~ ELECTRICAL POWER SPAN SY ANALYSIS ee eet cere +) ae RameeElectrical Power System Analysis By Dr. S. Sivanagaraju B.V. Rami Reddy M.Tech., Ph.D. M.Tech., (Ph.D.) Assistant Professor Associate Professor Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering J.N.T.U, College of Engineering Sri Kottam Thulasi Reddy Memorial Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh College of Engineering Mehaboob Nagar, Andhra Pradesh LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD BANGALORE ° CHENNAI © COCHIN * GUWAHATI ° HYDERABAD JALANDHAR © KOLKATA ¢ LUCKNOW © MUMBAI RANCHI NEW DELHI + BOSTON, USA UA) M00 8LNA-YZU-4CTOPublished by : LAXMIPUBLICATIONS (P) LTD. 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 Phone : 011-43 53 25 00 Fax : 011-43 53 25 28 info@ laxmipublications.com www.laxmipublications.com © AU rights reserved with the Publishers. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or Transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, Recondling or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Price : Rs. 130.00 Only. First Edition : 2007 Offices : India USA * Bangalore (Phone : 080-26 61 1561) © Boston * Chennai (Phone : 044-24 34 47 26) 11, Leavitt Street, Hingham, * Cochin (Phone : 0484-239 70 04) MA 02043, USA © Guwahati (Phones ; 0361-254 36 69, 251 38 81) Phone : 781-740-4487 ‘* Hyderabad (Phone : 040-24 75 0247) + Jalandhar (Phone : 0181-222 12 72) © Kolkata (Phones : 033-2227 37 73, 22275247) * Lucknow (Phone : 0522-220 95 78) ‘© Mumbai (Phones: 022-2491 54 15, 249278 69) # Ranchi (Phone : 0651-23077 64) EEP-0710-130-ELEC. POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS ‘C—13060/06/08 ‘Typesetted at : Shubham Composer, N. Delhi. Printed at : Mehra Offset Press, N. Delhi.Contents swore; Power System Network Matrices | L1__Introduction 12 _ Definitions 1 1 | 13. “Types of Incidence Matrices 3 14 Construction of Network Matrices 8 Network Matrices 9 Construction of Primitive Network Element Li | Network Matrix Formation R | Singular_Transformation Method 12 | Non-Singular Transformation Method 15 | Direct Inspection Method for Determination of “Ya.," n Direct Inspection Method for Determination of "Zrocp” 9 (Chupres 2 : Load Flow Studies 21 Introduction | 22 Necessity of Load Flow Studies 23 Data for Load Flow Studies | 24 Static Load Flow Equations | 25° Gauss Seidel Method | 26 Newton-Raphson’s Method when PV Buses are Absent 27 Decoupled Load Flow Method 28 Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method 29 Comparison of Gauss-Scidel and Newton-Raphson’s Method 2.10 Comparison of Decoupled Method and Fast Decoupled Method with N-R Method 2.11 Calculation of Line Flows 2.12 __ Derivation of DC Power Flow | 34 Introduction Sad eseegiareanvensa 32 One Line Diagrams 33 Per Unit Quantities 19 34 Selection of Base Values 120 Cuarren 4; Symmetrical Components 137 41 Introduction 137 42. Phase Sequence 137 43 Symmetrical Components of an Unbalanced Three Phase System 137 44° Operator ‘a’ 138, 45 Representation and Relationship between Phasors 139vi_ Contents 46 Power in Symmetrical Components 4.7 Sequence Impedances of Lines 48 Sequence Impedances and Networks of a Synchronous Generator 49 Zero Sequence Impedance and Network Cnarten 5 ; Building of Network Matrices 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Bus Impedance Matrix $3 Algorithm for Zp,, Formulation 54 Mutually Coupled Branches in Zp, 55 Removal of Elements 56 Three Phase Networks 57 Stationary Elements 58 Rotating Elements 59 Three Phase Balanced Network Elements 5.10 Transformation Matrices in Symmetrical Component Form 5.11 Algorithm for Three Phase Bus Impedance Matrix Cxapter 6 ; Symmetrical Fault Analysis 6.1 Introduction 62 Symmetrical Faults on 3-Phase System 63 Transients Due to Short Circuit in Transmission Line .64 Transient Due to Short Circuit in 3 Phase Alternator 65 Current Wave Form of the Alternator Under Short Circuit Condition 66 Limitations to Fault Current 67 Percentage Reactance 68 Percentage Reactance and Base kVA 69 Short Circuit MVA 6.10 Infinite Bus 6.11 Steps Followed for Symmetrical Fault Calculations 6.12 Selection of Circuit Breakers 6.13 Reactors 6.14 Symmetrical Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix Cuapter 7 ;_Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis 7.1 Introduction 72 Sequence Voltages of a Generator 73. Voltage of the Neutral JA Single Line to Ground Fault (L-G) 75 Line to Line Fault (LL) 76 Double Line to Ground Fault (LLG) 7.1 Three Phase Short Circuit Fault 78 Faults Through Impedance 79 Unsymmetrical Faults Analysis Using Bus Impedance Matrix 143 145 149 166 166 166 167 m1 179 199 201 201 202 220 2I 22 203, 226 BRBR 29 21 2mg g & 5 = Charter 8 ; Power System Stability 81 Introduction 82 Types of Subility 8.3 Stability Limits 84 Essential Factors in the Stability Problem 8&5 Expression for Steady State Power 86 Power Angle Curve 8.7 Swing Equation 88 Swing Curves ‘89 Constants of the Rotating Machines M and H | 810 Steady State Stability 8.11 Methods to Improve Steady State Stability 8.12 _ Transient Stability 8.13 Types of Transient Disturbances and Application of Equal Area Criterion 814 Methods to Improve Transient Stability 318 8.15 Auto Reclosing Circuit Breakers 318 8.16 _Auto-Reclosers 319 8.17 Solution of Swing Equation by Point by Point Method 319 Index 343 geseegeyggze B e 5 1 5Preface This book has been written for undergraduate students of Indian universities. It covers the various modeling aspects of power system components and computer methods for solving power system problems such as load flow studies, short circuit studies and stability studies. This book has been written|to help those interested in learning about Power System Analysis. The book organization reflects) the desire on our part to provide the reader with a thorough understanding or the basic principles and techniques of power systems. This book has been written with the goal of making it yy for students to learn independently. This book is written in a simplest way and we are sure that it will be useful for learning power systems for any level of students. A number of solved examples, short questions and answers, objective questions and exercises are included. The book is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 1 is power system network matrices with applica- tion of graph theory. Chapter 2 deals with different load flow techniques, their algorithms and flowcharts. Chapters 3 and 4 deal with per unit system and symmetrical components with sequence networks. Chapter 5 deals with building algorithm for bus impedance matrix without and with mutual impedance of power system elements. Chapters 6 and 7 discuss about the symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis with short circuit calculations, selection of circuit breaker, different types of unsymmetrical fault current calculations, symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis using Z,,, algorithm. Chapter 8 deals with different type of stabilities, stability limits and their improving methods. Although great care has been exercised to check the script, some errors in the text might have crept in. We would like to get suggestions for improvement of this book and we would very much appreciate hearing|from users of this book. Any comments and criticism you might have would be most helpful. ‘This book can be used for quick reference by all B.E., B.Tech. and A.M.LE students. The diagrams, examples and small questions and answers used in this book will bring you a clear idea about the concepts. The juthors express sincere thanks to Prof. S. Satyanarayana, Head, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engg., St.Ann’s College of Engg., Chirala. The authors express wholehearted gratefulness to the colleagues of the Department of Electrical and Ele¢tronics Engineering, who have directly or indirectly helped the authors to bring this book in the present | form. —AuthorsPower System Network Matrices 1.1 | INTRODUCTION Graphis are very useful in the several fields like engineering, physical and social, etc. Many applications of several electrical components such as machines and power system component charagteristics are representing in a simple way in graph form and for analysis of electrical circuits also it plays very important role. For small circuit analysis based on nodal and meshed equation methads by using Kirchhoff’s law and Ohm’s law are sufficient. But for complex networks these methods are difficult and take more time for solving the equations. In this chapter brief discussions on graph|theory and the applications of graph theory in power systems networks are going to be presented in detail, 1.2 | DEFINITIONS 1.2.2 Graph Theory Wher the elements like resistors, inductors, capacitors and voltage sources (shown in figure 1.1(a)) ina network are replaced by lines. This type of network is called the ‘graph’ is shown in figure 1.1(b) and the line segments are joined by means ‘node’, The rank of the graph is ‘n-1", where n is number les of the graph. The graph thus obtained is also known as undirected graph. While drawing grap series elements can be replaced by a single edge in the graph. ® ¢ wv 1 g @ @® Fig. 1.1(a) Network Fig, 1.1(6) Equivalent graph2 Electrical Power System Analysis 1.2.2 Oriented Graph A graph whose branches are oriented is called oriented graph and is shown in figure 1.2. It is also called as directed graph. ® @ Fig. 1.2 Oriented Graph 1.2.3 Node It is the meeting point of the two or more elements in the graph is called as ‘node’ and denoted by ‘n’. 