1) Write a short note on the essence of teachings of the Dalai Lama.

(150
Words)
Quest for Happy life-
According to Dalai Lama, Common sense shows that negative actions always
bring pain and sorrow while constructive action brings us pleasure and joy.
Therefore, it is important to recognize that each of us has the potential to
transform ourselves into a better, happier person, leading to a better and
happier society. The way such a transformation can take place is through
adopting a positive mental attitude. We need a new way of thinking that
includes provisions for developing our inner world.
Non-violence and international peace
According to Dalai Lama all nations should forsake the path of violence and
force. Violence always creates unexpected complications and a violent
response. Violence is also not realistic in today’s world, since every being is
so intertwined. Under these circumstances, to destroy one’s neighbour is
actually destruction of oneself. In order to solve a problem, one has to
appreciate what is at stake for your opponents. People have to take care of
their opponents’ interests and in that light, try to find a solution.
In the field of international relations, for example, even countries that cherish
freedom, democracy and liberty still rely greatly on force and violence. Using
force may seem attractive and decisive, but it is counterproductive in the long
run. For one thing, violence is unpredictable.
Paradox of growth and happier society-
According to him there is mistaken belief that economic growth alone might
result in a happier society. But current inequalities in economic development,
resulting in a huge gap between the rich and the poor across the globe, as
well as within nations, are a source of tensions and practical problems. Thus
nations should focus more on the development of poor and marginalized
sections of the society to whom government’s help is more urgent and
important.
Education and knowledge-
According to Dalai Lama, the future of humanity depends on the adoption of a
positive mental attitude by the current generation. This is why education is so
important. Knowledge is like an instrument, and whether that instrument is put
to use in a constructive or a destructive way depends on motivation. Modern
education is very sound, but it seems to be based on a universal acceptance
of the importance of developing the brain. Not enough attention is given to the
development of the person as a whole, and to encouraging a clear sense of
values and a warm heart.
He emphasizes educational systems which pay more attention to the
development of human warmth and love. It is important to address moral
questions related to the whole life of an individual, including his or her role in
the society and in the family. All the way from kindergarten up to university.
Through this, there is the potential to make oneself a happy person, to have a
happy family, and to live in a happy society.

Role of family-
According to him, parents have a special responsibility to introduce their
children to the benefits of basic good human qualities such as love, kindness,
and a warm heart. It would also be very useful to introduce children to the idea
that whenever they are faced with a conflict, the best and most practical way
of resolving it is through dialogue, not violence. If we introduce the idea of
dialogue to children at an early age, through their schools, we can train
students to discuss different views. In this way, the concept of dialogue will
gradually be instilled in them. This is important because there will always be
conflicts and disagreements in human society, and dialogue is the
appropriate, effective and realistic method of truly resolving them.
Human values-
According the great spiritual leader there is good reason to develop basic
human values like sense of caring, a sense of responsibility, and a sense of
forgiveness, because human nature is basically gentle. He believes that we
are only occasionally aggressive and that generally our lives are very much
involved with love and affection. Even the cells in our body work better if we
have peace of mind. An agitated mind usually provokes some physical
imbalance. If peace of mind is important for good health, that means the body
itself is structured in a way that accords with mental peace. We can therefore
conclude that human nature is more inclined to gentleness and affection.
On the mental level, too, we find that the more compassionate we are, the
greater our peace of mind. As our inner strength and self-confidence grow,
fear and doubt are reduced, and this automatically makes us more open.
Then we can communicate more easily, because when we are open, others
respond accordingly.

