STATISTICS-I

PRACTICAL PROBLEMS

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

1) Fit a Binomial Distribution for the following data.

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f 0 4 13 28 42 20 6 2

Solution: - Aim: - P(X=x) =ncx px qn-x ; x=0,1,2,…. ; p+q=1

= 0 ; otherwise
Where n,p are parameters of the distribution.
𝑿
Mean = 𝑿 = np => 𝒑 = => 𝒒=1-𝒑
𝒏
𝒇𝒙
Where 𝑿=
𝒇
Calculations:- First we have to calculate about mean
X f fx
Here n=7 0 0 0
𝒇𝒙 𝟒𝟑𝟐 1 4 4
Mean =𝑿= = = 3.756
𝒇 𝟏𝟏𝟓
2 13 26
𝑿 𝟑.𝟕𝟓𝟔
But 𝒑 = = = 0.536 3 28 84
𝒏 𝟕
 𝒒=1-𝒑 = 1-0.536=0.464 4 42 168
5 20 100
6 6 36
X f Probability Expected Frequency 7 2 14
P(X=x) =ncx px qn-x = N. P(X=x) 115 432
0 0 0.004630 0.532≅1
1 4 0.037443 4.305≈4
2 13 0.129759 14.922≅15
3 28 0.249824 28.729≅29
4 42 0.288589 33.187≅33
5 20 0.200022 23.002≅23
6 6 0.77020 8.857≅9
7 2 0.012710 1.461≅1
115 115
 Result: - P(X=x) =7cx (0.536)x (0.464)7-x x=0,1,2,….7

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f0 0 4 13 28 42 20 6 2
fe 1 4 15 29 33 23 9 1

2) Fit a Binomial Distribution for the following data by Recurrence Method.

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f 5 9 22 29 36 25 10 3 1

Solution: - Aim: - To fit a Binomial Distribution by recurrence method.

𝒏−𝒙 𝒑
Formulae:- P(X+1)= * P(X)
𝒙+𝟏 𝒒

𝒇𝒙 𝑿
P ((0) = qn 𝑿= 𝒑= => 𝒒=1-𝒑
𝒇 𝒏
𝒇𝒙 𝟒𝟗𝟖 𝑿
𝑿= = = 3.557 => 𝒑 = = 0.446 => 𝒒=0.554
𝒇 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒏

Calculations:- First we have to calculate about mean

X f fx
0 5 0
1 9 9
2 22 44
3 29 87
4 36 144
5 25 125
6 10 60
7 3 21
8 1 8
104 498
X f probability Expected Frequency
𝒏−𝒙 𝒑 = N. P(X=x)
P(X+1)= * P(X)
𝒙+𝟏 𝒒
0 5 0.008873 1.24≈1
1 9 0.057145 8.00≈8
2 22 0.1610187 22.54≈23
3 29 0.259256 36.29≈36
4 36 0.2608915 36.52≈37
5 25 0.1680245 23.52≈24
6 10 0.067634 9.46≈9
7 3 0.015568 2.17≈2
8 1 0.001565 0.21≈0
140 140

Result:-

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f0 5 9 22 29 36 25 10 3 1
fe 1 8 23 36 37 24 9 2 0

POISSON DISTRIBUTION
1) Fit a Poisson distribution to the following data with respect to the
number of red blood corpuscles (X). Find expected values also.

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f 162 193 115 83 44 24 19 8 2

Solution: - Aim: - To fit a Poisson distribution by direct method.

𝒆−𝝀
Formulae:P(X=x)= 𝝀𝒙 ; 𝑿 =
𝒙!

𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐 … (𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: − 𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝝀 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓)

= 0 ; otherwise
Mean = Variance =𝝀
𝒇𝒙
Mean = 𝑿 = 𝝀 Where 𝑿=
𝒇
 Calculations:- First we have to calculate about mean.
𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟒
Here, Mean = 𝑿 = 𝝀 = =1.775
𝟔𝟓𝟎
X f fx
0 162 0
1 193 193
2 115 230
3 83 249
4 44 176
5 24 120
6 19 114
7 8 56
8 2 16
650 1154
X f probability Expected Frequency
𝒆−𝝀 = N. P(X=x)
P(X=x)= 𝝀𝒙 ;
𝒙!
0 162 0.169483 110.16≈
1 193 0.300833 195.54≈
2 115 0.266989 173.54≈
3 83 0.157969 102.68≈
4 44 0.070099 45.56≈
5 24 0.024885 16.18≈
6 19 0.007362 4.79≈
7 8 0.001867 1.21≈
8 2 0.000414 0.27≈
650 650

𝒆−𝟏.𝟕𝟕𝟓∗ (𝟏.𝟕𝟕𝟓)𝒙
Result: - P(X=x) = for x=0, 1, 2…8
𝒙!

