office Excel 2007, a
template file (.xltx) can include data and formatting, and a
macro-enabled template file (.xltm) can also include macros.

Below is a list of options that are stored in a template.

• The number and type of sheets in a workbook.

• Cell and sheet formats you set by using the commands
on the Format menu.
• Cell styles.
• Page formats and print area settings for each sheet.
• Text you want to repeat in each new workbook or
worksheet, such as page headers and row and column
labels.
• Data, formulas, graphics, and other information you
want each new workbook or worksheet to contain.
• Macros, hyperlinks, and ActiveX controls on forms. To
make a custom toolbar available in new workbooks
that you base on a template, attach the toolbar to the
template.
• Protected and hidden areas of the workbook; for
example, you can hide sheets, rows, and columns and
prevent changes to worksheet cells.
• Workbook calculation options and window display
options you set with Tools/Options.

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CREATING
1. Open the workbook that you want to use as a template.

2. Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Save

As.
3. In the File name box, type the name that you want to use
for the template.
4. In the Save as type box, click Excel Template, or click
Excel Macro-Enabled Template if the workbook contains
macros that you want to make available in the template.
5. Click Save.
6. The template is automatically placed in the Templates
folder to ensure that it will be available when you want to
create a new workbook based on the template.

USING A TEMPLATE

1. Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click New.

2. Under Templates, do one of the following:
3. To base the workbook on a recently used template,
double-click the template under the Blank and Recently
used Templates section.
4. To base the workbook on an installed template, click
Installed Templates, and then under Installed Templates,
double-click the template that you want to use.
5. To base the workbook on a template that you created,
click My templates, and then on the My Templates tab,
double-click the template that you want to use.
6. To base the workbook on another workbook, click New
from Existing, and then double-click the workbook that you
want to use.

EDITING A TEMPLATE
1. Open the template.
2. Make any amendments and click on Save.

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NOTES – MODULE 4

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Notes – Module 4

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MODULE 5 -
AUDITING A WORKBOOK

AUDITING AND WATCH WINDOW,

Auditing can help to trace errors, locate cells that refer to the
current cell and attach comment notes to cells. Auditing can
be used to troubleshoot errors as well as prevent errors by
reviewing and commenting on your work.

Excels auditing tools allow you to do the following:

Trace Precedents Cells that provide data for a formula

Trace Dependents Formulas that refer to a cell
Remove Arrows Remove Dependents, Precedents or
all arrows
The auditing commands can be accessed from the Formula
Auditing group in the Formulas Ribbon.

1. Click on the cell to audit.

2. Click onto Trace Precedents or Trace Dependents.

Error Checking

Trace Precedents

Remove Precedent arrows

Trace Dependents

Remove Dependents Arrows

Remove All Arrows

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Show Watch Window

Evaluate Formula

CHECKING DATA FOR ERRORS

If a formula displays an error value such as #DIV/0!, you can

use the Trace Error button to locate all cells referenced by the
formula

Note: The auditing arrows on

the worksheet print out.

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FINDING DATA PRECEDENTS

1. Click on the cell that you want to audit.
2. Select Trace Precedents from the Formulas Ribbon.

3. Blue arrows point to the precedents. In the above

example the precedents for cell D8 are shown.

FINDING FORMULA DEPENDANTS

1. Click on the cell that you want to audit.
2. Select Trace Dependents from the Formulas Ribbon.

3. Blue arrows point to the dependents. In the above

example the dependents for cell D8 are shown.

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WATCH WINDOW

The Watch Window holds important information, such as

Book name, Sheet name, defined Name, Value, and Formula.
Specific cells can be added so that their information can be
viewed at any time.

Choose Watch window from the Formulas Ribbon.

Click Add Watch .

Click Add and choose the cells you want to watch.

To display the cell that an entry in Watch Window toolbar

refers to, double-click the entry.