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education-comment-relevance-today/" philosophy on education and comment
on its relevance today. (150 Words)
Introduction :- When we talk about Gandhiji, automatically certain ideals
come to our mind i.e. truth, nonviolence, simplicity, love for all, leadership,
dignity of labour and implementation or practicing ideas rather than just
propagating them. These ideals or qualities reflected to educational
philosophy of Gandhiji.
 Definition: “By education I mean all-around development, drawing out of
the best in the child-man body, mind and spirit.”
 Literacy according to him is neither the end of education nor even the
beginning. It is one of the means whereby man and woman can be
educated. Literacy in itself is not education.”
 Gandhiji gave the concept of 3 r’s and 3 HE’s :- Hand-psychomotor
domain/skills, Heart-spiritual domain/skills, Head-Cognitive domain/skills
 3r’s :Read, write and arithmetic
 Gandhiji emphasized certain ideals, practical work and the potentiality of
students in education. It is education through which we can find out the
potential of the students and teach them certain ideals which will help
them to be a good citizen and through practical activities students will be
in a position to think practically and they will be attentive and active, this
will help them to mould their character.
 Thus Gadhian education has been characterized as encompassing the
head, the heart and the hands that means the all-around development of
child. According to him education is that which draws out and stimulates
the spiritual, intellectual and physical faculties of children. Thus Gandhiji’s
purpose of education is to raise man to a higher order through full
development of the individual and the evolution of a “new man.”
Aims of Education :-
 Bread and Butter aim: Bread and Butter aim refers to utilitarian aim which
is an immediate requirement. Gandhiji focused on education that provides
learning while learning. This has to be a tool with each and every learner.
S/he can remove unemployment keeping in mind the poverty and
unemployment of India. Gandhiji focused and suggested industrial training
 and development of manual skills and handicraft as subject of education
which will give satisfaction to the educand of his earning and self reliance
but also it will be proved as a support to his/her family and nation at large.
 Cultural Aim:- According to Gandhiji cultural aspect of education is more
important than the literacy. Culture is the foundation, the primary thing
which the girls ought to get from here. It should show in the smallest
detail of your conduct and personal behaviour, how to sit , how to walk,
how to dress etc. it is the education through which students or everyone
learn the glorious culture of the country-India, its incredible arts, religions
and so on. Education is the device which makes them familiar with our
great culture and it is to be taught that how do they adopt and what is the
importance of value of our culture. Thus Gandhiji laid much emphasis on
cultural aim of education and recommended that Geeta and Ramayana to
be taught as a means of introducing students to their rich cultural and
spiritual heritage.
 Harmonious development:- Education should develop all the three levels i.
e. 3RS- read, write and arithmetic. The education should help in feeling
what is taught and what happens to him and to express, what he feels and
also what he wants to do. So all the faculties of person should be
developed. Writing and reading will make him literate and arithmetic will
help in calculating day-to-day expenses and more importantly it will help in
logical thinking and analyzing things.
 Moral Aim:- Education should make person aware of what is right &
wrong. It inculcates in us values and manners and moulds our character.
Gandhiji focused more on character building than on literacy. According to
him development of personality was more significant than accumulation of
intellectual tools and academic knowledge. And we also believed that an
educand should be taught non-violence, truth, and importance of thoughts,
word and deed.
 Social and individual Aim:- The aim of education of Gandhiji is both social
and individual. He wanted individual perfection and a new social order
based on “Truth” & “Non-violence”. Education trains an individual and
makes him an ideal citizen who will help his nation. An individual learns so
many things from surrounding, culture, society and so on and he
progresses simultaneously society progresses because the individuals’
growth is nothing but the growth of the society and nation.
 Ultimate Aim:- Self-realization is the ultimate aim of life as well as of
education. Through education everyone understands about themselves
and get answer of the universal question who am I? It is the education
which helps them to understand their existence and its purpose. It is the
spiritual education which provides knowledge of God and self-realization.
 The individuals recognize their potentials or abilities and prove them as
ideal citizens of their nation via education. It is the education which makes
them familiar with spirituality and different religious and finally every
individual realize what they are? This is the self-realization- the ultimate
aim of education. In the words of Gandhiji- “true education should result
not in material power but in spiritual force. It must strengthen man’s faith in
God and not awaken It.” he further adds “Development of the whole-all
were directed towards the realization of the ultimate reality –the merger of
the finite being in to infinite.”

Gandhian Philosophy: Twenty-first Century Relevance

 After having stipulated fundamentals of the Gandhian philosophy of
education, its time to see their relevance in modern context of the twenty-
first century. Despite perceptible differences between the present-day
societal / developmental needs of edification vis-à-vis Gandhian
philosophy of education, there are so many features of timelessness in the
Gandhi’s principles of education and its relevance today.
What is the relationship between the rising expectations and emerging
globalisation on the one hand and the Gandhian philosophy of education on
the other hand?
 This relationship is easy to grasp when a distinction is made between
technical / technological / professional training vis-à-vis ‘education’. This
difference between the two is necessary to understand for Gandhi as well.
Technical, technological and professional training is primarily job and
profession specific. ‘Education’, however, is more fundamental in nature.
 It involves carving out a fulsome human being from the basic live resource
of a man and woman coming to this world like a tabula rasa. Education
does not mean merely obtaining of various Bachelor’s and Master’s
degrees, certificates and diplomas. Education prepares a man and woman
for a life truly human in nature – full of an independent, interdependent, self-
sufficient, fearless, mutually cooperating and highly cultured existence with a
deep sense of social commitment and urge for public welfare.
 This type of education is possible in the twenty-first century only when
individuals and nations alike keep away from absolute personal
aggrandizement of political and economic power in the interest of public
welfare oriented political will, proper intention and societal commitment.
Specific points :-
 Character building through education was emphasised by him which is the
need of the present hour.
 He used to urge to decrease distance between home and school teaching.
A child learns his first lesson from home before going to school, so school
should be seen as an extension of home. In today’s world it would
decrease growing alienation between school and home teaching and will
provide a holistic path for education.
 Gandhiji’s education philosophy also emphasised on environment,
conservation, kindness for animal, focus on villages hence which brings
out concept of all round development of individual and society which is
required in todays world.
 His emphasis on vocational training in education is dedicatedly being
pursued in present time to convert demographic dividend into fruitful
asset.
 Today, the world is suffering from immense crisis from many sides.
Crimes, conflict, hatred and distrust between one community and another,
insecure environment among minorities, hunger, unemployment, poverty
and literacy, refugee crisis, ethnic violence, terrorism, etc., all these
altogether make a grave danger to peace. If we align our education as per
Gandhiji’s values ,then we may be able to resolve these crises.