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f0 162 193 115 83 44 24 19 8 2
fe 129 208 169 91 37 12 3 1 0
 2) For the arrival of the patients at a doctor’s clinic has obtained the
following distribution for 445 days. Fit a Poisson distribution for the
following data by recurrence method.

No. of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
patients(x)
No. of 153 169 72 31 12 6 2
days

Solution: - Aim: - To fit a Poisson distribution by recurrence method.

−𝝀
Formulae: - P(X=x) = 𝒆𝒙! 𝝀𝒙 ; X= 0, 1, 2….
=0 ; otherwise
𝝀
Recurrence formula = P(X+1) = p(x)
𝒙+𝟏
𝒇𝒙
Calculation: - Here Mean=𝑿 = 𝝀 = =1.114 X f fx
𝒇
0 153 0
We have 𝝀 =1.114 1 169 169
−𝝀 2 72 144
Therefore P (0) = 𝒆𝟎! 𝝀𝟎 = 𝒆−𝝀 = 𝒆−𝟏.𝟏𝟏𝟒 =0.3282
3 31 93
4 12 48
5 6 30
6 2 12
445 496

X f 𝝀 probability Expected Frequency

𝝀 = N*P(X=x)
𝒙+𝟏 P(X=x) = P(X+1) = p(x)
𝒙+𝟏
0 153 1.114 0.3282 146.04≈146
1 169 0.557 0.3656 162.69≈163
2 72 0.3713 0.2036 90.60≈91
3 31 0.2785 0.0756 33.64≈34
4 12 0.2228 0.0211 9.38≈9
5 6 0.1857 0.0047 2.09≈2
6 2 0.1591 0.0009 0.40≈0
445 445
 𝒆−𝟏.𝟏𝟏𝟒∗ (𝟏.𝟏𝟏𝟒)𝒙
Result: - P(X=x) = for x=0, 1, 2…6
𝒙!

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
f0 153 169 72 31 12 6 2
fe 146 163 91 34 9 2 0

NEGATIVE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

1) A blood bank collects B-negative blood samples only. The probability of getting B-
negative blood is ‘P’ and is treated as success. It takes only one bottle of blood from
one person and purchases ‘5’ bottles per day. The failures of 400 days before getting
5th bottle of blood of this kind were recorded as follows:

No. of failures(Not getting B- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

negative blood)
No. of days 131 131 79 37 14 5 2 1
Fit a Negative binomial distribution using direct method.

Solution: - Aim: - To fit a negative binomial distribution by direct method.

𝒇𝒙 𝒓𝒒 2= 𝒇𝒙𝟐 𝒓𝒒
Formulae: - Mean =𝑿= = ; Variance = 𝝈 - (𝑿)2 = ;
𝒇 𝒑 𝒇 𝒑𝟐

𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 x+r-1
𝒑 = 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 ; 𝒒 = 1-𝒑 P(X) = Cr-1 pr qx

Calculations: - About Mean

X f fx fx2
0 131 0 0
Here r= 5 , 𝑿= 1.25 , 𝝈2 = 1.5625 1 131 131 131
2 79 158 316
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝑿
 𝒑 = 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = = 0.8 3 37 111 333
𝝈𝟐
4 14 56 224
 𝒒 = 0.2
5 5 25 125
6 2 12 72
7 1 7 49
400 500 1250
 X f probability Expected Frequency
x+r-1
P(X) = Cr-1 pr qx = N*P(X)
0 131 0.3276 131.04 ≈131
1 131 0.3276 131.04 ≈131
2 79 0.1966 78.64 ≈79
3 37 0.0917 36.68 ≈37
4 14 0.036 14.4 ≈14
5 5 0.01321 5.284 ≈5
6 2 0.004404 1.7616 ≈2
7 1 0.001384 0.5536 ≈1
400 400

x+5-1
Result:- P(X) = ( C5-1 ) (0.8)5(0.2)x

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f0 131 131 79 37 14 5 2 1
fe 131 131 79 37 14 5 2 1
 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

1) A blood bank collects B-negative blood samples only. The probability of getting B-negative blood is ‘P’
and is treated as success. It takes only one bottle of blood from one person and purchases ‘5’ bottles
th
per day. The failures of 400 days before getting 5 bottle of blood of this kind were recorded as
follows:

No. of failures(Not getting B-negative 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

blood)
No. of days 131 131 79 37 14 5 2 1

Fit a Negative binomial distribution using direct method.

Solution: - Aim: - To fit a negative binomial distribution by direct method.