Note: Cells that have links (external reference: A reference to

a cell or range on a sheet in another Excel workbook, or a
reference to a defined name in another workbook.) to other
workbooks are displayed in the Watch Window toolbar only
when the other workbook is open.

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FORMULA AUDITING MODE

Excel uses certain rules to check for problems in formulas.

These can help you find common errors and correct them.

A triangle appears in the top-left corner of the cell when a

problem is found. When you select the cell, a smart tag will
appear.

Click the down triangle to see the actions you can take.

There are several different rules that Excel checks for: •

Evaluates an error value –

The formula does not use the expected syntax, arguments, or

data types.

Error values include #DIV/0!, #N/A, #NAME?, #NULL!,

#NUM!, #REF!, and #VALUE!.

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Each error value has different causes, and is resolved in

different ways

Text date with 2 digit years

The cell contains a text date that can be misinterpreted as the

wrong century when used in formulas. For example, the date
in the formula =YEAR("1/1/31") could be 1931 or 2031. Use
this rule to check for ambiguous text dates.

Number stored as text

The cell contains numbers stored as text.

These usually come from data imported from other sources.

Numbers stored as text can cause unexpected sorting
behaviours, and it is best to convert them to numbers.

Inconsistent formula in region.

The formula does not match the pattern of other formulas

near it. In many cases formulas that are adjacent to other
formulas only differ in the references used. If the references
used in a formula are not consistent with those in the adjacent
formulas, then the problem is noted.

Formula omits cells in region

The formula may not include a correct reference. If a formula

refers to a range of cells, and you add cells to the bottom or
right of that range, the references may no longer be correct.
The formula does not always automatically update its
reference to include the new cells. This rule compares the
reference in a formula, against adjacent cells. If the adjacent
cells contain more numbers (are not blank cells), then the
problem is noted.

Unlocked cells contain formulas

The formula is not locked for protection. By default, all cells

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are locked for protection, so the cell has been set to be

unprotected. When a formula is protected it cannot be
modified without being unprotected. Check to make sure you
do not want the cell protected. Protecting cells that contain
formulas prevents them from being changed, and can help
avoid future errors.

Formulas refer to empty cells

The formula you are trying to use contains references to

empty cells, which Excel will note, for your information.

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NOTES – MODULE 5

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Notes – Module 5

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MODULE 6
DATA VALIDATION

Data Validation allows you to set limits to what data in a

certain cell or range of cells. Criteria can be set to double
check cell entries, display a message when a cell is selected
or specify an error message when the entry does not meet
the criteria.

SETTING DATA VALIDATION

The example above restricts the number of shares to a

maximum value of 200. Data Validation has been set to cells
B4:B7.
1. Select the cell(s) to validate.
2. Click on the Data ribbon and select Data Validation.

3. Click on the “Settings” tab.

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4. Change the “Allow” option to the constraints required. In

this example they will be whole numbers and not
decimals.
5. In the “Data” box select the comparative operator.
6. In the boxes below enter the maximum or minimum value.
7. Click on the “Input Message” tab. This options displays an
input message reminding the user of the constraints that
have been set to the cell(s).

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8. Click on the “Error Alert” tab. An error message is

displayed warning that invalid data has been inserted.

The “Style” of error message can be changed.

Stop will prevent any invalid data being entered

in the cell(s).

Warning displays a warning message but invalid

data can be entered.

Information displays an information message allowing

invalid data to be entered.

9. Type an error message and click on OK.

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CHECKING FOR INVALID DATA

When you audit a worksheet for incorrect entries Excel can

identify all cells that contain values that are outside the limits
set by Data validation. These include values that are where
typed in the cells, values that become incorrect because of
calculations in formulas and values placed in cells by macros.

1. Click on the Data ribbon and select the Data Validation

drop-down arrow.

2. Click on Circle Invalid Data.

Note: If the worksheet has

more than 255 cells that
contain invalid data, Excel
circles only 255 of the cells.
To circle more cells, correct
some of the invalid cells, and
then click on the Circle Invalid
Data button again.