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The Indian Express

Difference between Prosecution and Persecution-

Prosecution-
 Prosecution, in law, refers to a legal procedure. It is defined as the
institution and continuance of a criminal action that involves the process of
pursuing formal charges against the defendant to final judgment. Simply
put, Prosecution refers to the conducting of a lawsuit or court action.
 Most often the term ‘Prosecution’ is associated with criminal cases
wherein the government or state will file charges against a person
accused of committing a crime. Thus, the legal team representing the
government is generally referred to as the Prosecution. Their ultimate
objective is to secure a conviction by proving beyond reasonable doubt
that the defendant is guilty of the crime.
 However, the term ‘Prosecution’ can also refer to a judicial proceeding
brought by one party against another, where the party initiating the action
will prosecute the other for a particular wrong committed or violation of a
right.
Persecution-
 The term ‘Persecution’ is defined as the infliction of suffering or harm upon
a person by reason of his/her religion, race, ethnicity, gender, sexual
orientation, political opinion, or social status. It is an intense form of abuse
involving acts that amount to harassment, cruel or inhumane treatment or
torment.
 Persecution refers to the act of persecuting or the state of being
persecuted. Thus, the act of persecuting refers to a mission or organized
plan to segregate and harass a person or group of people based on either
one or more of the reasons set out above. The group of people subjected
to such harassment and experiencing the same constitutes the state of
being persecuted.
 An example of this is the Jewish Holocaust wherein the primary goal of the
Nazi regime was the persecution and eradication of the Jewish race.
Another example of Persecution was seen in the intense harassment and
torment caused to minority groups in Rwanda and Somalia.
Ideal role of police officers in the Indian society-
 In democratic states, policing should comply with the law, be accountable
and respect human rights.
  In a democratic society police must not be a law unto themselves. In spite
of strong pressures and temptations to the contrary, they are not to act in
an explicitly political fashion, nor to serve the partisan interests of the party
in power, or the party they would like to see in power. Their purpose must
not be to enforce political conformity. Holding unpopular beliefs or
behaving in unconventional, yet legal, ways are not adequate grounds for
interfering with citizen’s liberty. When opponents of democracy operate
within the law police have an obligation to protect their rights, as well as
the rights of others.
 Police officers shall be unbiased and shall work without any fear or favor
for the betterment of the society. They shall be impartial and non-partisan
in their conduct. Eg During a riot situation, a police officer shall not arrest a
person because of his/her religion but on the basis of evidence he/she
possess.
 Police officer shall display empathy to take holistic decisions in his service
tenure. Empathy can help reduce juvenile delinquency and improve
relationships between communities and police.
 Police officer shall display exemplary courage in conduct of their duties.
Eg. A police officer should lead his/her team from the front in case of any
emergency such as riots, robbery or a terrorist attack.
In an open democratic society which respects the dignity of the individual and
values voluntary and consensual behavior and the non-violent resolution of
conflicts, police, with their secrecy and use of violence, are an anomaly. They
are charged with using undemocratic means to obtain democratic ends. Police
offer an ethical and moral paradox that will forever make democratic citizens
uncomfortable.

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sponsored-terrorism-incidents-reflect-lack-ethics-gover/") Differentiate
between terrorism and extremism. Do you think recent lynching and
extortionist acts can be categorised as state sponsored terrorism? Do these
incidents reflect lack of ethics in governance? Critically comment. (150 Words)

Introduction :-
Terrorist – A person who “terrorises” people to gain a political advantage or make
a point. Even if a point is not made, a terrorist is simply a person who “Terrorises”
others. The ethical code of conduct of terrorists is always a subjective matter- and a
terrorist by definition is morally irrelevant. A cop is a terrorist for a thief the same
way a Rapist is a terrorist for a woman.
Extremist – A person who holds extreme views about anything- usually taken in the
sense of political or religious extremities. Say for example I’m part of a religion called
“Mc Followers” that’s only rule is to eat McDonalds burgers. If I eat a Mc burger once
everyday I’m a Mc Follower. But if I refuse to eat anything other than a Mc Burger-
and have it for breakfast lunch and dinner- then I’m an “extremist” Mc Follower.
Difference Between Extremism and Terrorism in conventional way :-
 The world is in the grip of a global phenomenon known as terrorism that is
resulting loss of property and innocent lives on a much greater scale than
even natural calamities
 Terrorism refers to use of arms and violence in a secretive and furtive
manner to kill soft targets and indulge in acts that cause destruction of
property.
 Organizations that indulge in terrorism are banned by all governments but
they survive because of moral and monetary support from some groups of
people and countries
 Extremism refers to political ideology that is in opposition to moderation or
is at least against the norms of the society
 However, there are some countries where local terrorists are today being
referred to as extremists.
Over the past two years or so we have seen a rising tide of violence, mainly in
northern India, against Dalits and Muslims. This has revolved around the
treatment of the cow. Indians have been physically attacked by rampaging
mobs accusing them of storing beef or transporting cows for slaughter. Upon
this excuse, Dalits have been assaulted and Muslims actually killed.
It can be categorised as state sponsored terrorism :-
 The government’s response to the terrorising of Dalits in Gujarat and the
killing of Muslims across north India is far too weak in relation to the
negation of democracy that this violence represents. It is expected of
government to protect citizens from assault by fascist forces and should
mobilise the government machinery to do so.
  Though It is clear that the civil administration code in India sufficiently
empowers the district-governing authority to deal with the situations
related to mob lynching still vigilantism, often enacted while the police
stand by watching
 Relationship of certain accused groups and mobs with the people in
political party which is in power at state level or at central level
Though theses arguments stands out they are exceptions today and not
norms. Government is not being efficient enough to curb them but that doesn’t
imply they are state sponsored terrorism acts.
Is there lack of Ethical Governance ?
Exercising power and decision-making for a group of people is
called “Governance”. Ethical governance refers to the process and
procedures and cultures and values. that ensure high standards of behaviour.
stated values. are the principles and standards that underpin the way
councillors and officers.
 Lynching and beatings of innocent individuals do indeed highlight a blatant
violation of the rule of law. On top of that, the ineffective enforcement of
law and order by the police and security forces is another drawback. Such
instances does point out the ineffectiveness of the machinery for
governance to protect the human rights at large.
 In such incidences minorities are targeted, protection of minorities is a
fundamental right and prime aim of government.
 Values of Secularism, Integrity, Equality, Feeling of Brotherhood suffers a
jolt.
 Even people becoming mute spectator of such incidences shows lack
peoples participation in good and ethical governance.
The acts of mob beatings, lynching, and murder of innocent people, because
of a virulent adherence to certain social norms, is perhaps an indicator of the
degrading status of the society as a whole. Hence only blaming government
out rightly cant be a justified argument though lack of ethical governance can’t
be denied at present point of time.