1.2.4 Element (Edge) An element is a line segment representing one network element or a combination of elements connected between two nodes. The number of elements is represented by ‘e’. Ex, : From the figure 1.2, Number of nodes n=4, Number of branch e=6. 1.2.5 Sub-graph It is a subset of branches and nodes of a graph. The sub-graph is said to be proper if it consists of strictly less than all the branches and nodes of the graph. 1.2.6 Tree A tee is a connected sub-graph of a connected graph containing all the nodes of the graph but containing no closed paths or loops. The number of branches of a tree is (n - 1). It can also be referred in this context as spanning tree since it spansover all the vertices of the graph. A tree has the following properties : 1, Tree is a sub-graph containing all the vertices of the original graph. . Tree is a connected graph. . Tree does not containing any loop. . Every connected graph has at least one tree. . Each tree has (n ~ 1) branches and rank is also (7 - 1). . The elements in the spanning tree are called branches or twigs. ‘Therefore the number of branches ‘b’ = (a - 1). auUrenPower System Network Matrices 3 1.2.7 Co-tree It is a Sub-graph formed with all the links of the graph or, in other words co-tree is a complement of a tree. [The number of links of any co-tree will be ‘e - b = e-(n- 1)’. 1.2.8 Twigs ‘These are the branches of a tree. 1.2.9 Links The eléments that are not on a tree or elements in the co-tree are called links or chords. The number of links is represented by ‘I’. Number of links! = e-n + 1, where e = number of elements in = number of nodes 1.2.10 Cut Set It is a minimal set of elements of a connected graph, such that the removal of these elements from graph isolated atleast one vertex. 1.2.11 Tie-set A fundamental tie-set of a graph with respect to a tree is a loop formed by only one link associated with other twigs. Since for each link of the tree their corresponding to a fundamental loop, the number of fundamental loops is equal to the number of links in the given tree. Number of fundamental loops or links, ! = e-n + 1 where = number of elements of graph, n= number of nodes of a graph. 1.3 |TYPES OF INCIDENCE MATRICES Element node incidence matrix [A’] . Bus incidence matrix [A] . Branch path incidence matrix [K] Basic cut-set incidence matrix [B] Augmented cut-set matrix [B'] . Basic loop incidence matrix [C] 7, Augmented loop incidence matrix [C’] 1.3.1 Element Node Incidence Matrix The incidence of elements to nodes in a connected graph is given by element node incidence matrix and it is denoted by A’. aAuaewne4 Electrical Power System Analysis To determine the elements of A’ matrix for the figure 1.3 as follows a, = 1, If the #" element is incidence and oriented away from the j node. a, = - 1, If the * element is incidence and oriented towards the j* node. ay = 0, If the * element is not incident to the j" node. ‘The size of the matrix is e xn where ¢ = Number of elements, ® n= Number of node in the graph ein@O@O®@ 1fi -1 0 0 2/1 0-1 0 3[1_0 0 0 4]0 0-1 1 5]0 0 1-1 @ 6[0 0 1 -1 Fig. 1.3 1.3.2 Bus Incidence Matrix Any node of a connected graph can be selected as the reference node. Then the variable of the other nodes, referred to as buses, can be measured with respect to the assigned reference. The matrix obtained from the element-incidence matrix (A’) by eliminating the column corresponding to the reference node is the bus incidence matrix ‘A’. The order of the matrix is e x (n ~ 1) and the rank is @-0. Selecting node (0) as reference node in the graph shown in the figure 1.3. e/bus 2) @@ f-1 0 0 2) 0 -1 a= 3/0 0 4) 0 -1 5) 0 1 6,0 1 where A, = matrix formed by twigs. -1 0 0 A, =| 0-1 0 o o-lPower System Network Matrices 5 A, & matrix formed by links. o-1 1 | A=|O 1-1 0 1-1 1.3.3. Branch Path Incidence Matrix The branch path incidence matrix shows the incidence of branches to paths in a tree, where a path is oriented from a bus to the reference node. ‘We can determine the elements of this matrix as follows K, = 1, if the ¢ branch is in the path from the ;™ bus to reference and is oriented in the same direction. = - |, if the i branch is in the path from the j” bus to reference and is oriented in the opposite direction. K, = 0, if the é branch is not in the path from the j" bus to reference with node ‘0’ as reference. ‘The branch path incidence matrix associated with the tree shown in figure 1.4. is branch / path 1 2 3 1f-1 0 0 2) 0 -1 0 3, 0 0 -1 ‘The non-singular square matrix with rank (1 - 1) 1=3 4,5, 6] b=3[1,2,3) ‘The branch path incidence matrix and the sub matrix A, relate the branches to paths and branches to buses, respectively. Since there is one to one correspondence between paths and buses. A, KT =U KT=A,". where U is an Identities or Unit matrix. Fig. 1.4 1.3.4 Basic CutSet Incidence Matrix ‘The ¢ut-set is a minimal set of branches of the graph, removal of which cuts the graph into two parts. It separates the nodes of the graph into two groups, each being in one of the two parts is showa in figure 1.5.6 Electrical Power System Analysis The elements have the following values B, = 1, when the * branch is in the cut-set j, and orientation coincide. = - 1, when the i branch is in the cut-set j, and orientation do not coincide. =0. when the i” branch is not/the cu-tset/. The basic cut-set incidence matrix of dimensions (e x ) for the graph shown in figure 1.5. Basic cut-sets elba be 171 00 2/0 10 B=3 o ol 4-1 10 s}o-11 : 6 lo-11 Peobs ‘The matrix ‘B’ can be partitioned into sub matrix U, and B,, where the rows of U, correspond to branches and the rows of B, to links. ‘The partitioned matrix is Basic cut-set a be 1 00 o 10 oo 4 Us -1 10 o -1 1| 6, 0 -1 1 where U, = unit matrix formed by twigs 100 010 001 B, = matrix formed by links -1 1,0 0-11 0-11 ‘The identity matrix U, shows the one to one correspondence of the branches and basic cut-sets. ‘The sub matrix B, can be obtained from the bus incidence matrix “A’. The incidence of links to buses is given by the sub matrix A, and the incidence of elements to buses is given by the sub matrix *A,’. Since there is a one to one correspondence of the elements and basic cut-sets, B, A, gives the incidence of links to buses,Power System Network Matrices 7 ie, B,Ay= Ay B,= A, Ay! B, = A, K" (since A, = K") 1.3.5) Augmented Cut-Set Incidence Matrix Adjoining to the basic cut set incidence matrix columns corresponding to tie cut-set additionally forms an augmented cut-set incidence matrix (B’). Just as in the case of basic cut-sets here too, the tie cut-set s oriented in the same directions as the associated link the augmented cut-set incidence matrix for the system. The 'B” isa square matrix of size e xe. The B’ matrix for figure 1.6 is given below | Basic cut set__ tie sets eeoaobec Jif 1 00 }2}o0 10 (3) 0 O01 ,{4{0 00 Bs sf oc 1 6]-1 10 tlo-11 | Fig. 1.6 1.3.6 Basic Loop Incidence Matrix ‘The basic loop incidence matrix gives the incidence of elements to basic loops of a connected graph. It is denoted by ‘C’. The elements of this matrix can be formed as follows | Cy = 1. when the element ‘i’ is in basic loop ‘j’ and their directions coincide. | =~ 1, when the element ‘i’ is in basic loop ‘j’ and their directions do not coincide | = 0, when the element is not in the j basic loop. The size of matrix ‘C” is e x J. The C matrix for figure 1.7 as given below ele fe 1 2 3 4 5 6 | 7 where C,, = the matrix formed by twigs Fig. 1.78 Electrical Power System Analysis o 1 0 1-1 4 1 0-1 -1 0 0 U, = unit matrix formed by links 1 0 0) u=|0 1 0 001 ‘The matrix *C’ can partition into sub matrix *C,” and branches and the rows of ‘U,’ to links. where the rows of *C,," correspond to 1.3.7 Augmented Loop Incidence Matrix The number of loops ina connected graph is equal to the number of links. The total number of loops equal to the number of links, let (¢ ~ J) loops corresponding to the branches, designated as open loop. An open loop, then defined as the path between adjacent nodes connected by branch. The open loops for the graph given in figure 1.8, the orientation of an open loop are the same as that for the associated branch. It is denoted by C’. This matrix C’ for the graph shown in figure 1.8 given below Open loops basic loops elea « ff Yoaurune 1.4 CONSTRUCTION OF NETWORK MATRICES Power system network consists of number of components, which are interconnected normally. Either manufacturer or design office supplies the details of individual components. The information giving the characteristics of individual components are represented by ‘primitive nework’ Primitive network is a set of unconnected elements represented either impedance form or admiuance form. To develop the network matrices the effect of interconnection between the elements are included by suitable transformation.Power System Network Matrices 9 15 NETWORK MATRICES ) The mithematical model of the networks can be developed in three different forms and these are 1. Bus frame of