2= 2=
Formulae: - Mean = = = ; Variance = -( ;

2
x+r-1 r x
X f fx fx
= ; = 1- P(X) = Cr-1 p q 0 131 0 0
1 131 131 131
Calculations: - About Me 2 79 158 316
3 37 111 333
2
Here r= 5 , = 1.25 , = 1.5625 4 14 56 224
5 5 25 125
6 2 12 72
 = = = 0.8 7 1 7 49
400 500 1250
 = 0.2

X f probability Expected Frequency

P(X) = x+r-1 Cr-1 pr qx = N*P(X)
0 131 0.3276 131.04 ≈131
1 131 0.3276 131.04 ≈131
2 79 0.1966 78.64 ≈79
3 37 0.0917 36.68 ≈37
4 14 0.036 14.4 ≈14
5 5 0.01321 5.284 ≈5
6 2 0.004404 1.7616 ≈2
7 1 0.001384 0.5536 ≈1
400 400

x+5-1 5 x
Result:- P(X) = ( C5-1 ) (0.8) (0.2)

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f0 131 131 79 37 14 5 2 1
fe 131 131 79 37 14 5 2 1
 GEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
1) Every day a student walks from his home to road and requests a two wheeler rider going on the road
towards his college for lift. Number of riders he requested to get lift, for 200 days, are recorded as
follows. Fit a geometric distribution.

No .of riders that 1 2 3 4 5 6

he requested(X)

No .of days (f) 140 42 12 3 2 1

Solution: - Aim: - To fit a geometric distribution.

𝒇𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
Formulae: - Here P(X) = pq (x-1); x=0, 1, 2…. 𝑿= But 𝑿= => 𝒑 =
𝑿 X f fx
𝒇 𝒑

and 𝒒 = 1- 𝒑 1 140 140

2 42 84
𝒇𝒙 𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝟏 𝟏 3 12 36
Calculation: - 𝑿= = = 1.44 𝒑 = = = 0.6944 4 3 12
𝒇 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏.𝟒𝟒
5 2 10
𝐪 = 1- 𝒑 =1-0.6944= 0.3056 6 1 6
200 288

X f fx probability Expected frequency

P(X) = pq (x-1); = N* P(X)
1 140 140 0.6944 138.88 ≈139
2 42 84 0.2122 42.44 ≈ 42
3 12 36 0.0648 12.96 ≈13
4 3 12 0.0198 3.96 ≈ 4
5 2 10 0.0061 1.22 ≈1
6 1 6 0.0027 0.54 ≈1
200 288 200

Result: -

X 1 2 3 4 5 6
f0 140 42 12 3 2 1
fe 139 42 13 4 1 1
 2) A thief steals stereo-systems from the parked cars. Every morning he starts searching parked cars until
he gets a car with stereo system. Then, he steals the stereo-system and calls it a day. The probability
that a parked car has a stereo system is P and it is treated as success. The distribution of failures before
getting a stereo-system for 100 days., is obtained as

No .of failures(X) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
No .of days (f) 40 24 15 9 5 3 2 1 1

Fit a geometric distribution for the data by recurrence method.

Solution: - Aim: - To fit a geometric distribution by recurrence method.

Formulae: - P(X) = pq (x-1); x=0, 1, 2….
P(X+1) = q x+1 p; x= 0, 1, 2……

𝒇𝒙 𝒒 𝟏−𝒑
𝑿= But 𝑿= = Recurrence formula is P(X+1) =𝒒 P(X)
𝒇 𝒑 𝒑
𝟏
 p= and 𝐪 = 1- 𝒑
𝟏+𝑿

𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬:-
𝒇𝒙 𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝑿= = = 1.43 p= = = 0.4115 q= 1-0.4115 = 0.5885
𝒇 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏+𝑿 𝟏+𝟏.𝟒𝟑
X f fx probability Expected frequency
0 40 0 0.4115 41.15 ≈ 41
1 24 24 0.2422 24.22 ≈24
2 15 30 0.1425 14.25 ≈14
3 9 27 0.0839 8.39 ≈ 8
4 5 20 0.0494 4.94 ≈ 5
5 3 15 0.0291 2.91 ≈3
6 2 12 0.0171 1.71 ≈2
7 1 7 0.0101 1.01 ≈1
8 1 8 0.0142 1.42 ≈1
100 143 100

Result:-

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f0 40 24 15 9 5 3 2 1 1
fe 41 24 15 8 5 3 2 1 1
 HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION

Out of 20 packages to be dispatched by a mail-room Clerk eight are to be sent by air mail and the rest by surface
mail. The packages got mixed up thoroughly. Five of the packages are selected randomly. The distribution of
packages marked for air mail getting into the chosen five packages, observed over period of 100 days is

X 0 1 2 3 4 5
f 7 22 45 20 5 1

Solution: - Aim: - Fit a hyper geometric distribution.