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Words)
UNDOC
Prisoners all over the world and particularly in the developing countries are
living horrible lives and deprived of all human rights. They do not generate the
sympathy among the general population because they are perceived as bad
elements and worthy of receiving ill treatment. However on account of being
human, they too have some birth rights and police administration cannot
deprive them of such rights.
It is important to promote prison reforms from ethical perspective
because-
Human rights considerations
 A sentence of imprisonment constitutes only a deprivation of the basic
right to liberty. It does not entail the restriction of other human rights, with
the exception of those which are naturally restricted by the very fact of
being in prison.
 Prison reform is necessary to ensure that this principle is respected, the
human rights of prisoners protected and their prospects for social
reintegration increased, in compliance with relevant international
standards and norms.
Imprisonment and poverty
 Imprisonment disproportionately affects individuals and families living in
poverty. When an income generating member of the family is imprisoned
the rest of the family must adjust to this loss of income.
 The impact can be especially severe in poor, developing countries where
the state does not provide financial assistance to the indigent and where it
is not unusual for one breadwinner to financially support an extended
family network. Thus the family experiences financial losses as a result of
the imprisonment of one of its members, exacerbated by the new
expenses that must be met – such as the cost of a lawyer, food for the
imprisoned person, transport to prison for visits and so on.
 When released, often with no prospects for employment, former prisoners
are generally subject to socio-economic exclusion and are thus vulnerable
 to an endless cycle of poverty, marginalisation, criminality and
imprisonment. Thus, imprisonment contributes directly to the
impoverishment of the prisoner, of his family (with a significant cross-
generational effect) and of society by creating future victims and reducing
future potential economic performance.
Public health consequences of imprisonment
 Prisons have very serious health implications. Prisoners are likely to have
existing health problems on entry to prison, as they are predominantly
from poorly educated and socio-economically deprived sectors of the
general population, with minimal access to adequate health services.
 Their health conditions deteriorate in prisons which are overcrowded,
where nutrition is poor, sanitation inadequate and access to fresh air and
exercise often unavailable. Psychiatric disorders, HIV infection,
tuberculosis, hepatitis B and C, sexually transmitted diseases, skin
diseases, malaria, malnutrition, diarrhoea and injuries including self-
mutilation are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in prison. In
countries with a high prevalence of TB in the outside community,
prevalence of TB can be up to 100 times higher inside the prisons.
 In most countries HIV infection in prisons is significantly higher than within
the population outside prison, especially where drug addiction and risk
behaviours are prevalent. Prison staff are also vulnerable to most of the
diseases of which prisoners are at risk.
 Prisons are not isolated from the society and prison health is public health.
The vast majority of people committed to prison eventually return to the
wider society. Thus, it is not in vain that prisons have been referred to as
reservoirs of disease in various contexts.
Detrimental social impact
 Imprisonment disrupts relationships and weakens social cohesion, since
the maintenance of such cohesion is based on long-term relationships.
When a member of a family is imprisoned, the disruption of the family
structure affects relationships between spouses, as well as between
parents and children, reshaping the family and community across
generations. Mass imprisonment produces a deep social transformation in
families and communities.
The cost of imprisonment
 Taking into account the above considerations, it is essential to note that,
when considering the cost of imprisonment, account needs to be taken not
only of the actual funds spent on the upkeep of each prisoner, which is
usually significantly higher than what is spent on a person sentenced to
non-custodial sanctions, but also of the indirect costs, such as the social,
 economic and healthcare related costs, which are difficult to measure, but
which are immense and long-term.
Prisons should have reformative approach rather than retributive one. This
implies that basic human rights of the prisoner should be protected and be
given another chance to live a meaningful life.