reference 2. Branch frame of reference 3. Loop frame of reference 1.5.1 Bus Frame of Reference The bb current and voltage vector equation of a network can be written as | | as =(¥Jas [V] nu, (Admittance form) ay (a=)x1 (n=)x(n-1 (nxt [VY] ms = [2] nus [Tas Impedance form) +(1.2) | pst (xt) nD x where | i A I, | Dau = Vector of impressed bus currents matrix = (anya | iy ve Vz [¥] nu = Vector of bus voltages measured with respect to reference bus (next [YI ow ZI ou = Bus impedance matrix (n-1)x(a-1) Congider 3-bus system as shown in Fig. 1.9, the Zp,, and Yp,, matrices are given below = Bus admittance matrix Fig. 1,9 A 3-bus power system network10 Electrical Power System Analysis (Yr Yn Ys You =| Yor Yo Yas Ys, Yo Ysa Zy Zy Zs Zo =|2 Zn: Los Zy Zy fay The impedance or admittance element on principal diagonal elements are called driving point impedance or admittance of bus and the off diagonal elements are called transfer impedance or admittance of the bus. 1.5.2 Branch Frame of Reference The equations are written in branch currents and branch voltages Me =D] a W]e (Admittance form) + (1.3) (et) (m= 1x (na) (wnat IY] x =(Zle Me (impedance form) 1.4) (n-tet (ni) (m=) (nat where (1) , = Column vector of branch current (0x [VY] & = Column vector of branch voltage (n-nxt IY] = Branch admittance matrix (yx) Ws = Branch impedance matrix (nt) x(n) 4.5.3 Loop Frame of Reference ‘The following equations are written for loop currents and loop voltages TH) oop = [Y] hoop DV] we (Admittance form) hex ete ee (a=) en te txt [Y] Lp = [Z] Loop 1 ump (Impedance form) —_...(1.6) e-(n-1)xt en (u-t)xe-(n- a) erm where 1) oop = Vector of loop current he [Y] oop = Vector of loop voltage eh-vx1 LY] roop = Loop admittance matrix e-(n-1)xe-(n-1) [Zz] = Loop impedance matrix e-n=1)xe-(n=1)Power System Network Matrices 1.6 |CONSTRUCTION OF PRIMITIVE NETWORK ELEMENT There|are two types of representation for primitive networks. 1. Impedance form 2. |Admittance form 1.6.4 Impedance Form Consitier the network having two nodes ‘a’ and ‘b’ is shown in the figure 1.10, the equations of primitive network in impedance form can be written as —in e C) Za © ‘ss Fig. 1.10 Van + ep = Zap kan V+e=(Zi (1.7) | Vay = voltage across element ‘a - 6 €qy = Voltage source in series with element ‘a - b” iy, = current through the element ‘a - b’ impedance matrix of element ‘a - b’. 1.6.2 Admittance Form Consider the network shown in the figure 1.11, the equations of primitive network in admittance form rn be written as +z — Yo % Os ® han * Tao fap + Ja = Yao Van | | | | Fig. 1.11 | | | it+j=DIV (1.8)12 Electrical Power System Analysis where Jn = Current source between nodesa ~ b Yap = admittance matrix of branch a ~ b. 1.7 NETWORK MATRIX FORMATION The admittance matrix Y and impedance matrix Z can be determined by using the following methods. 1, Based on the incidence matrices (@) Singular transformation method (6) Non-singular transformation method 2. Based on the network analysis equations (a) By direct inspection method. 1.8 SINGULAR TRANSFORMATION METHOD By using singular transformation, we can derive bus, branch and loop impedance matrix as well as admittance matrix for the primitive netwok, 1.8.1 Determination of Bus Impedance and Bus Admittance Matrices ‘The bus impedance matrix Zp,, and bus admittance matrix Y,, can be determined by using the bus incidence matrix “A’ to related variable parameters of the primitive network quantities of the inter- connected network. From the primitive network equation (1.8) i+j=DIV (1.9) Pre-multiplying the both sides with AT ATI+AT/=ATDIV (1.10) According to Kirchhoff's current law the algebraic sum of currents meets at any node is equal to zero. .e., sum of currents meeting at a node = ATi = 0 sat) Similarly Aj = sum of current sources of element incidence at a node. It is a column vector AT] = Ins +112) Substituting the equations (1.11) and (1.12) in equation (1.10), we get Tus = AT DIV (1.13) Power into the network = [Igy] ™ Vius = the sum of powers in the primitive network, i.e., [/"]" V ‘Therefore, Mousl” Vous = UT V (1.14) Taking conjugate transpose of equation (1.12), it is modified as (ATT UT = Toul” (1.15) But A is a real matrix so A" = A From matrix property [AT] = APower System Network Matrices 13 Applying these two conditions in equation (1.15), we get Wal” = AUT" (1.16) Substituting the equation (1.16) in equation (1.14) and simplify AVous = V = (L.17) Substituting the *V" from equation (1.17) in equation (1.13) Ins = AT DIA Vis --(1.18) Eating the equations (1.1) and (1.18), we get | TYpud = AT DIA -(1.19) And the Zpy, can be determined by (ous) = [Yous] {aT pp ay! --(1.20) 1.8.2 Determination of Branch Impedance and Branch Admittance | matrices | The bfanch impedance matrix ‘Zp,’ and branch admittance matrix ‘Ys,’ are to be determined by using je branch incidence matrix “B’ to related variable parameters of the primitive network quantities of the inter-connected network. From the primitive network equation (1.8) in admittance form is i+j=b1V +20) Pre{multiplying the both sides with ‘B™ B'i+B'j=BTH]V (1.22) According to Kirchhoff's current law (the algebraic sum of currents at any node is equal to zero) | BT , = sum of currents passing through the elements that are connected to basic cut-set BTi=0 (1.23) BT j = sum of current sources of element incidence to the basic cut-set and represents the total source current in parallel with a branch. It is a column vector B'j = Ig, (1.24) Substituting these two values in equation (1.22), then | Ie = BTDIV 2.25) Power into the network is given by (I eed V;,,) and this is equal to the sum of powers in the primitive network, i.e., {j"]" V. Since power is invariant Power in the primitive network = power in the interconnected network | Op" Va = UT V (1.26) Taking conjugate transpose of equation (1.25) it is modified as | BYT UT = Wed" Buy! 'B’ is a real matrix so, Bt =B, rer matrix property [B™" = B B'plv BY) .1.27)14 Electrical Power System Analysis Applying these two values in equation (1.27), then sd" = BUT (1.28) From the equations (1.26) and (1.28) BV,,=V (1.29) Finally substituting ‘V = B V,,’ value in equation (1.25), then Ig, = BT 1B Vy, ---(1.30) The branch frame reference of admittance form can be written as Tp, = (Yee) Ver +(.31) Comparing the equations (1.30) and (1.31) (Ypd =B" DIB «+(1.32) After calculating *{Y,,]’ next from this expression we can calculate *[Zp,]" ie, (Zpd = [Ypd* = {B' D1 BY" (1.33) 1.8.3 Determination of Loop Impedance and Loop Admittance Matrices The loop impedance matrix ‘Z, jo,’ and loop admittance matrix *Y yo,’ are to be determined by using the bus incidence matrix °C’ to relate variable parameters of the primitive network quantities of the inter-connected network. From the primitive network equation (1.7) in impedance form is Vt+e=[di (1.34), Pre-multiplying the both sides with *C™™ Clv+Cle=C pli 21.35) According to Kirchhoff’s voltage law (the algebraic sum of voltage in a closed loop is equal to zero) CT V = sum of voltages in a closed loop = 0 CT e = sum of voltage sources around each basic loop. It is a column vector Vicon = [CT] e «+ (1.36) Substituting these two values in equation (1.35) the Vicop = CT Di -(1.37) From power invariance condition for the loop and the primitive networks is given by ‘I sopl" x Loop’ and this is equal to the power in the primitive network, i.e., ‘i e” Power in the primitive network = power in the inter-connected network Woopl” Vicop = LT € (1.38) In equation (1.38), substituting Vioop = [CI MW oopl” (CI? ¢ = FT 21.39) Eliminating ‘e” and taking transpose of above equation, it is modified as §= ICT Uoopl -(1.40)Power System Network Matrices 15 pe *C’ isa real matrix, C* = C, [CI Heeop! (1.41) ‘rom the equations (1.35), (1.37) and (1.41) Visop = (CTF £2 £C] freon v(1.42) the loop frame reference of impedance form is Vi009 = [Zroop] Toop --(1.43) ¢ ‘omparing the equations (1.42) and (1.43) | [Ztoop] = CT E21 C 2(1.44) After calculating ‘[Z;op]" next from this expression we can calculate “LY se Pris is is given by LY Loop] = [Zroupl! = {CT [2] C¥* 13 NON-SINGULAR TRANSFORMATION METHOD By|using non-singular transformation we can determine branch and loop impedance matrix and jtiance matrix for the primitive network. But in this section, we discuss about the branch impedance and admittance matrices only. 1.9.1 Determination of Branch Admittance and Impedance Matrices Consider the augmented incidence matrix, the augmented network is obtained by connecting a fictitious branch in series with each link of the original network. hk i Imaginary node Fig. 1.12 [The admittance of each fictitious branch cannot allow altering inter-connected network, its jttance is set to zero. The current source of fictitious branch carries the same current as the ‘rent source of the link so that the voltage across the fictitious branch is zero. A tie cut-set, can be ted as a fictitious branch in series with cut-set containing a link. From the branch frame reference form of performance equation | Opd = (Yb, [Yee TThe performance of primitive network is given by the equation (1.7) is, | i+j=plV (1.46) Multiply the above equation on both sides with ‘[B’]" we get By i+ (BT /= BT DIV (AT) (1.45)16 Electrical Power System Analysis We know, p-[% ° B, U, Substituting this in equation (1.47), we get U, Bi [ir] [U, Bi ][Je] _[U, BF = Av # (* U, i}*L0 Ud Lae ou, {OM AAs) U, i, + BY i] g [Uode +BY fi] ie V7 4 [ oud | *] ous bo). 