M N-M
Formulae: - P(X=x) = CX C n-x
N
Cn

Calculation: - N= Total no. of packages to be dispatched = 20

M= No. of packages to be sent by air mail = 8

n= No. of packages to be selected = 5

N-M = No. of packages to be sent by surface mail = 12

X f probability Expected frequency

P(X=x) = MCX
N-M
C n-x = N* P(X)
N
Cn
0 7 0.0510835 5.10 ≈5
1 22 0.255417 25.54 ≈26
2 45 0.397316 39.73 ≈40
3 20 0.238390 23.83 ≈24
4 5 0.054179 5.41 ≈5
5 1 0.003611 0.36 ≈1
100 100

Result: -

X 0 1 2 3 4 5
f0 7 22 45 20 5 1
fe 5 26 40 24 5 0
 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
1) Fit a Normal distribution for the following data by areas method.
Class 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-100
Frequency 3 21 150 335 326 135 26 4

Solution: - Aim: - To fit a Normal distribution by areas method.

𝒇𝒙 𝒇𝒙𝟐
Formulae: - 𝑿= 𝝈= − √ ( ( ▒𝒇𝒙)/𝑵 )2 ( Write S.D formula)
𝒇 𝑵

Where = µ = Mean = 𝑿 𝝈 = S.D

Calculations: -

C.I f X fx fx2
60-65 3 62.5 187.5 11718.75
65-70 21 67.5 1417.5 95681.25
70-75 150 72.5 10875.0 788437.5
75-80 335 77.5 25962.5 2012093.75
80-85 326 82.5 26895.0 2218837.5
85-90 135 87.5 11812.5 1033593.75
90-95 26 92.5 2405.0 222462.5
95-100 4 97.5 390.0 38025.0
1000 79945 6420850.0

𝒇𝒙 𝟕𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟓 𝒇𝒙𝟐
Mean= 𝑿 = = = 79.945 𝝈= − √ ( ( ▒𝒇𝒙)/𝑵 )2 = 5.445
𝒇 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵

Normal distribution takes values from -∞ to +∞ . Hence the problem is modified as

C.I f Lower Z=X’ -µ Area ∆ φ(Z) = f(X) = N* ∆ φ(Z)
Limit(X) 𝝈 φ(Z) φ(z+1)- φ(Z)
−∞ 𝐭𝐨 𝟔𝟎 0 −∞ −∞ 0 0.0001 0.1≈0
60-65 3021 60 -3.6629 0.0001 0.003 3≈3
65-70 150 65 -2.7447 0.0031 0.0313 31.3≈31
70-75 335 70 -1.8264 0.0344 0.1497 149.7≈150
75-80 326 75 -0.9081 0.1841 0.3199 319.9≈320
80-85 135 80 0.0101 0.5040 0.3172 317.2≈317
85-90 26 85 0.9283 0.8212 0.1459 145.9≈146
90-95 4 90 1.8466 0.9671 0.03 30≈30
95-100 0 95 2.7649 0.9971 0.0028 2.8≈3
100 to ∞ 100 3.6831 0.9999
1000 1000
 Result: -

C.I. −∞ 𝐭𝐨 𝟔𝟎 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-100 100 to ∞
f0 0 3 21 150 335 326 135 26 4 0
fe 0 3 31 150 320 317 146 30 3

2) Fit a Normal Distribution for the following data by ordinates method.

C.I. 150-160 160-170 170-180 180-190 190-200 200-210 210-220 220-230 230-240
F 9 24 51 66 72 48 21 6 3

Solution: - Aim: - To fit Normal distribution by ordinates method.

𝒇𝒙 𝒇𝒙𝟐
Formulae: - 𝑿= 𝝈= − √ ( ( ▒𝒇𝒙)/𝑵 )2 (Write S.D formula)
𝒇 𝑵

Where Mean = µ = 𝑿 𝝈 = S.D and Z= X- µ

Calculations: -

C.I. f x fx fx2
150-160 9 155 1395 216225
160-170 24 165 3960 653400
170-180 51 175 8925 156187
180-190 66 185 12210 2258850
190-200 72 195 14040 2737800
200-210 48 205 9840 2017200
210-220 21 215 4515 970725
220-230 6 225 1350 303750
230-240 3 235 705 165675
300 56940 10885500

𝒇𝒙 𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟒𝟎
Mean = µ = 𝑿 = = = 189.8
𝒇 𝟑𝟎𝟎

𝒇𝒙𝟐
𝝈= 𝑵
− √ ( ( ▒𝒇𝒙)/𝑵 )2 = 16.15
C.I. X I Z = X- µ I Ordinate f(x)= N* φ(Z) *h
𝝈 Value φ(Z) 𝝈
150-160 155 2.15 0.0396 7.36 ≈ 7
160-170 165 1.537 0.1238 23.02 ≈23
170-180 175 0.917 0.2637 49.03 ≈49
180-190 185 0.297 0.3825 71.13 ≈71
190-200 195 0.322 0.3790 70.5 ≈71
200-210 205 0.942 0.2565 47.70 ≈ 48
210-220 215 1.562 0.1182 21.98 ≈22
220-230 225 2.181 0.0371 6.89 ≈7
230-240 235 2.80 0.0079 1.5 ≈2
300

Result: -

C.I. 150-160 160-170 170-180 180-190 190-200 200-210 210-220 220-230 230-240
f0 9 24 51 66 72 48 21 6 3
fe 7 23 49 71 71 48 22 7 2

EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION
The study of divorced cases in the western countries, the following distribution is obtained for the time interval
(in years) between the day of their marriage and day of their divorce.