3. Cells not matching certain validations are circled in red.

To Clear Validation Circles

1. Click on the Data ribbon and select the Data Validation
drop-down arrow.
2. Click on Clear Validation Circles.

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Notes – Module 6

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Notes – Module 6

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Notes – Module 6

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Notes – Module 6

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MODULE 7
MACROS

OVERVIEW OF MACROS/VBA
Note: If cells are selected
Macros are stored commands and functions that perform
while recording a macro, the
repeated tasks in Excel. A macro is stored in a Visual basic
macro will select the same
cells regardless of which cell is
module that can be run whenever you need to perform a
first selected because it specific task.
records absolute cell
references. If you want a Macros can be recorded or written using the programming
macro to select cells language Visual Basic for applications. This manual covers
regardless of the position of recording macros and editing them using the Visual basic
the active cell when you run Editor. Premier Computer Solutions provide Visual Basic for
the macro, set the macro Application courses.
recorder to record relative cell
references. On the Stop Before recording or writing a macro, plan the steps and
Recording toolbar, click on the commands you want the macro to perform. If you make a
Relative Reference button. mistake when recording the macro, any corrections you make
will also be recorded. Each time you record a macro, the
Excel will
macro is stored in a new module attached to a workbook.
continue to record macros with
relative references until you With the Visual Basic Editor, you can edit macros, copy
quit Excel or until you select
macros from one module to another, copy macros between
Relative Reference again.
different workbooks, rename the modules that store the
macros, or rename the macros.
If you want a macro to select a
specific cell, perform an action,
To record a macro the Developer Ribbon needs to be added.
and then select another cell
relative to the active cell, you
Adding the Developer Ribbon
can mix the use of relative and
absolute references when you
record the macro. To record a 1. Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Excel
macro by using relative Options.
references, make sure that
2. In the Popular category, under Top options for working
Relative Reference button is
active. To record with absolute
with Excel, select the Show Developer tab in the Ribbon
references, make sure Relative
check box, and then click OK.
Reference button is not active.

RECORDING A MACRO
1. Click on the Developer Ribbon and select Record Macro

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.
2. In the “Macro name” box type a name for the macro.

The first character of a macro name must be a letter, other

characters can be letters, numbers, or underscore characters.
Spaces are not allowed.
3. To run the macro by using a keyboard shortcut, enter a
letter in the “Shortcut key” box. You can use CTRL+ letter
(for lowercase) or CTRL+SHIFT+ letter (for uppercase).
The shortcut key will override any default Excel shortcut
keys while the workbook that contains the macro is open.
4. In the “Store macro in” box, select the location where you
want to store the macro.
5. For the macro to be available whenever you use Excel,
store the macro in the Personal Macro Workbook in the
XLStart folder, otherwise store in the active workbook or a
different workbook.
6. Type a description for macro in the “Description” box. It is
important that descriptions are entered as it makes it
easier to refer back to macros at a later time.
7. Click on OK.
8. Carry out the actions you want to record.
9. Click onto Stop Recording.

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RUNNING MACROS

After you record a macro it can be run in Excel or from the

Visual Basic Editor. You usually will run a macro in Excel;
however, you can run the macro from the Visual Basic Editor
while you are editing the macro. To interrupt the macro
before it completes the actions you recorded, press ESC.

Running A Macro In Excel

1. Open the workbook that contains the macro.
2. Click onto Macros from the Developer Ribbon.
Note: To interrupt a macro
before it completes its actions, 3. Select the macro to run.
press ESC. 4. Click on the “Run” button.

Running A Macro From The Visual Basic Editor

1. Open the workbook that contains the macro.
2. Click onto Macros from the Developer Ribbon.
Note: To interrupt a macro
before it completes its actions, 3. Select the macro to run.
press ESC. 4. Click on the “Edit” button.
5. The macro code appears in a window.