1) (1.49) But (Uy) i, = i cr [Up] is = ds Uri Substituting these values in equation (1.49) i +B i), [i+Br i] _[U, BY + = Vv «AI. [ i i oy, {DIM (1.50) where i, + BP i, = [BI i=0 1.51 (a)) Jy + BF j= BS = Ty .(L.51 (6) ‘Substituting equations [1.51 (a), (b)] in equation (1.50) 0 il ‘Up: BP ltl; |= 1] (152) (i [; ou) oe?) te J=[% Poni (153) it ht ou os Ie ]_ = = Ie wah Per In (1.54) 7 U, BY Te] =|} ° | OV! oni(heS5} [Ise] ‘ Flom (1.55) i, + j,is the total source currents of a fictitious branch and its associated link Tee = [B") (y) [V] +(1.56) and J voltage across fictitious branch is zero, So the voltage vector of the augmented network is Vpr -(1.57) And the voltage across original network is V = [BI [Vp] = (B11 [Vor] -(1.58) Substituting equation (1.58) in equation (1.56) then = BT 1 BI [Ver] + (1.59) ‘The performance equation of the augmented network is = (¥-) (War) (1.60)Power System Network Matrices 17 | Comparing equations (1.59) and (1.60) | [Yo] = BT ty BY (1.61) The equation (1.61) can also write as follows : sto] -[% Bt eT 9] | = + (1.62) | [% yo} "Lo us l% Ye)LB. U, ) bl= [Yoo ] = Primitive admittance matrix Lye ov [yo] = Primitive admittance matrix formed by branches (y_] = Primitive admittance matrix formed by links ~ Dpd = Wp)" = mutual admittance matrix formed by branches and links es *]- Yip +BY Yn Yo +BY Yy iE 0 Yo Yo, Y, Yu B, U, [fs Se] Pere rem era] boars) Yo Yo Yo + ¥uB Ya Yoo + Br Yn + Ye By + By" Qu) LB] --(1.63) Yo + Bi Yu (1.64) Mw + YeB ---(1.65) Yo= Mu (1.66) But from singular transformation method, | (ed = B87 D1 BI oo(1.67) Fro equations (1.63) and (1.67) | (Ya) = Med -(1.68) The branch impedance can be determined by | [Zp = (Yea = (Yar -+(1.69) 1.10 | DIRECT INSPECTION METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF ‘Yoys" Apply the Kirchhoff’s current law at every bus for developing the bus admittance matrix. In this way, systematic nodal equations are developed for every node except for the reference bus, which is one taken as ground bus. Let us write the nodal equations using Kirchhoff’s current law for the network shown in figure 1.13. | D | WOT | me "3 @ Fig. 1.1318 Electrical Power System Analysis Here ‘I,’ and ‘I,’ are the external current sources at the bus *! and 3°. In the nodal formulation, all the voltage sources with the series impedance, which is usually the case in the power system network, are replaced by the equivalent current sources with shunt impedance by the following method. The two sources are equivalent if (i) E, = 1, Z, (i) Z, = 2, i i Bs Wg og Hl Fig. 1.14 Ideal volrage source Fig. 1.15 Ideal current source Now consider figure (1.13) and applying Kirchhoff’s current law at the buses 1, 2 and 3. We will obtain the following nodal equations =Viy + (V1 - Vad ie «-[1.70(a)} 0 = Va y2 + (V2 - V3) 23 + (V2 - Vi) Yi + L1.70(6)] T, = V3y3 + (V3 - V2) Y23 -[1.70(6)] where V,, V, and V are the voltages of bus 1, 2 and 3, respectively with respect to the reference bus ‘0" and these are also known as bus voltages. The admiuances y, = yj, i.e. ¥42 = Yq) Since nework elements are linear and bilateral. Rearranging equation (1.70) and separating co-efficient of bus voltage variables (V,, V2 and V3),. T= 01 - Yd Vi-Yi2 Vo w[L.7La)} 0 =~ Yq Vi + O12 + Y2 + Yas) V2 -Y23 V3 lL.) Ty = ~Ys2 V2 + as + ys) Va wl. 710) be wtyn=¥n --[L.72(a)] Yi2 +92 +23 = Yoo «+ [1.72(b)] + [1.72(0)] From the above equations itis clear that Diagonal elements = Sum of the admittances of the elements that are creating the node Off-diagonal elements = Negative sign of admittance between the adjacent nodes fe. Yq =~ Yin» Yas = -Yasand Yuu = — Yas 1.72(d)] Substituting equation (1.72) in equation (1.71) 1 =YuVit Y2V2 [1.73] 0 = Yo1 Vy + Y22 Vo + Yos V3 1, = Yao Vo + Y33 Vs ++ [1.73(b)] 1.73(¢)]| ™t equations can be written in the following matrix form as Hy [Yn Y2 OM O1=1Y¥_, Yy Yy3 |] V2 +(1.74) 1 0 Ys Ys3, V3, From the above discussions we can write the “Y,,," general form for any power system network with ‘n! buses (n + 1 nodes) as follows Yn Ya Yu] [MV | Power System Network Matrices 19 y | [Yai ea oe Ya || ats Td LY. Yano Yond LV The elements of bus admittance matrix can be form as follows : Y,, = Sum of the admittances of the elements that are creating the node at bus ‘i’ Y,, = Negative sign of admittance between the adjacent busses ‘i’ and ‘j* Ya Ya Yin Va Yao Mi Yous | 7 = (1.76) Yn Yao s+ Yon Note: () Thus *Y,’ matrix can be found by direct inspection method provided mutual coupling between the elements of the given power system network is neglected. (ii) The *Yp.," matrix can be developed by direct inspection method. but not in the case of *Zyq,’ matrix. | 114 | DIRECT INSPECTION METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF ‘Z,oop' | In this method the elements of loop incidence matrix (Zp) can be calculated directly by inspection and hence *Z99p' has direct correspondence with the given primitive network. Let is take the one example for solving *Zyyo9" by using direct inspection method. The|elements Of ‘Zop" matrix are developed by applying Kirchhoff's voltage law and writing loop equations of the given power system network. However if there is any current sources in the network that is replaced by equivalent voltage source with series impedance.20 Electrical Power System Analysis Writing the loop equation by using Kirchhoff’s voltage law for figure. 1.16. E,-B=12Z)+G-hth-WZ B,-B=(b-I)Bt+h%s + h-b)Zs 0 = (-1) Z, + (h-b) Zs + 15 Ze Separating the coefficients of loop currents I;, 1, and I;, we get B,-E; = (Z, +2, + Z)h)-Zph-Zsly E,-E; =- 2], + (Z, + Zy + Zs) ly -Zs]y 0 =-Z,1,-Zsh + (Z, + Zs + Zp) 1s Let the impedances Zy = Ltt +h The resultant loop voltage sources in loop ‘1’ is V,=E,- The resultant loop voltage sources in loop ‘2" is Vp = Ey-Es By using above assumptions, equation (1.78) can be modified as follows Vi = Zh + Zab + Zh V2 = Zh + Zab + Zasy 0= Zh, + Zh + Zh Write equation (1.82) in matrix form Vi] [2 Za Za] fh Va] =|Z1 Zn Zs] I Lo} [zn 2 zalls -(1.77(a)} wef 1.77(b)] elL77(0E)) --[1.78(a)] + [1.78(5)] «--[1.78(C)] «[1.79(@)] [1.7919] [1.79(6)] [1.79(d)] [1.79(e)} L799] (1.80) -(1.81) .[1.82(@)] oe [1.82(6)] -[1.82(0)] (1.83) From above discussions we can write the elements of loop impedance matrix as follows : Sum of the impedances of the elements forming the loop ‘i’ a Negative sign of impedance that are common to the loops ‘i’ and ‘j" (1.84)| Power System Network Matrices 21 SOLVED PROBLEMS Protilem 1.1. For network shown in figure 1.17 draw the graph, from that find A’, A, B’, B, C’, C, K @ @ o. eH @ et Fig. 1.17 Sol. For this graph Number of Elements, e = 9 Number of Nodes, n=5+1=6 Number of Branches, b = 5 Number of Links, 4 Fig. 1.17 (a) Graph Element node incidence matrix (A’) elements can be obtained from figure 1.17 (a) as follows : if the i element is incidence and oriented away from the j" node. 1, if the i element is incidence and oriented towards the j* node. , if the / element is not incidence to the j" node.22 Electrical Power System Analysis For obtaining bus incidence matrix (A), eliminate the reference node column in A’. Bus incidence matrix CO © O 1j-1 0 0 2/1 -1 0 3/0 0-1 4/0 0 0 - A= 5/0 0 0 6} 0 0-1 7);0 #1 -1 8/0 1 0 9;0 0 1 Basic cut-set (B) The elements in this matrix can be found as follows from figure. 1.17 (c) Fig. 1.17 (©) Cur-set = 1, if the i element is incidence to and oriented in the same direction as the j” basic cut-set ff the * element is incidence to and oriented in the opposite direction as the j® basic cut-set B, = 0, if the i element is not incidence with the j" basic cut-setPower System Network Matrices 23 Lue. Branch] AB oC DE 1/1 0 0 0 0 2/0 1 6 0 0 | 3}/0 0 1 0 0 | 4/0 0 0 1 0 B= 5/0 0001 6}o0 0 1 + 0 | 7\-1-1 1 0 0 | gj-l-1 0 1 1 | 9}O O-1 1 2 Augmented cut-set matrix (B’) Cut-set | Element G | 1 | 0 2 | 0 3 | 0 4 lo o 3 400 6 1-1 0] 0 7 1 0 olo 1 8 0 1 1!0 0 9/0 o-1 1 1 Cn) | Basic loop incidence matrix (C) The elements can be found as follows from figure 1.17 (d) 1, If the element is incidence to and oriented in the same direction as the j basic loop ~ 1, If the element is incidence to and oriented in the opposite direction as the j® basic loop , If the element is not incidence to the j* basic loop G:1,2,7,3 7s link 5,4, 7 9 as link 1,2,8, 5,4 as link F:3,4,6 6s link Fig. 1.17 (d)24 Electrical Power System Analysis element T coor op no oln corcoo- HO ' cr cot tote | ' KocoorH eH oolh ° 0 wor daAanvawn= Augmented loop incidence matrix (C’) elements are is obtained from figure 1.17 (d) Loop| Elmet\|A BoC D E!F G H I 1/1 0 0 0 ojo 1 1 0 2/0 1 6 0 ojo 1 1 0 3}/0 0 1 0 Oi -1 0 1 4{0 0 0 1 ol1t 0-1 -1 c= slo oo o 1fo o-r- 6/0 0 0 0 oj1 0 00 7/0 0 0 0 oOlo 1 0 0 s/o 0 0 0 olo 0 1 0 9|0 0 0 0 o}o 001 Problem 1.2. For the network shown in figure 1.18 draw the graph and tree. Also determine the ‘You’ matrix by direct inspection method. All the mentioned values are impedances in p.u. +720 TOO CSE +710 +B +720 20200 AC 3 +p0 Se0 +p0 Seno 20.230" APower System Network Matrices 25 | | | @ Fig. 1.19 (a) Graph Fig. 1.19 (b) Tree Froih the graph shown in figure 1.19 (a) Number of nodes, nes Number ofelements, ¢=8 Number of branches, b= n- Number of links, [=e-n+1=8-541 Thefefore "Yg,," has the dimension of ‘4 x 4° 4 Givgn values are impedances and are given in p.u quantities. We can determine admittance values and then form the *Ypy,’. The elements of *Y gy," can calculate as follows Y, = Sum of the admittances of the elements that are creating the node at bus “i* Y,, + Negative sign of admittance between the adjacent busses ‘i” and *" For {, j= 1,2, 3 and 4 Diagonal elements : | Yj, =J0.1 + 0.1 +j0.05 = j0.25 p.u Yon = j0.1 + j0.2 + j0.2 = j0.5 pu | Yq = J0.1 + j0.2 + 0.05 = j0.35 p.u Y4q = J0.05 + j0.05 + j0.05 = j0.15 p.u Off-diagonal elements : Y= Yar | Yis = Yau | Yo3 = Y32 | Yona = Yar Y3q = Yas =26 _Elecirical Power System Analysis Jj0.25 -j01 0 -j0.05 y,.