No .of years 0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15 & above

No. of persons 190 70 25 10 4 1
Fit an exponential distribution.

Solution: - Aim: - To fit an exponential distribution.

𝒇𝒙 𝟏
Formulae: - Mean= 𝑿= 𝒇
; 𝜽 =𝑿

P (a<X<b) = e –θ.a – e-θ.b Where ‘a’ is the lower limit and ‘b’ is the upper limit.

Calculation: -

No .of years No .of persons Midvalue(X) fX

0-3 190 1.5 285
3-6 70 4.5 315
6-9 25 7.5 187.5
9-12 10 10.5 105
12-15 4 13.5 54
15 & above 1 16.5 16.5
300
 𝒇𝒙 𝟗𝟔𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝑿= = = 3.21 𝜽 = = = 0.3115
𝒇 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟑.𝟐𝟏

No .of years No .of persons P (a<X<b) Expected frequency

0-3 190 0.6072 182.16 ≈182
3-6 70 0.2385 71.55 ≈72
6-9 25 0.0937 28.11 ≈28
9-12 10 0.0368 11.04 ≈11
12-15 4 0.0145 4.35 ≈4
15 & above 1 0.0093 2.79 ≈3
300 300

Result: -

No .of years 0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15& above

f0 190 70 25 10 4 1
fe 182 72 28 11 4 3

CAUCHY DISTRIBUTION
1) In air force operations, suppose a pilot-less helicopter is flying at 1 KM height from the origin.
It has a sophisticated machine gun which identifies the enemy crossing the border and fires at
−𝝅 𝝅
him. It can uniformly turn in between ( , ). It was reported that 200 terrorists were
𝟐 𝟐
killed at different places along the border as given below:
Distance No .of terrorists killed
-∞ to -25 2
-25 to -19 1
-19 to -13 2
-13 to-7 4
-7 to -1 41
-1 to 5 137
5 to 11 7
11 to 17 2
17 to 23 1
23 to +∞ 3
Fit Cauchy distribution.

Solution: - Aim: - To fit a Cauchy distribution.

𝟏 𝟏
Formulae: - F(X) = 𝟐 + 𝝅 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝑿) Where 𝝅 =180 0 P (a<X<b) = F(b) – F(a)
Calculation: -

Distance Frequency P(a<X<b) Expected frequency

-∞ to -25 2 0.0127 2.54 ≈3
-25 to -19 1 0.0040 0.8 ≈1
-19 to -13 2 0.007 1.4 ≈1
-13 to-7 4 0.0208 4.16 ≈4
-7 to -1 41 0.2048 40.96 ≈41
-1 to 5 137 0.6872 137.44 ≈137
5 to 11 7 0.0339 6.78 ≈7
11 to 17 2 0.0102 2.04 ≈2
17 to 23 1 0.0049 0.98 ≈1
23 to +∞ 3 0.0138 2.76 ≈3
200 200
Result:-

Distance Frequency Expected frequency

-∞ to -25 2 3
-25 to -19 1 1
-19 to -13 2 1
-13 to-7 4 4
-7 to -1 41 41
-1 to 5 137 137
5 to 11 7 7
11 to 17 2 2
17 to 23 1 1
23 to +∞ 3 3

2) In air force operations, suppose a pilot-less helicopter is flying at 5KM height and 2.5 KM away from the
origin to the right. It has a sophisticated machine gun which identifies the enemy crossing the border
−𝝅 𝝅
and fires at him. It can uniformly turn in between ( 𝟐 , 𝟐 ). It was reported that 1000 terrorists were
killed at different places along the border as given below:
Distance No. of terrorists killed
-∞ to -25 56
-25 to -20 14
-20 to -15 20
-15 to -10 13
-10 to -5 66
-5 to 0 165
0 to 5 300
5 to 10 160
10 to 15 60
15 to 20 38
20 to 25 20
25 to 30 12
30 to ∞ 58
Fit a Cauchy distribution.
Solution: - Aim: - To fit Cauchy distribution.