Note: If you want to run a

different macro while you are in
6. Click on the Run menu and select Run Sub/User Form.
the Visual Basic Editor, click on
the Tools menu and select 7. Alternatively, click on the Run Sub/User Form button
Macros. Select the macro to on the toolbar or press F5.
run and then click on the “Run”
button. 8. Closer the Visual Basic Editor once the macro has been
run.

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OVERVIEW OF THE VISUAL BASIC EDITOR

Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is the standard macro
language for Office 2007 products. The Visual Basic Editor is
an application that you use to build VBA projects. Although
the Visual Basic Editor appears to a completely separate
application it uses the same memory as its host, in this case
Excel. The Visual Basic Editor allows you to write code, build
forms and run and test your application. Premier Computer
Solutions provide dedicated VBA courses for all Office 2007
products.

Copying Macros
If you have an existing macro that contains commands you
want to use in another macro, you can copy all or part of the
macro to another module. You can also make a copy of a
macro module to duplicate all macros stored in it.

Copy Part Of A Macro To Create Another Macro

1. Open the workbook that contains the macro you want to
copy.
2. Click onto Macros from the Developer Ribbon.
3. Select the macro to run.
4. Click on the “Edit” button.
5. In the Visual Basic Editor, select the lines of the macro
you want to copy.
6. To copy the entire macro, make sure to include the Sub
and End Sub lines in the selection.
7. Click on Copy.
8. Switch to the module (window) where you want to place
the code.
9. A module is a window that contains the VBA code for the
macro.
10. Click on Paste.

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ADD MACROS TO QUICK ACCESS

TOOLBAR
1. Click the arrow to the right of the Quick Access Toolbar

2. Select More Commands.

3. Select Macros from the Choose command section.
4. Click onto the Macro name.
5. Click onto Add
6. Select OK

Assigning Macros To Graphical Objects

Macros can be assigned to buttons, drawing objects, or a
graphic control on a worksheet. When you click on the
button, drawing object or change the graphic control the
macro will run automatically

Graphic controls are text box, list box, option button, or

command button, that you place on a worksheet or form to
display or enter data, perform an action, or make the
worksheet or form easier to read.
1. Draw the object or graphical control.
2. Click with the right-mouse button on object or control.
3. From the sub menu choose “Assign Macro”.
4. Select the macro to assign and click on OK.

SIMPLE EDITING OF MACROS

Editing Macros
Before you edit a macro, you should be familiar with the
Visual Basic Editor. The Visual Basic Editor can be used to
write and edit macros attached to Excel workbooks.
1. Open the workbook that contains the macro you want to
edit.
2. Click onto Macros from the Developer Ribbon.
3. Select the macro to run.
4. Click on the “Edit” button.

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5. Make the changes and then close the Visual Basic Editor
or return back to the worksheet.
Note: All text proceeded by an apostrophe in the Visual Basic
editor will appear “Green”. These are Comments, which can
be used to help explain the code.

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EXERCISE – MODULE 7
1. Create a new macro called PRINT AREA, storing it in the
current workbook.
2. Record a macro that is going to set a print area on your
worksheet.
3. Add the macro to the Quick Access toolbar and also a
macro button on the worksheet.

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NOTES – MODULE 7

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Notes – Module 7

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Notes – Module 7

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Notes – Module 7

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MODULE 8
EXCEL’S ANALYTICAL
TOOLS

GOAL SEEK

Goal Seeker allows you to perform simple forecasting in your

worksheets. You can find a specific value for a defined result
by adjusting the value of other cells in the worksheet. For
example how many books you need to cell to generate an
income of £200.

For the Goal Seeker to work the variable you want to adjust
must be a formula and the formula must refer to other cells in
the worksheet. The cell containing the formula is called the
Set Cell.

In the example above we need to adjust the number of books

sold to reach a sales target of £200.

1. From the Data Tools group in the Data Ribbon click onto
the drop down arrow next to What-if Analysis.
2. Select Goal Seek.

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3. Click on the “Set Cell” containing the formula. In this

example it is cell B7.