<| #1 305 -J02 0 Ba 0 -j0.2 0.35 —j0.05 — j0.05 0 —j0.05 0.15 Problem 1.3. For problem 1.2, determine the elements of Zyoop' by direct inspection method. Sol. Here we have to replace the current sources into equivalent voltage sources when applying the direct inspection method. The elements of loop impedance matrix as follows : Z,, = Sum of the impedances of the elements forming the loop ‘i’ Z,, = Negative sign of impedance that are common to the loops ‘i’ and ‘j” Diagonal elements are Zy = +25 pu Zy = + 2Op.u Z,; = + j50 p.u Za, = + j50 pu and off-diagonal elements are Zz = Zp = -J5 pu Zyy = Zy, = 0 pu Zyg = Za, =~ 10 pu Zo; = Zy =~ j0 pu Zu = Za =-J5 pv Zou = Zag =~ 720 pu +25 = 5 0 -sl0 -j5 +70 -fl0 Js Zor =| “9 jo + j50 — j20 -jl0 5-720 +j50 Problem 1.4. Determine the incidence matrices A, B, B’, C, C’ and K. From that verify the following relations shown in figure 1.20. Take 1 as ground bus. (i) G = BP (i) C’B’T =U (iii) A, K? = U and (iv) B, = 4, K" ® @ Ss oe rr @ @ Fig. 1.20Power System Network Matrices 27 Sol. Number of nodes, 4 Number of branches, b = 1 2 =4-1=3 Number of links, l=e-nt1 2h Ae =4-4+1=1 From figure 1.20 (6), Bus Incidence matrix [A] 5 @ 1 @ Fig. 1.20 (a) Graph | A= | @ 3 2h Ma | | and | a= [b 0-1] i From figure 1.20 (6), Branch path matrix (K) oO. @ | th| Fig. 1.20 (b) Tree B, +B, B Fig. 1,20 ()28 Electrical Power System Analysis From figure 1.20 (4), Augmented cut-set incidence matrix (B’) cut-set element cooly | I | | _ [ur |o “{B, TU, eR wne Fig. 1.20 (¢) 2 7 and c=) From figure 1,20 (e), Augmented loop incidence matrix (C’) Verification : @ C =-BT From the matrices C,, and B, values cG=-B"Power System NetworkMatrices 29 100 1 010 -1 oo1-1 000 1000 00 10 11 00 U cee =U (iii) AK -1 0-1 =5 0-130 Electrical Power System Analysis 100 =|0 10 oo 1 2. AKT=U (@) B= AKT A,=[1 0 -1] -1 0 0 K™=/ 0 -1 0 0-1-1 -1 0 Oo} f-1 AKT=[1 0 -1]} 0 -1 0|=| 1/=B, 0-1 -1 1 Problem 1.5. For the graph shown in figure 1.21, form the necessary incidence, matrices and hence verify the following relations : iy =u @O S (iii) C, =- “Bt Ww) C BY Sol. Number of branches, b = n- 1 b=4-1 a } a Number of links =e-nt1 =5-44+1=2 From figure 1.21, Bus incidence matrix (A) x! ® ®@ © Fig. 1.21 Graph -1 0 0 A,=| 0 0-1 1-1 0 1 0-1 = Melo 4 1 From figure 1.21 (a), branch path matrix (K) Fig. 1.21 (a) TreePower System Network Matrices 31 B= 1-1 1-1 @ Sym let j Fig, 1.21 (c) ‘rom figure 1.21 (c), Augmented loop incidence matrix (C’) _32 Electrical Power System Analysis Verification : 0 0 -1 -1 0 0-1 -1 40 | 0 -1 0. oo 1 o]=uU o1 0 0 -1 Unit matrix. = A, KT (ii) B,Power System Network Matrices 33 =U @ By 00-1 1 (wy =|0 01 co co eo aon ' ee) It concoo onooco mooc]e SS aaa oe v moon t oontco onmooceo meoos, 0 ee & bv | = U = Unit matrix. 1000 100 o10 oo1 Problem 1.6. The incidence matrix is given below. From that draw the oriented graph. coo 10000 0 0 0 0 Fig. 1.2234 Blectrical Power System Analysis Problem 1.7. For figure 1.23, the impedance data is given in table 1.1. All the impedance values are inp.u. Values. Determine Yqux matrices by Singular Transformation method. Element Bus Code ‘Self Impedance Inp.u 1 o-1 Ol 2 o-2 02 3 0-3 025 ‘ o-4 0s 5 1-2 a1 6 2-3 04 7 I-4 03 8 1-3 06 Sol. From figure 1.23, the Bus incidence matrix A is 1 0 0 0 o 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 awl oo 8 “|i -1 0 0 o 1-1 0 oo 1-1 1 0-1 0 Primitive impedance matrix is _— 1 2 3 4 & 6 7 8 {elements 1 foro 0 0 0 0 0 O 2 | 002 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 | 0 002 0 0 0 0 0 ze 4 |/0 0 005 0 0 0 0 5 }o0 0 0 001 0 0 09 6 |o0 0 0 0 0 04 0 0 7|0 0 0 0 0 0 03 9 8s |o 0 0 0 0 0 0 06Power System Network Matrices 35 0 0 0 02 0 0 025 y=ty" | O1 itive admittance is given by 05 0 67 0 3.33 10 no 0002 0000 00000 25 00000 00000 0 y Yous = [47] D1 [A] 100000 0 0 00000 25 0 00000 0 67 00000 0 DITAI SooNcO -25 6.67 -667 0 -333 0. 0 5 0 0 -10 0 0 +25 0 10 0 0 0 10 +33336_ Electrical Power System Analysis 10 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 1000 10 0 1/0 0 4 0 0100-1 1 0 O}/0 0 0 2 AT) D] (A) = ITPIAL=|9 9 10 0 -1 1 -1/J10 -10 0 0 0001 0 0-1 off} 0 25 -25 0 | 0 0 667 -667 333 0 -333 0 (10 + 10 + 3.33) -10 =333 oO : -10 (5+ 10425) -25 0 ” -33 -25 (4425 +667+333) -667 0 0 - 667 (2+ 667) 2033 -10 -333 0 y,.-|7!0 15 -25 0 Bus = -333 -25 165 -667 0 0 -667 867 Problem 1.8. For the system shown in figure 1.24, construct Yq, by singular transformation ‘method. The parameters of various elements are given in table 1.2. Take node ‘6" as referenece node. o ® ® ® ® ® Fig. 1.24 Table 1.2 Element Reactances in p.u 1-2 0.04 1-6 0.02 2-4 0.03 2-3 0.02 3-4 0.08 4-5 0.06 5-6 0.05Power System Network Matrices 37 @ 3; @ 4% @ i @ 4 © 2 > 5 ay is 6 7 6 * © 6 7 6 © © Fig. 1.24 (a) Oriented graph Fig. 1.24 (b) Tree Element node incidence matrix (A’) a NI ® @ @ © © © 1 1 -1 oO oO 0 0 | 2 1 0 oO 0 Oo -i Ae S 0 1 Oo -1 0 0 4 0 1 o-1 0 oO oO | 5 o o 1-1 0 0 | 6 o 0 0 1-1 0 at oO 0 0 0 1 -1 From the element node incidence matrix bus incidence matrix can be determined, i.e., by deleting the row corresponding to reference node (6). Bus incidence matrix a | NO ©@ ®@ © © | 1/1 -1 0 0 0 | 2 1 oO 0 0 0 A+ 3 o 1 0 -1 0 4 0 1-1 0 0 5s |o0 0 1-1 0 6|0 0 0 1 -1 7/0 0 0 0 1 The bus incidence matrix (A) is rearranged by separating branches and links as follows : | n | “IO @@O@ © | 1 1-1 0 0 O 2/1 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 -1 0 0 FAs ranch) 6 |o0 0 0 1 -1 A= 7/0 0 0 0 1 3 [0 1 0-1 0 . s|o o 1-1 0 [* Hae38_ Electrical Power System Analysis Primitive impedance matrix is (J0.04 0 j0.06 0 0 j0.03 z=| 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 oO 0 = j0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0.06 cv) 0 0 0 0 0 50.05, Primitive admittance matrix is yet! — j16.67 0 = j33.39 0 Oo -js0 0 0 Oo -i2.5 0 0 0 0 = 16.67 0 0 0 0 0 = j20 25 1 0 0 0 0 0} {0 1667 o 1 1 0 00] Jo 0 3333 0 o-1 1 00 0 0 Oo 50 0-1 0-1 10 0 0 0 0 125 0 0 0 0-11) |o 0 © 0 0 1667 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 25 1667 0 0 0 0 0 -25 0 33.33 50 oO 0 0 =-j| 0 0 0 -50 125 0 0 0 0 —3333 0 -125 1667 0 0 0 0 0 0 —1667 20. 1-1 0 0 0 25 16.67 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -25 0 3333 50 0 0 ojjo 1 0-1 0 IAT DITAI=-j| 0 0 0 -50 125 o ojjo 1-1 0 0 0 0 -3333 O -125 1667 O||/0 0 1-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1667 20}}0 0 O 1 -1 ooo 0 iPower SystemNetwork Matrices 39 [(25 +1667) -25 0 0 0 -25 (25 + 33.33 + 50) 0 : 0 0 Yous\= —J 0 -50 (50 +125) 0 0 0 — 3333 -125 (3333 + 12.5 + 16.67) ~ 1667 0 0 9 ~1667 (1667 + 20) | 4167 -25 0 0 0 | -25 10833 -50 -3333 0 » Yp,=-i] 0 -50 625 -125 0 | O -3333 -125 625 -1667 0 0 0 -1667 36.67 Probl in figure 1.25. The parameters are given in table 1.3. 1,9. Determine the Yp,, matrix by singular transformation method for the network shown | Sol. Number of elements, ¢ = 5 ban-1=4- l=e-n4+1=5-441 of busses of links, Numt Num | Table 1.3 Elément Self Impedance in p.u ‘Musual Impedance in p.u | Bus Code ‘Tmpedance Bus Code Impedance p-q 279 - Pa rs 29-15 7 7-2) 02 = 2 1-3 0.4 1-2 (1) 0.05 3 3-4 os = — 4 1-2) 0.25 1-2() ol \s 2-4 02 = = | ® @ | 2 24 ds 4®@ 1® 1 [o) @® | Fig. 1.2540 _ Electrical Power System Analysis Element-node incidence matrix (A’) Primitive impedance matrix [z} is reference node) e/e 1 2 3 4 5 1 [02 005 0 o1 0 _2 |005 04 0 0 0 *“3 |0 0 05 0 oO 4 |o1 0 0 025 0 5 [0 0 0 0 02 Primitive admittance matrix y = [2]! 02 005 0 o1 oy! 005 04 0 0 0 y=tg'=|0 0 05 0 0 01 0 0 025 0 0 0 0 0 02 To calculate z” there are two methods : Method 1: 02 005 0 01 oO7F' 00s 04 0 0 0 y=ty'=|0 0 05 0 O o1 0 0 025 0 0 0 0 0 02Step 1} Interchange row 3 and 4 Step 2 Step 3, Above matrix can divide into 4 submatric | AL Ay = > Step 02 005 0 005 04 0 o1 0 0 0 Interchange column 3 and 4 0 0 0 Power System Network Matrices 41 o1 oy! 0 0 025 0 0 0 0 02 ices 02 005 01 005 04 0 01 0 025 oo epee Slo 0 0. 00 05 0 0 02 65 -081 -26 -081 26 033 -26 033 50 2 0 05 65 -081 -26 0 0 -081 26 033 0 0 -26 033 #500 0 0 020 0 0 005.42 _Hlectrical Power System Analysis Step 5. Interchange column 3 and 4 65 -O81 0 -26 -081 26 0 033 -26 033 0 5 0 o 2 0 0 o o 0 Step 6. Interchange row 3 and 4 65 -081 0 O81 26 0 0 02 -26 033 0 0 00 wococs -26 0 033 0 0 0 05 Limitations : This method is applicable only the matrices A, and Aj are having the elements zero’s only. Otherwise it is not applicable. Method 2 : 02 005 0} 005 04 0} 0 7. 0 Let in ay =[ 2 As Ag B, By The values of matrices By, By, ®s and B, are B, - (A, Ag! AQT? 025 oy'_[4 0 nae al wb 5| 01 0 n-[e 0 0 0 01 0 0 Ms [c 0 a 4 01 0/74 oyfo1 0 6 AgAg'Ay=|0 0 [. ‘lo 0 0. 