𝟏 𝟏 𝑿−𝒂
Formulae: - - F(X) = + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) Where 𝝅 =180 0 P (a<X<b) = F (b) – F (a)
𝟐 𝝅 𝒃

Calculation: -

Distance No. of terrorists killed P (a<X<b) = F (b) – F (a) Expected frequency

-∞ to -25 56 0.0572 57.2 ≈57
-25 to -20 14 0.0124 12.4 ≈12
-20 to -15 20 0.019 19 ≈19
-15 to -10 13 0.0325 32.5 ≈33
-10 to -5 66 0.0661 66.1 ≈66
-5 to 0 165 0.1652 165.2 ≈165
0 to 5 300 0.2952 295.2 ≈ 295
5 to 10 160 0.1652 165.2 ≈165
10 to 15 60 0.0661 66.1 ≈66
15 to 20 38 0.0325 32.5 ≈33
20 to 25 20 0.0189 18.9 ≈19
25 to 30 12 0.0125 12.5 ≈13
30 to ∞ 58 0.0572 57.2 ≈57
1000 1000

Result: -

Distance f0 fe
-∞ to -25 56 57
-25 to -20 14 12
-20 to -15 20 19
-15 to -10 13 33
-10 to -5 66 66
-5 to 0 165 165
0 to 5 300 295
5 to 10 160 165
10 to 15 60 66
15 to 20 38 33
20 to 25 20 19
25 to 30 12 13
30 to ∞ 58 57
 PROBLEMS ON MOMENTS

For the frequency distribution of scores in maths of 50 candidates selected at random from among those appearing at a

certain examination. Compute the first four moments about mean of distribution. Find also the corrected values of the
oments after Sheppard’s correction is applied.

Scores 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110

Frequency 1 0 0 1 1 2
Scores 110-120 120-130 130-140 140-150 150-160 160-170
Frequency 1 0 4 4 2 5
Scores 170-180 180-190 190-200 200-210 210-220 220-230
Frequency 10 11 4 1 1 2

Solution: - Aim: - To find moments about mean and applying Sheppard’s correction.

Formulae: - Central moments in terms of raw moments given by

2
µ2 = µ 2 1 - µ1 1

3
µ3 = µ3 1 - 3 µ2 1 µ1 1 + 2 µ 1 1

2 4
µ4 = µ4 1 - 4 µ 3 1 µ1 1 + 6 µ 2 1 µ1 1 - 3 µ 1 1
Raw moments are given by

1 1
µ1 = h * Σ fd µ3 = h 3 * Σ fd3
N N

1 1
µ2 = h 2 * Σ fd2 µ4 = h 4 * Σ fd4
N N

Sheppard’s corrections are given by

µ2( corrected) = µ2 - h2 / 12

µ4(corrected) = µ4 - h2 / 2 µ2 + 7 / 240 h4

Calculations: -

C.I f X di =Xi –A/h fd fd2 fd3 fd4

50-60 1 55 -8 -8 64 -512 4096
60-70 0 65 -7 0 0 0 0
70-80 0 75 -6 0 0 0 0
80-90 1 85 -5 -5 25 -125 625
90-100 1 95 -4 -4 16 -64 256
100-110 2 105 -3 -6 18 -54 162
110-120 1 115 -2 -2 4 -8 16
120-130 0 125 -1 0 0 0 0
130-140 4 135 0 0 0 0 0
140-150 4 145 1 4 4 4 4
150-160 2 155 2 4 8 16 32
160-170 5 165 3 15 45 135 405
170-180 10 175 4 40 160 640 2560
180-190 11 185 5 55 275 1375 6875
190-200 4 195 6 24 144 864 5184
200-210 1 205 7 7 49 343 2401
210-220 1 215 8 8 64 512 4096
220-230 2 225 9 18 162 1458 13122

50 150 1038 4584 39834

 Raw moments:-

1 1
µ1 1 = h * Σ fd = 10 * * 150 = 30
N 50

1 1
µ2 1 = h 2 * Σ fd2 = 100 * * 1038 = 2076
N 50

1 1
µ3 1 = h 3 * Σ fd3 = 1000 * * 4584 = 91,680
N 50

1 1
µ4 1 = h 4 * Σ fd4 = 10000 * * 39838 = 7,966,800
N 50

Central moments:-

2
µ2 = µ 2 1 - µ1 1 = 2076 - (30)2 = 2076 - 900 = 1176

3
µ3 = µ3 1 - 3 µ 2 1 µ1 1 + 2 µ 1 1 = 91860 -3(2076) (30) + 2(30)3 = -41,160

2 4
µ4 = µ4 1 - 4 µ31 µ11 + 6 µ21 µ11 - 3 µ11 = 7966,800 – 4(30) (91680) + 6 (900) (2076) – 3(30)4 = 5,745,600

Sheppard’s correction:-

µ2( corrected) = µ2 - h2 / 12 = 1167.67 µ4(corrected) = µ4 - h2 / 2 µ2 + 7 / 240 h4 = 5745,891.618

2) Calculate first four moments of the following distribution about mean and hence find β 1 and β2
 X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1

olution:- Aim:- To calculate moments about mean.