4. In the “To value” box type in the value you want to

achieve.
5. In the “By changing cell” box select the cell containing the
value that needs changing. In this example it is cell B6,
the number of books sold.
6. Click on OK.
7. The results are displayed the Goal Seek Status dialog
box.

8. Click on OK.

Note: To return back to the

original data use Undo.

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The result is that you will have to sell 29 books to achieve the
target of £200.

SCENARIOS

A scenario is a set of values you use to forecast the outcome

of a worksheet model. You can create and save different
groups of values on a worksheet and then switch to any of
these new scenarios to view different results.

Excel has a function called the Scenario Manager which

enables you to create and save different scenarios and view
them one at a time.

Creating A Scenario

In the above example is the commission for the number of

training material sold. The commission is based upon the
number of books, CBT and videos sold. We are going to do a
What-If analysis on the number of items sold.

1. Select the cells that will change in the scenario. In this

case cells B7:D7.
2. From the Data Tools group in the Data Ribbon click onto
the drop down arrow next to What-if Analysis.
3. Select Scenario Manager.

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4. Click on the “Add” button.

5. Type a name for the scenario.

6. In the “Changing cells” box, change the range of cells or
cell that will change with the new values for the scenario, if
need be.
7. Type any additional information in the “Comment” window.
8. Click on OK.
9. The “Scenarios Value” dialog box is displayed, this where
you enter the data for each changing cell in the scenario.

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10. Click on OK.

11. The “Scenario Manager” dialog box reappears. The new

scenario appears in the Scenario window.
12. When you select a scenario the “Changing cells” box will
display the cells to change.
13. To view the scenario, select the scenario name and click
on the “Show” button.
14. To add a new scenario click on the “Add” button and
repeat steps 2-8.
15. Click on Close to return back to the worksheet.

Displaying A Scenario
1. From the Data Tools group in the Data Ribbon click onto
the drop down arrow next to What-if Analysis.

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2. Click onto Scenario Manager and select the scenario to

view.
3. Click on the “Show” button.
4. The new values will be displayed in the worksheet.
5. Click on Close.

Editing Scenarios
1. From the Data Tools group in the Data Ribbon click onto
the drop down arrow next to What-if Analysis.
2. In the Scenario Manager dialog box, select the scenario to
change.
3. Click on the “Edit” button.
4. The “Edit scenario” dialog box opens.

5. Make any changes in the text boxes and click on OK.

6. Enter the new values in the “Scenario Values” dialog box.
7. Click on OK.

Deleting A Scenario
1. From the Data Tools group in the Data Ribbon click onto
the drop down arrow next to What-if Analysis.
2. Select the scenario to delete.
3. Click on the “Delete” button.

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Summarising Scenarios
Excel provides two methods of displaying scenarios in a
report. The Scenario Summary creates a simple report in a
table form, showing the data for the changing cells and their
effect on the results of formulas in a range. The second
method is to generate a Pivot Table Summary from a multiple
scenario set.

Creating A Summary Report

1. From the Data Tools group in the Data Ribbon click onto
the drop down arrow next to What-if Analysis.
2. Select Scenario Manager.
3. Click on the “Summary” button.

4. Select “Summary Scenario” and enter the range of cells

that contain formulas based on the input cells. In this
example how the scenario affect the amount of
commission.
5. Click on OK. Excel displays a new sheet with a summary
table of the scenario inputs and results.

Creating A Scenario Pivot Table Report.

1. From the Data Tools group in the Data Ribbon click onto
the drop down arrow next to What-if Analysis.

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2. Select Scenario Manager

3. Click on the Summary button.
4. Select “Scenario Pivot Table” and enter the range of cells
that contain formulas based on the input cells. In this
example how the scenario affect the amount of
commission.
5. Click on OK. Excel displays a new sheet with a pivot table
of the scenario inputs and results.

