Test 1 READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Angkor Wat Angkor Wat is simply unique, a stunning blend of spirituality and sym- metry, an enduring example of man’s devotion to his gods. Relish the very first approach, as that spine-tickling moment when you emerge on the inner causeway will rarely be felt again. It is the largest and undoubtedly the most breathtaking of the monuments at Angkor, and is widely believed to be the largest religious structure in the world. It is also the best-preserved temple at Angkor, as it was never abandoned to the elements, and repeat visits are re- warded with previously unnoticed details. It was probably built as a funerary temple for Suryavarman II to honour Vishnu, the Hindu deity with whom the king identified. There is much about Angkor Wat that is unique among the temples of Ang- kor. The most significant point is that the temple is oriented towards the west. This is symbolically the direction of death, which once led a large number of scholars to conclude that Angkor Wat must have existed primarily as a tomb. This idea was supported by the fact that the magnificent bas-reliefs of the temple were designed to be viewed in an anticlockwise direction, a practice 0 TS The Complete Guide to Academic Reading wwythat has precedents in ancient Hindu funerary rites. Vishnu, however, is also frequently associated with the west, and it is now commonly accepted that Angkor Wat most likely served both as a temple and a mausoleum for Suryavarman IL, Apsara Angkor Wat is famous for its beguiling apsara (heavenly nymphs). There are more than 3,000 carved into the walls of the temple, each of them unique, and there are more than 30 different hairstyles for budding stylists to check out. Many of these exquisite apsara were damaged during Indian efforts to clean the temples with chemicals during the 1980s, the ultimate bad acid trip, but they are now being restored by the teams of the German Apsara Conser- vation Project (GACP). The organization operates a small information booth in the northwest corner of Angkor Wat, where beautiful black-and-white post- cards and images of Angkor are available. Symbolism Visitors to Angkor Wat are struck by its imposing grandeur and, at close quarters, its fascinating decorative flourishes and extensive bas-reliefs. How- ever, a scholar at the time of its construction would have revelled in its mul- tilayered levels of meaning in much the same way as a contemporary literary scholar might delight in James Joyce's “Ulysses”. David Chandler, drawing on the research of Eleanor Moron, points out in his book, “History of Cambodia”, that the spatial dimensions of Angkor Wat parallel the lengths of the four ages (Yuga) of classical Hindu thought. Thus, the visitor to Angkor Wat who walks the causeway to the main entrance and through the courtyards to the final main tower, which once contained a statue of Vishnu, is metaphorically travelling back to the creation of the universe. Like the other temples of Angkor, Angkor Wat also replicates the spatial universe in miniature. The central tower is Mt Meru, with its surrounding smaller peaks, bounded in turn by continents (the lower courtyards) and the oceans (the moat). The seven-headed Naga becomes a symbolic rainbow bridge for man to reach the abode of the gods. hantriviet.com IELTS The Complete Guide to Academic Reading illArchitectural Layout Angkor Wat is surrounded by @ moat, 190m wide, which forms a giant rectangle measuring 1.5km by 1.3km. From the west, a sandstone causeway crosses the moat; the holes in the paving stones held wooden pegs that were used to lift and position the stones during construction. The pegs were then sawn off and have since rotted away. The sandstone blocks from which Ang- kor Wat was built were quarried more than 50km away (from the district of Svay Leu at the eastern foot of Phnom Kulen) and floated down the Stung Siem Reap (Siem Reap River) on rafts. The logistics of such an operation are mind-blowing, consuming the labour of thousands ~ an unbelievable feat given the lack of cranes and trucks that we take for granted in contemporary con- struction projects. ‘The rectangular outer wall, which measures 1,025m by 800m, has a gate on each side, but the main entrance, a 235m-wide porch richly decorated with carvings and sculptures, is on the western side. In the gate tower, to the right as you approach, is a statue of Vishnu, 3.25m in height and hewn from a single block of sandstone. Vishnu’s eight arms hold a mace, a spear, a disk, a conch and other items. You may even see locks of hair lying about. These are offer- ings by both young women and men preparing to get married or by people who seek to give thanks for their good fortune. The central temple complex consists of three storeys, each made of laterite, which enclose a square surrounded by intricately interlinked galleries. The Gallery of a Thousand Buddhas used to house hundreds of Buddha images before the war, but many of these were removed or stolen, leaving the broken remnants we see today. ‘The corners of the second and third storeys are marked by towers, each topped with pointed cupolas (domed structures). Rising 31m above the third level, and 55m above the ground, is the central tower, which gives the whole ensemble its sublime unity. Once at the central tower, the pilgrimage is complete: soak up the breeze, take in the views and then find a quiet corner in which to contemplate the symmetry and symbolism of this Everest of temples. 112 IELTS The Complete Guide to Academic Reading www-nhantriviet.com