Calculations:-

X f di= Xi-A fd fd2 fd3 fd4

0 1 -4 -4 16 -64 256
1 8 -3 -24 72 -216 648
2 28 -2 -56 112 -224 448
3 56 -1 -56 56 -56 56
4 70 0 0 0 0 0
5 56 1 56 56 56 56
6 28 2 56 112 224 448
7 8 3 24 72 216 648
8 1 4 4 16 64 256
256 0 512 0 2816

Raw moments:-

1
µ1 1 = Σ fd = 1/250 * 0 = 0
N

1
µ2 1 = Σ fd2 = 1/256 *512 = 2
N

1
µ3 1 = Σ fd3 = 1/256 * 0 = 0
N

1
µ4 1 = Σ fd4 = 1/256 * 2816 = 11
N

Central moments:-
 2
µ2 = µ21 - µ11 = 2-0 = 2
3
µ3 = µ3 1 - 3 µ2 1 µ1 1 + 2 µ 1 1 = 0 – 3(0) (2) + 2(0) = 0
2 4
µ4 = µ4 1 - 4 µ 3 1 µ1 1 + 6 µ 2 1 µ1 1 - 3 µ1 1 = 11 – 4(0) (0) + 6 (2) (0) – 3(0) =11
2
β1 = µ3 / µ23 = 0

β2 = µ4 / µ22 = 11/4 = 2.75

3) Obtain Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skew ness for the following data.

Value 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40

f 6 8 17 21 15 11 12

Solution:- Aim:- To find Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skew ness for the following data.

Formulae:- Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skew ness SK is given by

Skew ness = 3(M-Md) / σ Where M = mean Md = median σ = standard deviation

 fidi  fidi 2
σ= h* √ -( )
N N

h h N
Mean = A + Σ fidi Md = l 1 + ( - c)
N f 2

 fidi  fidi 2
σ= h* √ -( )
N N

Calculations:-
 C.I f X C.F di =Xi –A/h fidi fidi2
5-10 6 7.5 6 -3 -18 54
10-15 8 12.5 14 -2 -16 32
15-20 17 17.5 31 -1 -17 17
20-25 21 22.5 52 0 0 0
25-30 15 27.5 67 1 15 44
30-35 11 32.5 78 2 22 88
35-40 12 37.5 80 3 6 18
80 180 -8 103

h
Mean = A + Σ fidi = 22.5 + 5/80 * (-8) = 22
N

h N
Md = l 1 + ( - c) = l1 = 20 , h = 5 , f=21 , c= 31
f 2

= 22.142

 fidi  fidi 2
σ= h* √ -( ) = 5 * √ 2.24 = 5 * 1.496 = 7.48
N N

Skew ness = 3(M-Md) / σ = 3( 22 – 22.14 ) / 7.48 = -0.056

Result:- Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skew ness SK is given by SK = -0.056

Hence the given distribution is negatively skewed.

4) Calculate Bow ley’s coefficient of skew ness for the following data.

Solution:- Aim:- To calculate Bow ley’s coefficient of skew ness.

h N
Formulae:- Skew ness =Q3 + Q1 - 2 Md / Q3 – Q1 where Q1 = l 1 + ( -c)
f 4

h N
Md = l 1 + ( - c)
f 2

h 3N
Q3 = l 1 + ( - c)
f 4
 N
Calculations:- Md = = 130/2 = 65 ; l1 = 10 , f = 26 , c = 45
2

h N
Md = l 1 + ( - c) = 13. 84
f 2

h N
Q1 = l 1 + ( - c ) ; l1 = 5, f = 45,c = 0 => 8.3578
f 4

h 3N
Q3 = l 1 + ( - c) = 23.26
f 4

Skew ness =Q3 + Q1 - 2 Md / Q3 – Q1 = 3.9378 / 14.903 = 0. 264228

1) Draw a histogram for the following data.

Variable 100-110 110-120 120-130 130-140 140-150 150-160 160-170 170-180

Frequency 11 28 36 49 33 20 8 0

histogram

60
50

frequency
40
30 frequency
20
10
0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
to to to to to to to to
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
variables

2) Represent the data by Histogram

C.I 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-40 40-60 60-80
FREQ 7 19 27 15 12 12 8
ADJ.FRE 7 19 27 15 6 3 2

HISTOGRAM

30
Weekly wages

25
20
15 Adj.frequency
10
5
0
10 15 20 25 30 40 60
to to to to to to to
15 20 25 30 40 60 80
No .of w orkers
3) Draw a histogram and frequency polygon to the following data.

Length of 6.5-7.5 7.5-8.5 8.5-9.5 9.5-10.5 10.5-11.5 11.5-12.5 12.5-13.5

leaves
No .of 5 12 25 48 32 6 1
leaves

FREQUENCY POLYGON

60

50
NO. OF LEAVES

40

30 NO .OF LEAVES

20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8
LENGTH OF LEAVES

4) Draw less than ogive for the following data.

Marks 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

No. of students 4 6 10 20 18 2
 L.C.F

70
NO.OF STUDENTS

60
50
40
L.C.F
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80
MARKS

5) Draw more than ogive for the following data.