Merging Scenarios
It is easier to merge scenarios when all what-if worksheets in
Note: You can add scenarios workbooks are the same.
when a worksheet is protected,
but you cannot edit or delete 1. From the Data Tools group in the Data Ribbon click onto
existing scenarios while a the drop down arrow next to What-if Analysis.
worksheet is protected unless
you clear the Prevent changes
2. Select Scenario Manager.
check box in the Edit Scenario 3. Click on the “Merge” button.
dialog box. You can still edit
the values in changing cells on 4. In the “Book” box select the workbook that you want to
the worksheet unless the cells merge the scenarios from.
are locked.

To remove a scenario from the

list in the Scenario Manager
dialog box, select the Hide
check box.

5. In the “Sheet” box select the names of the worksheets that

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contain the scenarios you want to merge. All changing

cells on the source worksheets must refer to the
corresponding changing cells on the active worksheet.
Excel copies all scenarios on the source sheets to the
active worksheet.
6. Click on OK.

SOLVER

You can also determine resulting values when you need to

change more than one cell used in a formula and have
multiple constraints for those values. Solver adjusts the
values in the cells you specify to produce the result you want
from the formula.

Solver determines the

optimal advertising budget
for each department, cells
B7:E7 without exceeding
the £40,000 total of those
cells

The final result is the largest

profit given the constraint on the
advertising budget

For example, use Solver to maximize the profit shown in cell

F10 by changing the quarterly advertising budget (cells
B7:E7) while limiting the total advertising budget (cell F7) to
£40,000.

Note: Any Add-ins you select Loading the Solver

in the Add-Ins dialog box
remain active until you remove The Solver Add-in is a Microsoft Office Excel add-in program
them.. that is available when you install Microsoft Office or Excel. To
use it in Excel, however, you need to load it first.

1. Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Excel

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Options.
2. Click Add-Ins, and then in the Manage box, select Excel
Add-ins.
3. Click Go.
4. In the Add-Ins available box, select the Solver Add-in
check box, and then click OK.
5. Tip If Solver Add-in is not listed in the Add-Ins available
box, click Browse to locate the add-in.
6. If you get prompted that the Solver Add-in is not currently
installed on your computer, click Yes to install it.
7. After you load the Solver Add-in, the Solver command is
available in the Analysis group on the Data tab.

Define and solve a problem by using Solver

1. Click onto Solver from the Data Ribbon.
2. In the “Set Target Cell” box, enter a cell reference or name
for the target cell. The target cell must contain a formula.
To have the value of the target cell be as large as
possible, click on Max.
To have the value of the target cell be as small as
possible, click Min.

To have the target cell be a certain value, click Value of,

and then type the value in the box.
3. In the “By Changing Cells” box, enter a name or reference
for each adjustable cell, separating nonadjacent
references with commas. The adjustable cells must be
related directly or indirectly to the target cell. You can
specify up to 200 adjustable cells.
To have Solver automatically propose the adjustable cells
based on the target cell, click Guess.
4. In the “Subject to the Constraints” box, enter any
constraints you want to apply.
5. Click on Solve.
6. To keep the solution values on the worksheet, click Keep
Solver Solution in the Solver Results dialog box.
To restore the original data, click on Restore Original
Values.

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2 & 1 WAY INPUT TABLE

A data table is a range of cells that display how changing

certain values in your formulas affect the results of the
formulas. Data tables provide a shortcut for calculating
multiple versions in one operation and a way to view and
compare the results of all of the different variations together
on your worksheet.

There are two types of data tables, a one-variable data table

or two-variable data table.

One-Variable Data Table

A one-variable data table allows you to determine a result to a
different variable based on the same calculation

For example, how different interest rates affect a monthly

mortgage payment.

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In the example above in cell B7 the function

=PMT(B5/12,B6*12,B4) has been used to calculate the

monthly repayment at 8.2%.

In column D are the different interest rates that we want to

use in the =PMT() function. Column E is where the results
will be displayed.