6 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/07/7-understand-
sycophancy-bad-governance-comment/" HYPERLINK
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governance-comment/") What do you understand by sycophancy? Why is it
bad for governance? HYPERLINK
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/07/7-understand-sycophancy-bad-
governance-comment/" (150 Words)
Introduction :- Sycophancy is flattery that is very obedient, or an indication
of deference to another, to an excessive or servile degree. A user of
sycophancy is referred to as a sycophant. A sycophant is someone who tries
to get what they want, or earn someone’s respect, by using flattery on those
people who would be able to influence their goals. The term sycophant has a
negative connotation, because the person does not attempt to achieve their
goals through hard work or sincerity. or, more commonly, a “yes-man”.
Sycophancy is bad in governance due to following reasons :-
 It undermines and harms many important qualities of a civil servant like
impartiality, neutrality, objectiveness, probity and encourages nepotism,
favouritism, corruption etc.
 Many a times leaders are often misadvised and misdirected because of
sycophants officers present in system. This may lead to arbitrary decision
making, impact on policies affecting people and society and even
instability in government.
  Presence of sycophancy leads to undermining of institutions present in
democratic system, promotion of personality cult, formation of caste power
nexus ,undermining of merit, crony capitalism, lobbying etc.
Case Study :- National and regional politics in African countries such as
Kenya and Nigeria, for instance, are dominated by tribal loyalties that are both
a conduit to power and a means of protection against rival tribal groups.
Those loyalties and the patron-client relationships they create result in similar
levels of power concentration, sycophancy and corruption. Nigeria is facing
this problem and according to thinkers there Nigerian politics is in trouble
because the citizens have allowed deception, denial, disinformation, diversion,
evasion, exaggeration, indoctrination which are the signs of sycophancy in
their politics and governance.
7 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/08/9-realism-
international-relations-examine-relationship-ethics/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/08/9-realism-international-relations-
examine-relationship-ethics/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/08/9-realism-international-relations-
examine-relationship-ethics/") What is realism in international relations?
Examine its relationship with ethics. (150 Words)

Realism is a view of international politics that stresses its competitive and

conflictual side. It is usually contrasted with idealism or liberalism, which tends
to emphasize cooperation.

Realists consider the principal actors in the international arena to be states,

which are concerned with their own security, act in pursuit of their own
national interests, and struggle for power. For eg Israel-Palestine struggle
where Israel has been adamant in accepting two-state solution.
The negative side of the realists’ emphasis on power and self-interest is often
their skepticism regarding the relevance of ethical norms to relations among
states. National politics is the realm of authority and law, whereas
international politics, they sometimes claim, is a sphere without justice,
characterized by active or potential conflict among states. for eg. Nazi state in
Germany during 2nd WW.
Not all realists, however, deny the presence of ethics in international relations.
The distinction should be drawn between classical realism—represented by
such twentieth-century theorists as Reinhold Niebuhr and Hans Morgenthau—and
radical or extreme realism.
While classical realism emphasizes the concept of national interest, it is not
the Machiavellian doctrine “that anything is justified by reason of state”. Nor
does it involve the glorification of war or conflict. The classical realists do not
reject the possibility of moral judgment in international politics. Rather, they
are critical of moralism—abstract moral discourse that does not take into account
political realities. They assign supreme value to successful political action based on
prudence: the ability to judge the rightness of a given action from among possible
alternatives on the basis of its likely political consequences.
Extreme realism however tends to put national interest above everything and
disregards any ethical action that may obstruct their national interest. Radical
realism has potential to create global tension that disturbs the international
peace and stability.
In some ways realism helps country to pursue her national interests like India-
Russia relations where India did not condemned the annexation of Crimea for
not disturbing its ties with Russia. Also India has been cautious in dealing with
the West Asian nations as they are great source of remittances for India and
reliable source of fuel. This helps to widen diplomatic relations because
idealistic ally every country is different from others and conflicts may occur on
ideology or democracy or secularism. Russia moving towards Pakistan is
realistic move although they have differences.
In the changing dynamic scenario every country is adopting pragmatic
approach rather to withstand ideologies like anti colonialism that can’t be
stopped. However one must maintain balance between realism and standard
core values for sustenance of world when they are at stake, realism should
take back seat.