Marks 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

No. of students 4 6 10 20 18 2

M.C.F

70
NO.OF STUDENTS

60
50
40
M.C.F
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80
MARKS
 6) Determine the median wage graphically from the following data.
Wages(in 700-800 800-900 900-1000 1000-1100 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400
Rs)
Workers 4 6 10 16 12 7 3

Ogive Curves

70
60
50
Workers

40
L.C.F
30
M.C.F
20
10
0
0 500 1000 1500
Wages

Solution: - Two cumulative frequency curves one by the less than method and another by more
than method. From the point where both these curves meet draw a perpendicular on the X-axis
and the point where it meets the X-axis is median.

7) The frequency distribution of weekly wages in a certain family is as follows.

Weekly 23-27 28-32 32-37 38-42 43-47 48-52 53-57 58-62 63-67 68-72
wages
in Rs
No .of 2 6 9 14 32 16 12 6 2 1
workers

Draw the ogive and find from the ogive i) 1st Quartile ii) Median iii) 3rd Quartile
Solution:- Since it is upper limit exclusive method the real limits of the classes shall be 22.5 , 27.5 ,
32.5 etc.

N
Q1 = size of th item = 100 / 4 = 25th item
4
Wages less than No .of workers
22.5 2
27.5 8
Q3 = size of 3N / 4 item = 75th item 32.5 17
37.5 31
42.55 63
Median (N/2) = 100/2 = 50th item. 47.5 79
52.5 91
57.5 97
62.5 99
67.5 100
72.5 0
 Ogive

120
100
No .of workers

80
No .of
60
w orkers
40
20
0
0 50 100
Wages

8) The Monthly production of maruthi Udhyog limited for the 1 st six months of the year 1985 are
given below.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
Production 250 300 340 320 270 240

Bar diagram

400
350
300
Production

250
200 Production
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
Months
9) The number of students in various courses like B.Com, M.Com, B.A, and M.A in various colleges may be represented by a sub divid
bar diagram. While constructing such that the various components in each bar should be kept in same order. During 1992-93 to 1994
Year 1991 1992 1993 1994 the no .of students in
university are as
Sales in 120 135 140 150 follows. Represent th
thousands data by a suitable
Gross profit in 40 45 55 60
diagram.
thousands
Net profit in 20 30 35 40
thousands
Year 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95
Arts 20,000 26,000 31,000
Science 10,000 9,000 9,500
Law 5,000 7,000 7,500
Total 35,000 42,000 48,000

Multiple bar diagram

120,000

100,000
No .of students

80,000 Total
Law
60,000
Science
40,000 Arts
20,000

0
1992-93 1993-94 1994-95
Years

10) Draw a suitable diagram from the following data.

Solution: - Same as above.

11) Represent the following by sub-divided bar diagram drawn on the percentage bars.
 Particulars 1986 1987 1988

1) Cost per chair

a) Wages 9 15 21
b) Other cost 6 10 14
c) Polishing 3 5 7
Total 18 30 42
2) Proceeds per chair 20 30 40
3) profit(+) 2 -
Loss(-)
-2

Solution: - Same as above. Take the sale price per chair as 100 and express the other figures in percentages. The
percentage is obtained as given below.

Particulars 1986 1987 1988

1) Cost per chair

a) Wages 45 50 52.5
b) Other cost 30 33.3 35
c) Polishing 15 16.7 17.5
Total 100 100 105.5
2) Proceeds per chair 100 100 100
3) profit(+) +10.0 -
Loss(-)
-5.0

12) Present the following data by means of pie diagram.

Material Cost of constructing a house(in %)

Bricks 15%
Cement 20%
Steel 15%
Timber 10%
 Wages 25%
Super result 15%

Solution: - We are given here the percentage expenditure on various components. The appropriate diagram is pie
diagram. Before doing that it is necessary to convert the percentage into angles of different degrees. Since the total
is 100 1 percentage = 3.6. Therefore we have to multiply each of the above percentage by 3.6.

Material Cost of constructing a house (in degrees)

Bricks 54
Cement 72
Steel 54
Timber 36
Wages 90
Super result 54

Pie chart

54, 15% 54, 15% Bricks

Cement
Steel
72, 20%
90, 25% Timber
Wages

36, 10% 54, 15% Super result

13) The following data relate to the expenditure of three families per month

Item of expenditure Family A Family B Family C

Food 400 600 1600
Clothing 200 300 1000
Education 100 400 800
Lighting 50 100 300
Miscellaneous 50 200 800
Rent 200 400 1500

Solution: -

Item of expenditure Family A Family B Family C

Rs Degrees Rs Degrees Rs Degrees
Food 400 144 600 108 1600 96
Rent 200 72 400 72 1500 60
Clothing 200 72 300 54 1000 60
Education 100 36 400 72 800 48
Lighting 50 18 100 36 300 18
Miscellaneous 50 18 200 72 800 48

Same as above