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For Loops: 15-110 Summer 2010 Margaret Reid-Miller

The document discusses for loops and their structure. A for loop includes an initialize statement, a boolean expression, and an update statement. It executes the initialize statement first, then checks the boolean expression and executes the loop body if it is true, before executing the update statement. For loops are useful when the number of iterations is known in advance.

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113 views12 pages

For Loops: 15-110 Summer 2010 Margaret Reid-Miller

The document discusses for loops and their structure. A for loop includes an initialize statement, a boolean expression, and an update statement. It executes the initialize statement first, then checks the boolean expression and executes the loop body if it is true, before executing the update statement. For loops are useful when the number of iterations is known in advance.

Uploaded by

sike1977
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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For Loops

15-110 Summer 2010


Margaret Reid-Miller
The for Loop
•  Another loop statement, for, is best for when you
can determine in advance how many times you need
to execute the loop (counting loop).

•  The for statement includes the three parts needed


for loops: initialize, test, and update.
•  All this information is conveniently placed at the
beginning of the loop.

•  All three loop statements (while, do, and for) are


functionally equivalent.

Summer 2010 15-110 (Reid-Miller) 2


The for statement
•  The form of the for statement is
for (<initialize>; <boolean_expression>; <update>)
<statement>

•  First, the initialize statement is executed.


•  If boolean_expression evaluates to true, then
statement (body of loop) is executed, followed by the
update statement.
•  The loop repeats until the boolean_expression
evaluates to false.

Summer 2010 15-110 (Reid-Miller) 3


The for statement
•  The form of the for statement is
for (<initialize>; <boolean_expression>; <update>)
<statement>

•  It is equivalent to

<initialize>;
while (<boolean_expression>) {
<statement>
<update>; executed after
} statement
(body of loop)
Summer 2010 15-110 (Reid-Miller) 4
The for Flowchart
initialize

false
boolean_expression

update true

statement
(body of loop)

Summer 2010 15-110 (Reid-Miller) 5


A for Loop Example
n=4
!int sum = 0;! sum i
!for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {! 0
! !sum += i*i;! 1
!}! i <= n ?
1
!System.out.println(sum);!
2
i <= n ?
5
Which variable is the loop
3
control variable? i <= n ?
14
4
i <= n ?
30
5
i <= n ?
Summer 2010 15-110 (Reid-Miller) 6
Another for Loop Example
n = 11
sum i
!int sum = 0;! 0
!for (int i = 1; i <= n; i+=3) {! 1
! !sum += i;! i <= n ?
1
!}!
4
!System.out.println(sum);! i <= n ?
5
7
i <= n ?
12
10
i <= n ?
22
13
i <= n ?
Summer 2010 15-110 (Reid-Miller) 7
Scope

•  The scope of a variable is the area within a program that


can reference the variable.
•  The scope depends on where the variable is declared.!

!int sum = 0;!


!for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {!
Scope of
! !sum += i*i;!
!}!
variable i
!System.out.println(sum);!

Summer 2010 15-110 (Reid-Miller) 8


Scope
!int sum = 0;!
!int i;!
!for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {!
! !sum += i*i;! Scope of
!}! variable i
!System.out.println(“Sum of first “ + (i-1)!
! + “ integers squared is “ + sum);!

Summer 2010 15-110 (Reid-Miller) 9


Nested Loops
•  A loop can have another loop inside of it.
•  For each iteration of the outside loop, the inside loop
runs completely.
•  Often it is easiest to read from the inside out.
•  Example:
How many lines are printed?
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {!
for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {!
System.out.println(i + " " + j);!
}!
} What happens if we
write println(i + j)?
Summer 2010 15-110 (Reid-Miller) 10
Palindromes
•  A palindrome is word, phrase, or sequence that reads
the same backwards as forwards.

•  Example: Bob by Weird Al Yankovic


(A parody of Bob Dylan's Subterranean Homesick
Blues)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nej4xJe4Tdg

How would you test whether a string is a palindrome?

Summer 2010 15-110 (Reid-Miller) 11


Which Loops?
•  for loops are more natural when we know how many
iterations we need (definite or counting loops).
Examples:
•  Print "*" 10 times
•  Print the even numbers between 10 and the value of n
•  while and do loops are more natural when we want
to keep looping until some outcome (indefinite or
result controlled loops).
Examples:
•  Prompt the user until the user inputs the data in the correct
form.
•  Continue looping until we reached a million dollars.
Summer 2010 15-110 (Reid-Miller) 12

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