8 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/10/7-define-ethics-
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HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/10/7-define-ethics-
ethics-come-use/" come from and what is its use? (150 Words)
Introduction :- Ethics is a set of tradition, customs, culture, rules, regulations
that are followed by society over a period of time. At its simplest, ethics is a
system of moral principles. They affect how people make decisions and lead
their lives.
Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also
described as moral philosophy.
Where does ethics come from :- Many sources can be traced for it.
 God and religion
 Human conscience and intuition
 a rational moral cost-benefit analysis of actions and their effects
 the example of good human beings
 a desire for the best for people in each unique situation
 political power
Specific influential sources :-
 Childhood Upbringing :- Without really thinking or even being able to avoid
it, each person learns ethics from his or her parents—what they teach in
words and perhaps more importantly through their actions. These
teachings shape our most fundamental attitudes about what is “right” and
what is “wrong.”
 Religious Beliefs
Virtually all the world’s religions teach an essentially similar code of ethics that
emphasizes honesty, respect for others and their rights, and selflessness.
 Codes of Ethics
Perhaps the most direct and explicit sources of our daily ethical guidance are
codes of ethics. They can be official or business or informal codes guiding the
people about their behaviour, thought process and actions.
 Discussions with Others
Almost daily, quite casually, and sometimes without thinking, virtually all of us
talk about others’ and our own actions—offering frequent opinions about
whether what they or we have been doing is good, right, and sensible (or perhaps
very much the opposite). Buried in this “small talk,” “chit chat,” gossip, and mealtime
conversations are implicit—sometimes very explicit—ethical judgments about the
behaviour being discussed.
 Ethical Philosophers
In sharp contrast to these ethics of casual social consensus, the philosophers
who have developed systems of ethics—such people as Plato, Aristotle, Kant,
Bentham, and more recent ethical thinkers throughout the world—have developed
basic principles from which they have derived systems of ethics.
 Ethical Dilemmas
A final source of ethical insight (more a way of developing one’s ethical
awareness and sensibilities than a separate source of ethical guidance) is
pondering ethical dilemmas. These dilemmas are real or imagined situations
that pit two or more ethical principles, rules, or objectives against one another.
To resolve the dilemma, one has to decide which of these ethically desirable
ends is the more/most important or, alternatively, if there is a way to achieve
both/all of these ends without committing some other ethical wrong.
 Later Life Experiences
Similarly, a life-shaping event later in life may more directly and consciously
shape a person’s ethics. Thus, someone severely injured in an automobile
accident may have a much higher opinion of the entire automobile-injury
reparations system—including the police who investigated, the hospital that
provided care, the lawyers and courts that resolved any legal issues, and the insurers
that helped finance so much of the injured person’s recovery—if that person is
satisfied with the ultimate medical and financial result months and years after the
accident. If, however, this victim feels the result was medically inferior or legally
unfair, the victim may well treat everyone in the system unfairly—even years later in
circumstances unrelated to the original accident—just to seek some measure of
personal “justice.”

Use of ethics :-
 It helps us in enhancing our life in various dimensions :- It guides our
behaviour for what is right or wrong, helps in making our decisions batter,
in resolving day to day dilemmas and conflicts.
 Ethics allows us to cultivate inner peace. Lives that are lived ethically tend
to be calmer, more focused, and more productive than those that are lived
unethically. Most people can’t turn off their sympathy for other human
beings. Hurting people leaves scars on both the giver and the receiver. As
a result, unethical people have stormier internal lives because they have
to work to suppress their consciences and sympathies to deal with the
ways they treat others. When they fail to properly suppress their
sympathies, the guilt and shame that comes with harming or disrespecting
one’s fellow human beings takes deep root within them.
 Ethics provides for a stable society. When people live ethical lives, they
tell the truth, avoid harming others, and are generous. Working with such
people is easy. On the other hand, callous and insensitive people are
distrusted, so it’s difficult for them to be integrated well into social
arrangements. A stable society requires a lot of ethical people working
together in highly coordinated ways. If society were mostly composed of
unethical people, it would quickly crumble.
9 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/10/8-briefly-discuss-
relationship-ethics-human-actions/" HYPERLINK
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ethics-human-actions/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/10/8-briefly-discuss-relationship-
ethics-human-actions/") Briefly discuss relationship between ethics and
human actions. (150 Words)

Introduction :- Ethics is the branch of philosophy that involves systematizing,

defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.The term
ethics derives from the Ancient Greek word ethikos, which is derived from the
word ethos (habit, custom or character).
Human actions are the net results of what any person does in accordance
with his/her thinking and behaviour pattern. The definitions of ethics suggest
that it focuses on human actions and their morality. It is concerned with the
morality of human behaviour. The major focus of ethics is on human actions;
this also happens to be the starting point for most legal systems. They are
primarily interested in human actions and, following that, in their legality or
illegality. Ethics, then, does not concern itself with the actions of animals.
Furthermore, ethics focuses only on people’s deliberate human actions, and
not on undeliberate actions or actions done because of ignorance.

Scholastic philosophers maintain that three requirements must be

concurrently present for any action to be human:
 There must be some knowledge involved :- Knowledge is an essential
requirement for an action to be human. We cannot will anything unless we
first know it. So knowledge of some kind is an absolute for an action to be
human. Hence actions without knowledge are hard to judge on ethical
grounds.
 There must be voluntariness present :- It must proceed from the will. The
will controls the performance of external actions—the will is the cause of
our actions. If a person is being forced upon by others to perform a
particular action them his/her behaviour can’t be judged on ethical ground.
 The action must be freely done :- The capacity to act or not to act or to act
in one way as opposed to another. Free will means that human beings
have choices.
 Children in slums or underprivileged background are forced to beg
indiscriminately sometimes. These actions can’t be taken as ethically
 wrong since many a times they are not voluntary, children involved in
them have no knowledge of what are the consequences or why they are
doing so and in many instances they are not done by free will.