1. Reference the cell containing the formula to a cell at the

top of the column where the results will be displayed.
2. To do this in cell E3 press equal (=), click on cell B7 and
then press ENTER.
3. Select the cells to be used in the data table. In this case
cells D3:E9.
4. From the Data Tools group in the Data Ribbon click onto
the drop down arrow next to What-if Analysis.
5. Select DataTables.
6. In the “Column input cell” box select the cell used in the
original calculation (in cell B7) which will be the variable
factor. In this case it is the interest rate in cell B5.

7. Click on OK.

Note: You must design one-

variable data tables so that
input values are listed either
down a column (column-
oriented) as above or across a
row (row-oriented). Formulas
used in a one-variable data
table must refer to an input
cell.

Two-Variable Data Tables

Two-variable input tables calculate two variable factors, for
example a different interest rate and a different loan amount.

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 Advanced Excel 2007

In the example above in cell B7 the function

=PMT(B5/12,B6*12,B4) has been used to calculate the

monthly repayment at 8.2%.

In row 11 are the different interest rates and in cells A12:A15

are the different loan amounts.
8. Reference the cell containing the formula to a cell at the
top of the column where the table starts and the results
will be displayed.
9. To do this in cell A11 press equal (=), click on cell B7 and
then press ENTER.
10. Select the cells to be used in the data table. In this case
cells A11:E15.
11. From the Data Tools group in the Data Ribbon click onto
the drop down arrow next to What-if Analysis.
12. Select Data Table.
13. In the “Row input cell” box select the cell used in the
original calculation for the interest rate (cell B5) which will
be one of the variable factors. The interest rates are
displayed across a row, if they were going down a column
then use “Column input cell”.
In the “Column input cell” box select the cell used in the
original calculation for the loan (cell B4). The loan
amounts are displayed down a column, if they were going
across a row then use “Row input cell”.

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 Advanced Excel 2007

14. Click on OK.

© Premier Training Limited 2002 – 2007 Page 84

 Advanced Excel 2007

NOTES – MODULE 8

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 Advanced Excel 2007

Notes – Module 8

© Premier Training Limited 2002 – 2007 Page 86

 Advanced Excel 2007

Notes – Module 8

© Premier Training Limited 2002 – 2007 Page 87

 Advanced Excel 2007

Notes – Module 8

© Premier Training Limited 2002 – 2007 Page 88

 Advanced Excel 2007

INDEX
A  O 
ABS Function ................ 24 One-Way Data Table .... 80
Analytical Tools ............ 70 OR Function .................. 14
AND Function ............... 13
Auditing......................... 43 P 
C  Paste a list of Named
Ranges ....................... 5
Concatenate Function... 16 Pasting Names ................ 4
Countif Function ........... 25 PMT Function ................ 20
PPMT Function ............. 21
D  Precedents .................... 45
PV Function .................. 22
Date & Time Functions . 17
Deleting a Named Range 4 R 
Dependents .................. 45
Recording A Macro ....... 60
E  Right Function ............... 15
Round Function ............. 24
Editing Macros .............. 64 Running Macros ............ 61

F  S 
Financial Functions ....... 20 Scenarios ...................... 71
Functions ...................... 11 Solver ............................ 78
FV Function .................. 23 Subtotals Nested ........... 31
Sumif Function .............. 25
G 
T 
Goal Seeker .................. 70
Templates ..................... 39
Text Functions .............. 15
H  Today Function ............. 17
Hlookup Function .......... 19 Two-Way Data Tables... 81

I  V 
IF Function.................... 11 Value Function .............. 15
Information Functions ... 27 Visual Basic Editor ........ 63
Invalid Data ............. 52, 55 Vlookup Function .......... 18
IPMT Function .............. 21
Iserror Function ............ 27

L 
Left Function ................. 15
Look Up Functions ........ 18

M 
Macros .......................... 60
Mathematical Functions 24
Month Function ............. 17

N 
Now Function ................ 17
NVP Function ............... 22

© Premier Training Limited 2002 – 2007 Page 89

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