0 0 OlPower System Network Matrices 43 04 0]/01 0 0 =|0 0//0 00 0 ojo 00 004 0 0 | =|0 00 | 0 00 02 005 07] [004 0 o' [A,- A, Ast Ap! = 5]005 04 0]-| 0 0 0 | 0 o os} lo 00 | 016 005 oy" =|005 04 0 0 0 05 65 -081 0 | B,=|-081 26 0 | 0 0 2 | B, =-B, A, Ay! | fe IR eg o o -atfo oft § -65 081 Of 04 0 =|081 -26 ol] 0 0 0 0 -2],0 0 -26 0 | B, = |0324 0 0 0. | + _[-26 0324 0 | B=Br=lo 0 o By = Ac! (A;' Ay Bp) -26 0 4 0)f01 0 0 | Ac! A,B, = if os2s 0 0 s}lo oo} yg -26 0 “ 3 Hl 0324 0 an)44 Electrical Power System Analysis [i By = Ag! (Ag! Ay B) “fst To" l-[e" 65 -081 0 -26 0 -081 26 0 0324 0 =| 0 0 2 0 0 —26 0324 0 504 0 0 0 0 0 § Next after calculating primitive admittance matrix, = (A"] DI TAT 06 -081 0 -26 Ojf-l1 0 0 -1 0 O -1 1) ]-081 26 O 033 O|]] O -1 O Yous=|0 -1 1 0 Of] 0 O 2 0 Off O 1-1 0 0-1 0-1 ee ee sll eos 0 oo 5 1 0-1 0 Oo -06+26 081-033 0 26 3 -1 0 = 081 -26 , - 033 ‘ ‘ 1-1 0 0 - 0 o 0 1 0-1 0 0 2048 0 26 5 3 -1 0 081 -26 2 -033 0 o a-i 0 0 -2 0 =-S}}-1 0 0 4 1 0-1 04 -048 -5 Yous = |-048 46 -2 -5 -2 7 Zous = [Ypisl* = {1A"I fy] [AS 04 -048 -5 =|-048 46 -2 -5 -2 7 -025 -0116 -0208 Zpus= | 0116 -0193 - 0.028 -0208 - 0028 - 0014image not availableFig. 1.26 (a) Graph Fig. 1.26 (b) Tree By Direct Inspection Method Diagonal elements Yj = =/10 + (j10) + (- 20) = - j40 j5 + (-j5) + (-j10) 5 + (- 720) + (-j20) 20 + (- 720) + (-/10) Off-diagonal elements - j10) = + jlo = j20) = j20 - {) = 75 — j20) = j20 jlo 0 j20 jlo -j20 js 0 0 js jas j20 j20 0 j20 -j50 Verification by Nodal Analysis Method = 20 10 (p)202-20" Fig. 1.26 (c)image not availableimage not availableimage not available50 Electrical Power System Analysis 1 10. uu. 14, 15. 16, 17. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS A tree has @) aclosed path (0) no closed paths — (c) both @) none The number of branches in a tree is the number of branches in a graph. @ less than (6) more than (c) equal (@ nore The te set schedule gives the relation between @ branch currents and link currents ©) branch voltage and link currents (©) branch currents and link voltages @ one The cut set schedule gives the relation between (@ branch currents and link currents (©) branch voltages and tree branch voltages (© branch voltages and link voltages @ branch current and tree currents Ifa network contains ‘e” elements ‘n’ nodes, then the number of mesh current equations would be @ e(n-l) @® net) () emt @ e+n-1 ‘A network has seven nodes and five independent loop, Then the number of elements in the network is @ B OR © lu @ 10 In element node incidence matrix, the rank is (@ less than nodes (6) greater than nodes (c) equal to @ nore In branch path incidence matrix, if the i branch is in the path from the j® bus to reference but is oriented in opposite direction then Ky = @1 o-4 oo (d) none Among the following relations, which is correct @ K,=A,t ® K, =A, ©) Aty= Kt @) none The dimension of basic loop incidence matrix is (@) links by nodes (6) elements by links (c) links by branches (4) none ‘The performance equation in impedance form is @vti=zxe @vte=zxi — (c) both (d) none Inthe loop frame of reference, the performance of an interconnected network is described by (@) 1-1 independent nodal equations () ‘T’ independent loop equations (©) ‘b independent branch equations (@) tone Zyos Expression in terms of branch path matrix (@) K' YpgK © K' Zp (c) Ki Zpp/K @) K' Zak ‘The meeting of various components in a power system is called, (@) branches © bus (c) links (@ none If Yyq, is symmetrical then the corresponding Zin, is (@ unsymmetrical (#) symmetrical (c) neither anor b (a) none ‘The off-diagonal elements in Yj, are called as (a) self admittance (6) mutual admittance (c) symmetrical @ all A set of unconnected elements is defined as a network. (@) primitive (© complete (c) symmetrical @ allimage not availableimage not availableimage not available54 Electrical Power System Analysis (W To keep the voltage level of certain buses within closed tolerances by proper reactive power scheduling. (ii) The total active power generation must be equal to the load demand plus losses. This should be divided amongst the generators in a unique ratio for optimum economic operation. Load flow studies are used to maintain the above ratio. (iii) The effects of disturbances, which may result in system failures, can be minimized by proper prefault load flow strategies. (iv) To analyze the effectiveness of alternative plans for fuure system expansion to meet the increased load demand or for designing a new system. (v) To determine the best location for capacitors or voltage regulator for improvement of voltage regulation. (vi) Load flow studies are required at various stages of transient or dynamic stability analysis. 2.3 DATA FOR LOAD FLOW STUDIES 2.3.1 Data at the Buses In general, a bus in an electrical power system is fed from generating units which inject active and reactive powers into it and loads receive active and reactive powers from it. In the load flow studies, the generator and load (complex) powers are lumped into a net (complex) power. This net (complex) power is called the bus injected power. The net power injected in the bus is given by S=P +jQ= Pg + iQg) - Pp -JQn) S= (Pg~ Pp) + j Qg- Q)- where Pg, Qg = Generation real and reactive powers. Py, Qp = Load real and reactive powers P, Q = Injected real and reactive powers In addition to the above quantities, magnitude and phase angle of the voltage arc also associated with each bus of the four quantities at a bus, viz., active bus power, reactive bus power, bus voltage magnitude and bus voltage phase angle, two quantities are specified, the remaining two quantities to be obtained through the load flow solution. When all the four quantities at every bus in the power system are known, active and reactive power flows in all the transmission lines can be calculated. Depending upon which quantities have been specified, the buses are classified in the following three categories. (® Load Bus : is one at which the active and reactive powers are specified. It is desired to determine the magnitude and phase angle of voltage through load flow study. It is required to specify only Pp and Qp, at such a bus voltage can be allowed to vary with in permissible values i.e., 5 %. Also bus voltage phase angle is not very important for the load. (i) Generator Bus or Voltage Controlled Bus : is one at which the voltage magnitude corresponding to the gencration voltage and active power (Pg) corresponding to its ratings are specified. It is required to determine the reactive power generation (Qq) and bus voltage phase angie. (ii) Slack or Swing or Reference Bus : This type of bus is distinguished from the other two types by the fact that active and reactive powers at this bus are not specified. Normally there is only one bus of this type in a given power system. The need of such a bus is as follows :image not availableimage not availableimage not available58 Electrical Power System Analysis Solving equations (2.13) to (2.15), we get Ye y =. Yn “ (@ +07)’ P" (a, ib.) y, =-_ a Yan =~ Cae jb) tt Ym = You It can be observed that Ypq # Yup 2.3.4 Characteristics of Load Models The response of nearly all loads to voltage changes can be represented by some combination of constant impedance, constant current and constant power (or MVA). Actually, the constant current model is unnecessary as it is nearly equivalent to 50% constant impedance load combined with 50% constant power load, It has been found convenient to retain the constant current model as it is easily ‘comprehended and is frequently used in the absence of more complete data. figures 2.4 and 2.5 show the relationships of load current and power with voltage for three simple load types. The constant power type load representation is the most severe representations from the system stability point of view because of the affect in amplifying voltage oscillations. For example, a drop in voltage will cause an increase in load current resulting a further voltage drop. Conversely; constant impedance load have a decided damping effect on voltage oscillations. onsiant impedance 14 12 . iad stant current toad curent f 0.8: os Constant power 04 02 =p wo 4244 —pVatage Fig.2.4 Relationship between load current and node voltage for simple lond types stant impedence ‘Constant current | tant power Load 48 0s: o4 02 ——<— ° to 4218 —eVoliage Fig. 2.5 Relationship berween load and nede voltage for simple load typesimage not availableimage not availableimage not available62. Electrical Power System Analysis 2.4 STATIC LOAD FLOW EQUATIONS ‘A power system consists several buses which are interconnected by means of transmission lines. Power is injected into a bus from generators, while the loads are tapped from it. Figure 2.8 shows the single line diagram of a 3 bus system with generators and loads at each bus. Fig. 2.8 Single line diggram of a 3 bus sytem with generators and loads Let the complex power generated by generators Soi = Par +iQa: Sea = Par + JQar Sos = Pos + iQcs and the complex power demanded by loads are Sp: = Por +p: Sp2 = Pox +JQnr Sp3 = Pos +JQps For a systematic analysis, itis convenient to regard loads as negative generators and lump together the generators and load powers at the bus. Thus at the bus 