10 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/11/8-define-
ignorance-passion-fear-examine-influence-human-actions/" HYPERLINK
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examine-influence-human-actions/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/11/8-define-ignorance-passion-fear-
examine-influence-human-actions/") Define ignorance, passion and fear.
Examine how these influence human actions. (150 Words)

Introduction :-
Ignorance :-
Ignorance is the absence of knowledge in a subject capable of having
knowledge, or lack of knowledge in a subject who should have knowledge.
An animal cannot be ignorant because of its inability to have human
knowledge. But a public manager can be ignorant if she lacks knowledge of
managerial principles or ethics in public organizations. Amore critical element
of ignorance is the distinction between invincible and vincible ignorance.
Invincible ignorance means that the actor does even suspect that she is
ignorant or that she is in doubt about the nature of the action but does not
have access through common sense to dispel the doubt. Vincible ignorance,
on the other hand, means that the actor c through the use of ordinary care or
common sense dispel the doubt.
Passion :-
Passions are powerful emotions or appetites springing from a pretense of
something perceived as good or evil; they are usually accompanied by bodily
changes. Passions include human appetites, such as anger, grief, love, hatred
or greed. Some passions precede an act of the will and cause the will to act.
Sometimes, the actor deliberately arouses his passions.
There are many passions that influence human action. The most fundamental
one is love, which inclines us toward the good and union with the person
loved. Desire moves us to set out to attain a good that is absent. Joy is the
result of attaining this good. Hate is opposed to love and arises when
something is seen as evil; aversion is opposed to desire, and sorrow to
joy. Daring spurs us to seek what is good despite the difficulties involved; fear
leads us to distance ourselves from an evil that is difficult to avoid, while anger
spurs us to resist forcefully an evil we confront.
Fear:-
Fear is an unpleasant and often strong emotion caused by anticipation or
awareness of danger. Fear is completely natural and helps people to
recognize and respond to dangerous situations and threats. However, healthy
fear — or fear which has a protective function — can evolve into unhealthy or
pathological fear, which can lead to exaggerated and violent behaviour.
Fear may come from sources outside ourselves for from within. It can be
inflicted justly or unjustly—justly when inflicted by a person with the right to
inflict it and in the proper manner, as happens when a judge acts; or unjustly
when inflicted either by a person without authority or in an improper manner.
People are social in nature, with shared values, religion, tradition, language,
etc. Whenever the basic characteristics that tie a group together are
threatened, the group will fear for its survival. As a result, the group will also
attempt to get rid of the threat, sometimes through distorted or violent
means.
For example, historical tensions and wrongdoing affect the way Israelis and
Palestinians see each other today.

11 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/12/8-define-
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morality-b-free-will-c-materialism/"):
 a) Morality
 b) Free will
 c) Materialism
 d) Humanism
 e) Humanitarianism
 f) Scholasticism
 g) Stoicism
Introduction :-
 a) Morality :- Morality is the distinction between right and wrong. It is the
determination of what should be done and what should not be done.
Morals deal with behaviours as well as motives. There are morals that are
relative, i.e., dependent upon situations and context. For example, people
drive on different sides of the street in different countries. Bowing is
morally acceptable in one culture, and kissing the cheek is in another. But
there are other morals which seem to be universally true. For example, it
is morally wrong to murder. It is morally wrong to torture babies merely for
your personal pleasure.
 b) Free will :- Free willis the ability to choose between different possible
courses of action It is closely linked to the concepts
of responsibility, praise, guilt, sin, and other judgments which apply only to
actions that are freely chosen. It is also connected with the concepts
of advice, persuasion, deliberation, and prohibition. Traditionally, only
actions that are freely willed are seen as deserving credit or blame.
 c) Materialism :- Materialism can refer either to the simple preoccupation
with the material world, as opposed to intellectual or spiritual concepts, or
to the theory that physical matter is all there is. This theory is far more
than a simple focus on material possessions. It states that everything in
the universe is matter, without any true spiritual or intellectual existence.
Materialism can also refer to a doctrine that material success and
progress are the highest values in life. This doctrine appears to be
prevalent in western society today.
 d) Humanism :- Humanismis a philosophical and ethical stance that
emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and
 collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence
(rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition.
 e) Humanitarianism:- Humanitarianismis an active belief in the value of
human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide
assistance to other humans, in order to better humanity for both moral and
logical reasons. It is the philosophical belief in movement toward the
improvement of the human race in a variety of areas, used to describe a
wide number of activities relating specifically to human welfare. A
practitioner is known as a humanitarian.
 f) Scholasticism :- Scholasticismis a method of critical thought which
dominated teaching by the academics of medieval universities in Europe
from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in
articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context. It
originated as an outgrowth of and a departure from
Christian monastic schools at the earliest European universities.
Scholasticism is not so much a philosophy or a theology as a method of
learning, as it places a strong emphasis on dialectical reasoning to extend
knowledge by inference and to resolve contradictions. The Scholastic
thought is also known for rigorous conceptual analysis and the careful
drawing of distinctions.
 g) Stoicism :- Stoicismis a school of Hellenistic philosophy that flourished
throughout the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd century AD. Stoicism
is predominantly a philosophy of personal ethics which is informed by its
system of logic and its views on the natural world. According to its
teachings, as social beings, the path to happiness for humans is found in
accepting that which we have been given in life, by not allowing ourselves
to be controlled by our desire for pleasure or our fear of pain, by using our
minds to understand the world around us and to do our part in nature’s
plan, and by working together and treating others in a fair and just
manner.