1, the net complex power injected into the bus is given by S, = Py + JQ = Par + JQcn) - Pps + JQp0) Poi - Por + J(Qo1 - Qpv) Similarly S, = P, + JQ, and Ss = P; + JQ at i bus S, =P, + JQ The figure 2.8, system contains three buses and three transmission lines. Each bus is feed for generator unit and power is tapped from each bus. Equivalent circuit of this system is shown in figure 2.9, in which three transmission lines are represented by their n-equivalent circuit consisting of one series and two shunt admittances.image not availableimage not availableimage not available66 Electrical Power System Analysis ‘The second term on the R.H.S. of the equation (2.31) is clear because the voltage prior to bus ‘p’ should correspond to the value as calculated during the current iteration. Computing time can be reduced to considerable extent by performing as many arithmetic operations as possible before starting the repetitive iterative computation. This means that the arithmetic operations which do not change during the iterative process should performed once and for all at the starting. Since P, Q and Y at a bus don’t change with iterations. Let + +(2.32) and + +(2.33) ‘The equation (2.31) can be written as A, vptte Ae «2 (2.34) wy a 25.1.1 Acceleration factor: The convergence some times be speeded up by the use of the acceleration factor. For the p bus, the accelerated value of voltage at the (k + 1) iteration is given by Vp) = Voi + 0 (Vp * tv, 8) +-(2.35) where ois a real number called the acceleration factor. Use of acceleration factor reduces the total number of iterations required considerably. A generally recommended range is 1.3 $a $1.6. A wrong choice of a may indeed slower convergence or some times even result in divergence from the solution, The Gauss-Seidel method with the use of acceleration factor is known as the method of successive over relaxation. 2.5.1.2 Algorithm for Gouss-Seldel method when PV bus is absent 1. Read system data and formulate the Ypus 2. Assume initial bus voltages V,° = 1 +0, for p= 2,3... #1, slack bus . Set iteration count k = 0 and | AViax | =& . Compute A, and B,, from equations (2.32) and (2.33) . Set bus count P = 1 . Ifbus is PQ bus, then @ Compute V,* * ' from equation (2.34) (i) Compute AV, = v, t+ 1_v,# If [ AV, | = 1] AVinax | (iii) Assign new voltage to old ie. Visvet! Otherwise (slack bus) go to next bus . Increment the bus count, P = P + 1 . Check all buses are taken into account. If P<, then go to step 6 and repeat. |. Check convergence If | AViuax | 2 ©; then increment iteration count k = k + 1, go to step 5 repeat. 10. Calculate line power flows and slack bus power. auew wonimage not availableimage not availableimage not available70 Electrical Power System Analysis 2.5.2.2 Flowchart for Gauss-Seidel method when PV bus is present ‘Fesume inal bus vohiages Vp =1>)0,P=2,3, .1, Pabus 51, slack bus i ‘Set iteration count k= 0, and [amas] =© 1 ‘Compute A, for P=2,,9,.., 14nd B,,forP=2, 3... from egns. (2.32) and (2.33) Q=1.2.mpeq [Compute AV» i [Replace Vp by Ve [increment bus court, p= p+image not availableimage not availableimage not available4 eso p+ os Mao = z w a (Ma 'o- “5 "ZX M4 - 2 > “ae are @f Jo squausa]e euoserp ay, "ae (so dtd My Y- My = ‘ae, axe |f jo suawi9|9 [euoeIp-yo oy, “ag A 4 Mg dy dl, ay" D+ b= 3s asa at “oo= 7, Se UANLM aq Ue (gp"Z) UONeNba ayy a Hy (os) (a °9- “9 NE + “a%9- “oS =" ‘ued SreurSeut pue 4 ty oro (“a's4+ “0a + “a+ “o%=% sued yeax ou, sued Areuieum pue year ot Sunesedag at (4+ a) (Mat - “o)'% + C+ %) Mal-%) = ‘of + ae ‘Zo MZ + tnMs 1s KZ st wonsafut juauna rau (9Z°Z) uonenba wos, fey “ Gro (MateMO NT + Mad-May+ 9 = 7 are 'f Jo syuousays peuoderp ayy, “(ep'c) pur (Zp'Z) suONEnba ayy Woy paaLsap aq Ue xLIEUI UEIgoDUs a Jo Sawa] ay “saapeauiap [eyed aze pue werqooes aup Jo stuauraja ayp are *p pue fp “ep “!p asaya a £9]["0 1] _ [ov (ya) [Ay2 | = (S| Se wlio} x1nqU Ur UaMLEM 99 uD sasnq (T - 1) We 40} (96°2) pue (sp"z) suonenba ayy LoYs UL “(Ep'Z) Pue (Zp'Z) suonenba FuIsn Ajaanoadsax “C) pue “g Jo sanpea parenoyeo ayn pur patytoads au usaMy9q ssouarayyn amp wasasdas “Dy pue “qy asa sishiour | waishig samog wou ZLimage not availableimage not availableimage not available76 Electrical Power System Analysis 2.6.1.5 Algorithm for N-R rectangular coordinate method when PV bus is present 1. 2. 3. B Sexrx 12. Read system data and formulate the Yu, Assume initial bus voltages V,° = 1 + 0, forp =2,3,.....7 #1, slack bus Set iteration count, k = 0 and convergence criteria = € Set bus count, p = 1 |. Check if p is a slack bus. If yes go to step 7. Otherwise (i) Compute pt and Qt using equations (2.42) and (2.43) (ii) Compute A'P,! = Prape ~ Pykay and ). Check type of bus. If PV bus (@ Check the limits of Q,* and set Qe = Qanias fF OFS Q min Q many if Q > Q max = Qs if Gain < QB < Q max If no limit is violated set Qim = 0 If any limit is violated set Qhim i) TE Qim = 0, then Compute | AV," |? = | Vy [pc - 1 Vp |? Otherwise if bus is PQ bus, compute AQ," = Qy max ~ Qpeat OF 4 Q, = Q min ~ Qpreat . Increment the bus count, p = p + 1 . Check all buses are taken into accoint. If p < n, then go to step 5 and repeat. . Compute the largest of the absolute of the residue ). Check the convergence If the residue 2 € (i) Compute the elements of Jacobian matrix using equations (2.51) to (2.58) (i) Compute voltage increments A e,* and A f,* using equation (2.47) and new bus voltages es: +h & +A ef and Sp = ip + ase (iit) Compute | V,* |, cos, and sind, otherwise go to step 12. . Ifbus is PV bus, then rete Compute gf the 1 Vp lapse €08 8, and Fit" =1Vp lopec Sin, Otherwise if bus is PQ bus, then (i) Check the limits of voltage and set LVpEL = 1 Vp bio if | Vpt 1S Vp Inn Compute ef *! =| Vy lminc08 8, andy *! = | Vp |nin sin 5, (or) L VBL = [Vp law if | Vp 12 | Vp Imax Compute e+! = | Vp |mmax 008 8, and fy’ * ' = | Vp |maxsin 5, Compute line power flows and slack bus power. 13. Stop.image not availableimage not availableimage not available80_ Electrical Power System Analysis The diagonal elements of J; are a,_ ¥ sa DIV, ¥pq Ve | £08 (Ong + 5, -8,) pda and the off-diagonal elements of J, ate a 20 Iv, Ypq Vq | C08 (Opq + 5,- 5), #P 25, The diagonal elements of J, are 2Q, ‘ < . Bye 17 ZIV | Yor 18% De Mor Vo 82 ne * Bp ~8y) a +e and the off-diagonal elements of J, are a, 2141 It may be noted that, do not see the symmeiry in the Jacobian, if polar coordinates =1V,Y,q | sin @,, + 5, -5,).q9#P +--f2.80()] 2(2.81) ++(2.82) ++0(2.83) are used. However, if replace A | V | by a in equation (2.74), the equation (2.74) can be modified as AP’ H N [sal - ; “4 ‘The equations for the off-diagonal terms are, from equation (2.77) ap, Me™ 5a = IV, Ypq Va | sin @p» + 8,-8) From equation (2.83) Snel Yel = | Vp ¥pq Vg | Sit pg + 8) -5,) From equation (2.79) oP, N= ai! %" 1 = 1 Vp ¥pq Va | £08 pq + 8 - 54) From equation (2.81) ‘10. Vq | £08 Opy + 8 - 3) It is observed that Hyg = Log and Np =~ Soa ‘The equations for the diagonal elements are oP, From equation (2.76), Hy» 3, = | Vp |? By - Q From equation (2.78), Npp = are %s 1 = 1p |? Gp + Pp (2.84) +++(2.85) (2.86) +(2.87) =(2.88) +--(2.89) «+(2.90) (2.91)image not availableimage not availableimage not available84 Electrical Power System Analysis 2.6.2.6 Flow chart for N-R polar coordinate method when PV buses are present Read system data and formulate Vous Assume HE TOD = ZI 2 slack bus and Vp forp =2,3, mie, PO buses ¥ Sotiteration count k= 0 and convergence orlena =e [Compute Pk and OF forp=2, 3, [Compuie AFF to D=2. 3... land__ QS forp=2.3, ¥ [Compute the largest ofthe absolute ofthe residue] al No, [Compute ine Tows the residue 2¢, land stack bus power] Compute aie for p= andi tory =2,3..m e i Compan erp a2, elise a i Increment eration count k=A+1image not availableimage not availableimage not available88 Electrical Power System Analysis Total transmission loss = )” (PLyy) j or Total transmission loss =)’ (Spq + Sy) Py JQ = Vp, py Ve) at The slack bus power can also be obtained by algebraic sum of total load plus losses of the given power system. Slack bus power, sp 2.12 DERIVATION OF DC POWER FLOW ‘The power flows equations (2.69) and (2.70) are modified as x ; a= Shy ls, 086, -0,)-2,, x00, - 0) 2 We can derive the equation for DC power flow using the following simplifying approximations. IVpl|Ve] [Gye £05 (0, - 0,) + Byg sin (0, ~0,)] 2.12.1 Approximate the Transmission Resistance to Zero ‘The resistance of transmission circuits is significantly less than the reactance. Usually, it is the case that the = ratio is between 2 and 10. So any given transmission circuit with impedance ofz = r + jx 1 __ and susceptance, b = ——* Pax if re If*r? is very small compared to ‘x’, then we observe that ‘g" will be very small compared to ‘b", will have conductance, g = and it is reasonable to approximate g = and b = = Now, if g = 0, then the real part of all of the Y-bus elements will also be zero. The power flow equation will now become, = Si Pay = SiValll(-Byeo6y-)) |1¥<1 Bee sin (8, ~ 8) 2.12.2 Approximate the cosine Term to Zero and sine Term to the Radian Angle For most typical operating conditions, the difference in angles of the voltage phasors at two buses p and q connected by a circuit, which is (@, - ®,) for buses p and q, is less than 10-15 degrees. It is extremely rare to ever see such angular separation exceed 30 degrees. Thus, we say that the angular separation across any transmission circuit is “smallimage not available90 Electrical Power System Analysis By using Gauss-Seidel method at the end of first iteration, determine the magnitude of voltage and phase angles at buses 2 and 3. 1 = 10-20 Sol. ek eee es Yu 0.02 +j0.04 = = ——— = 20 -j40 % = Qor+ 7002 t 1 = ————___. = 22.0588 - j36.7647 23 0012+ 7002 # 12 + Y13 = 10-20) + 20 - 40) = (30 - 60) Yn) = Yo + Yas = 10-20) + 22.0588 - j36.764 ‘Y35 = Yai + Yaz = 20 -J40 + 22.0588 - j36.764' Yn =—Yi2 = — 10 + j20 (30 - j60) (10 + j20) (-20 + j40) (- 10+ j20) (32.0588 - j56.7647) (- 22.0588 + j36.7647) (- 20+ j40) (- 22.0588 + j36.7647) (42.0588 - j76.7647) 32.0588 - 56.7647 42.0588 - 76.7647 Yous Assuming inital bus vitages Vf = Vy = 1 p.u. Voltage at bus p is eee ? where A,= A= (-02- 02) j Ay = 02-192) __ = 001162 - j0.004179) 2 = 370588 - 756.7647 “ 4 (-03+ j05) = = = - 0.006656 - j 0.000261) 42.0588 - j 76.7647 Byg = ye wate = 2,3andq =1,2,3;p#q. You _ __=10+j20__ 9.3405 4 jo.0173) Bu = > ~ 320588 — /56.7647Load Flow Studies 91 | y, — 22.0588 +j36.7647 = Yon = =22.0588 +/367647 _ 9.6574 -j 0.0 Bam Yo Sanses—jse76e7 ~ peor y, 20 +40) Bus = { J40) _ 0.5105 + 0.01919) 3 | y, ~ 22.0588 +36.7647 oo Sang S22 ETON | - Ba You 42.0588 —j76.7647 ~ © 94894 -40.019193) A, Vi = <3. - By Vi -Brs VS 7 (wy _ 0.001162 ~ j0.004179 1 = 1.014762 - j0.004871 = 1.01477 Z- 0.275° p.u. As @y __ (-0.006656 - 0.000261) 1 (1.01476 - j0.004871) = (1.04 ~ j0.02269) p.u. = 1.04025 2Z- 1.25° p.u. pblem 2.2. The power system network shown in figure 2.12. Each line has a series impedance of (0,02 + j0.08) p.u. and a total shunt admittance of j0.02 p.u. The specifiead quantities of the buses are given in the figure. A controllable reactive power source is available at bus 3, with the constraint O< Qg3 $1.5 p.u. Using the Gauss-Seidel method, find the voltage at bus ‘2’ and ‘3’ after the fitst iteration. | © 2 20. es (06-/.3)p.u. = (- 0.3425 + 0.0173) (1.04) - (- 0.6574 - j0.0173)1 By Vi - By Vi ~ (0.5105 + j0.01919) (1.04) - (- 0.4894 - j0.01919) x | ® | 4© 85=(15-P6pu. | Qos Vy 1= 1.04 pu. Fig. 2.1292__Electrical Power Sustem Analysis Sol. ‘Let bus (1) is slack bus bus (2) is load bus bus (3) is PV bus Using the nominal x model for the wansmission lines, the elements of Y,, are computed as : Series admittance of each line 1 ~ 002 + j008 The elements of Yp,, are given by self admittances. | , jo. n= ¥y 2 ¥y = 2 [ass spn64+/ 7 (2.941 - j11.764) p.u. = 5,882 - 23.508 p.u Mutual admittances Y\p = Yo) = Ys) = Yi3 = You = Yup =~ 2.941 + 11.764) pu. Assume V, = 1.0 20° = 1.0 +70 and 5, = 0°. Bus voltages are calculated as At Bus (2) wee Bo y a | (v3) = 1 __.| 506405 {(-2.9414+ 11.764) x 102 + (- 2.941 + 11.764) x 104}] 5882 — 723508| 10-j0 = (1.012427 - 0.0212) p.u. For Bus (3) OY? == ff) fr V+ Yaa OP +¥e PY] = —Im[1.04 {(- 2.941 + j1l.764) x 1.02 20°}) + (2.941 + j11.764) (1.0124427 = j0.0212) + (5.882 - j23.508) (1.04 20°)}) = 0.4953764 p.u. Q = Qo, - Qu, = 0.4953 + Qo, = 0.4953 + Qu, = 0.4953 + 0.6 = 1.0953 p.u.Load Flow Studies 93 i.e.,|within specified limits. Therefore, bus (3) is acting as a generator bus and \Q") satisifies the constraint nce, | a a), West te te Venue} i 1 5882 - j23508 | [eee = {(- 2.941 + j11.764) 1.02 + (- 2941+ j11.764) (LOL24 - jom}] = 1.02465 Z- 4.01 p.u. 2} VY = Vsspce 284 = 1.041 2- 4.01" pu. , 2.3, Repeat the problem 2.2, if the reactive power constraint on generator 3 is 0S Qc, sl Sol. Since Qg, calculated in problem 2.2 corresponding to initial specified voltage V3 = 1.04 + j0 is 1.0953 p.u., which is greater than the maximum specified limit. Hence Qa, is set equal to Qo, max ie.,|Qg, = 1.0 pu. Bus 3, therefore, becomes a PQ bus from a PV bus. Therefore, | V3 | can no longer remain fixed at 1.04 p.u. The value of V5 at the end of the first iteration is calculated as follows : @ote: V9 = 1 + j0 by virtue of a flat start) | vp = 2b | =/G Ty, y+ ¥n Vs) Ys L Vs a 5882 — 723508 1+j0 = 1.0156 ~ j0.0652 = 1.01769 2- 3.67° pu. [=e 2.941 + j11.764) x 1.02 + (— 2.941 + j11.764) = ay94 Electrical Power System Analysis Problem 2.4, The power system shown in figure 2.13 each line has series impedance of (0.03 + 0.07) p.u. and shunt admittance of j0.01 p.u. The specified quantities at buses are also shown, Determine the element of Jacobian matrix by rectangular co-ordinate formulation of N-R method. V4 71.0220 p.u. 8.=-06+/03 pu. @ a..215-5pu ca vy 1= 1.04 pa. Fig. 2.13 Sol. | V3 | = 1.04 p.u. Bus (1) : Swing bus, V, = 1.02 0 pu. Bus (2): PQbus, —P, -jQ, = - 0.6 + 0.3 Bus (3) : PV bus, = (10.345 - j24.128) pu. And mutual admittances ¥py 1 ~~ 003 + 7007 = - 5.172 + j12.069 10345 - j24128 — 5172 + j12.069 -5172 + 12.069 Yous = G -jB =|-55172 + j12.069 10345 - j24128 - 5172 + 12.069 55172 + 12.069 -5172 + j12.069 10345 - j24.128 Gy, = Gay = G33 = 10.345 p.u.Load Flow Studies 95 | By, = By = Byy = 24.128 p.u. | Gy = Gy, = Gy = Gy = Gy = Gy = 5.172 piu. | By) = By, = By, = By; = By; = Bz; = - 12.069 p.u. tep 2. Assume that V2 = 1.0 + j0.0 = e) + jf and 8) = V, = 1.02 + 0.0 p.u. (specified) Now, V3 = 1.04 + 0.0 pu. =e; +i $tep 3. For the power system the performance equation in matrix form is, AP, ‘Ae, AP, Ae, 3G] > ah | | As Af, AP, AP, or | ola AQ, AY, where J,, Ja, J3, Ja. Js and J, are Jacobian matrices Off-diagonal elements of J,, Fen = & Soa ~ Sa Sond #P ae, aP, — =¢,G,,-/,G-. st 728 -fGe = 1x- 5.172 -0 = - 5.172 p.u. ay = =e,G,, -7,G. Jer 702 0n AiG 1.04 x- 5.172 - 0 = - 5.379 pu. [Diagonal elements of J2 | ap, . | Tr, Bon top + dp > am = e,B. G. op Ta Ba thGn th96 Electrical Power System Analysis = 1 24.128 + 0 + 0.73414 = 24.862 oP, Ae +fGy + h 3 Bys + fy Gas + 5 = 1.04 x 24.128 + 0 - 0.71374 = 24.379 Off-diagonal elements of J, ap, Th Be Bee 040 ap, So = 6 By + fB. af 7 2B +hBa = 1.0 ( 12.069) + 0 = - 12.069 ap, 2 = 6, By + fB. 3g, Ba tBu = 1.04 x (~ 12.069) + 0 = - 12.55176 Diagonal elements of J, From equation (2.49) and from equation (2.50) Fe Ont Se = eBa thGn = = 1.0 x 24.128 + 0- 0.73414 = 23.374 Cy =e Gyp +55 Bry + Dies Gog + Sy Boa 3 C1 = 4:6 +4:Bus + 4,6 + 4Gn +4 Ba +h Bo (s p =1is a slack bus) = 1% 10.345 +0 + 1.02 x 5.172 x 1.04x -5.172+0+0 = - 0.309 Cy = 0) G3 + By + 41Gn + Gea +f Bai +h Ba = 1.04 x 10.345 + 0 + 1.02 x - 5.172 + 1x-5.172+0+0 Cy = 0.31136 4, = by Gm ~ Bm + D (fe Ge Br) 4 $| Load Flow Studies 97 4s = fr Gn ~ €2 Bux = (fh Gar + Sy Gry ~ 1 Bry ~ €) Bas) ~ 1x 24.128 + 0 + 0- 1.02 x - 12.069 - 1.04 x - 12.069 .73414 ds = fy Gry ~ €)Bs + fi Guy + fp Gan ~ 1 Bot ~ 262 ~ 1.04 x 24.128 + 0 + 0- 1.02x - 12.069 - 1 x - 12.069 0.71374. | Now Diagonal elements of J, are a, &> Spe Sr Bon = Cp a, Fe oo Gy fh By +C Set = 62Gn“hBn Cr = 1x 10.35 - 0 + (- 0.309) = 10.041 ap, ae = e;G33 + Cy 04 x 10.345 + 0.31136 1.07016 Off-diagonal elements of J. 2Q, st = 6, Bog + Sp Gq G#P a 2 = 0B; + Gs Bey = 1x ~ 12.069 = - 12.069 p.u. | Diagonal elements of J, ag = =f, By -¢,G,, +C, Bh, 8m Se + Cp a oa = frBu2~ €; Gn + Cr =0- 1.0 x 10.128 + (- 0.309) = - 10.437 Off-diagonal elements of J,. 2Q = 1p - Gog + Sp Gog 9#P fy98 Electrical Power System Analysis a Se ma Gn +h On =-1x-5.172 = 5.172 pu. Diagonal elements of J alvel a, de, 3] Vs | Oy Off-diagonal elements of J, = 2x 1.04 = 2.08 av, 3a, Diagonal elements of J, av, af, Off-diagonal elements of J, Min Jacobian matrix 10.041 - $172 12069" += 10.43; 2.08 or Problem 2.5. For the problem 2.4, determine the Jacobian matrix and the unknown values at the end of first iteration using polar co-ordinate method. Sol. Bus (1) is a swing bus V, = 1.02 20 p.u. Bus (2) P-Q, bus P; - JQ = (- 0.6 + j0.3) pu. Bus (3) P-V bus with P; =~ 1.5 p.u. I V3 | = 1.04 pu. The elements of Ypus are Yu. = Yn =Y55 = 26.252 2- 66.8° p.u. Yip = Yuu = Yop = Yuu = Yos = Yoo = 13-13 2113.2? pu. Opp = 66.8° and 8), = ~ 113.2°Load Flow Studies 99 Let us assuming, V> = 1.0 20° p.u. iB. | Vq | = 1.058) = 0°, 3) = 0° From equation (2.75) and (2.80(a)] the real and reactive powers at the buses are given by Py = Gay | V2 |? + | Vo | EL Yar | | Vi | €08 2 + 8 -8:) + | Yas | | Vs | c08( Ors + 8,-53)] = 10.345 x 1? + 1,0 [13.13 x 1.02 cos (- 113.2 + 0-0) + 13.13 x 1.04 x cos (- 113.2 + 0-0)] 0.31 p.u. Similarly, Py = Gay | V3 |? + | Va | [¥51 V; 608 (13 + 85 - 8) + Yas Vo €05 (@yy + 83 - 8,)] = 10.345 x (1.04)? + 1.04 x (13.13 x 1.02 cos (- 113.2 + 0-0) + 13.13 x 1 cos (- 113.2 + 0- 0)] = 10.345 x 1.0816 + 1.04 [- 10.448] = 0.323 p.u. Qs = Br | Va [? + Val¥a1 Vi sin (Gq, + 8 ~ 8) + Yas Vs sin (Oss + 8; - 55)1 = 24,128 x 1? + 1.0 [13.13 x 1.02 sin (- 113.2 + 0-0) + 13.13 x 1.04 sin (- 113.2 +0-0)) = 24.128 + (- 24.8605) = - 0.733 p.u. | Similarly, Qs = By; | Vs [? + Vs L¥a1 Vi sin B13 + 8: -8,) + Yoo Va sin (Gs + 8; - 8)1 = 24,128 x 1.047 + 1.04 [13.13 x 1.02 sin (- 113.2) + 13.13 x 1 x sin (- 113.2)] 6.0968 - 24.378 = 1.719 pu. | Therefore, the change in real and reactive powers are AP, -06~(-031) -029 So Ap,| =| -15-0323 | = |-1823 | 4a] [-03-(-0733)} | 0.433 The elements of the Jacobean are calculated as follows : * =-Q) + By | V2 |? = 0.733 + 24.128x 1? a = 24,861 BP 35 Q) + Bss | V5 |? = 1.719 + 24.128 x 1.047 = 27.816 aimage not availableimage not availableaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page 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