12 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/12/9-write-note-
moral-rationalism-propounded-immanuel-kant/" HYPERLINK
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propounded-immanuel-kant/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/12/9-write-note-moral-rationalism-
propounded-immanuel-kant/") Write a note on moral rationalism as
propounded by Immanuel Kant. (150 Words)
Introduction :- Moral rationalism, also called ethical rationalism, is a view
in meta-ethics (specifically the epistemology of ethics) according to which
moral truths (or at least general moral principles) are knowable a priori, by
reason alone. It is a deontological theory.
 Kant claimed that no action is moral if it is done for pleasure or any other
motive than duty or respect for the law.
 In practical reason in human beings have among the twelve a priori gates
what Kant called the Categorical Imperative.
 This Categorical Imperative orders a person to do good and avoid evil.
 Acts are good or bad as out of respect for the Categorical Imperative or
not. An act is good according to the motive of the actor; the only motive
that makes an act good is respect for duty or law.
 Acts are good, according to Kant, if they can be universalized—that is, we
should act in the way everybody else in the same circumstances would act.
 The essential element in determining morality is human reason Thus, the
ultimate test of goodness or badness of human actions is the Categorical
Imperative of practical reason.
Example:- In simple terms One needs to follow traffic rule. Its universalisation
of what behaviour is needed on road. If one can break rule and jump signal
everyone else can. It would lead to chaos hence following traffic rule is
categorical imperative.

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note-different-dimensions-ethics/" HYPERLINK
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/13/7-write-brief-note-different-
dimensions-ethics/") Write a brief note on the different dimensions of ethics.
(150 Words)
Reference
Introduction :- Ethics is a set of tradition, customs, culture, rules, regulations
that are followed by society over a period of time. At its simplest, ethics is a
system of moral principles. They affect how people make decisions and lead
their lives.
Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also
described as moral philosophy.
Various dimensions of ethics can be seen as follows :-
 Metaethics :- The term “meta” means afteror beyond, and, consequently,
the notion of metaethics involves a removed, or bird’s eye view of the
 entire project of ethics. We may define metaethics as the study of the
origin and meaning of ethical concepts.
 Normative Ethics :- Normative ethics involves arriving at moral standards
that regulate right and wrong conduct. In a sense, it is a search for an
ideal litmus test of proper behavior. The Golden Rule is a classic example
of a normative principle: We should do to others what we would want
others to do to us.
 Applied Ethics :- Applied ethics is the branch of ethics which consists of
the analysis of specific, controversial moral issues such as abortion,
animal rights, or euthanasia. In recent years applied ethical issues have
been subdivided into convenient groups such as medical ethics, business
ethics, environmental ethics, and sexual ethics.
The theoretical approach for dimensions can be categorized as :-
 Utilitarian approach :- The Utilitarian Approach assesses an action in
terms of its consequences or outcomes; i.e., the net benefits and costs to
all stakeholders on an individual level. It strives to achieve the greatest
good for the greatest number while creating the least amount of harm or
preventing the greatest amount of suffering. It holds that every entity’s
interests should be considered equally when making the decision, and this
includes those of other species since they also are capable of suffering.
 Virtue Approach :- Virtues are the qualities which enable us to act in
accordance with our “higher selves.” Different cultures may value certain
virtues more than others but generally virtues refer to such traits as
honesty, kindness, patience, civility, compassion, diligence, self-reliance,
loyalty, fairness, courage, tolerance, conscientiousness, generosity,
temperance, self-control, prudence, etc. This approach causes us to ask
whether a given action is reflective of the kind of person we are or want to
be. Will it promote the kind of character we value within ourselves and for
our community? Does it represent the kind of enterprise my business
aspires to be?
 Common Good Approach :- The Common Good Approach regards all
individuals as part of a larger community. As such, we share certain
common conditions and institutions upon which our welfare depends. For
society to thrive, we need to safeguard the sustainability of our community
for the good of all, including our weakest and most vulnerable members.
Some things that nurture a healthy, functioning community are: stable
family life; good schools; affordable nourishment and health care; effective
public safety; a just legal system; fair trade and commerce; a safe, well-
managed ecosystem; an accessible technological environment; a well-
maintained infrastructure; and a peaceful society.
 Rights Approach :- The Rights Approach focuses on respect for human
dignity. This approach holds that our dignity is based on our ability to
choose freely how we live our lives, and that we have a moral right to
respect for our choices as free, equal, and rational people, and a moral
duty to respect others in the same way.
 Fairness Approach :- The Fairness Approach focuses on the fair and
equitable distribution of good and harm, and/or the social benefits and
social costs, across the spectrum of society. It starts with the premise that
all equals should be treated equally, and those who are unequal due to
relevant differences, should be treated differently in a manner that is fair
and proportionate to, or commensurate with, their difference. A classic
example would be the payment of a group of employees at different salary
levels based on the contribution their work effort makes to the
corporation’s profitability

14 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/14/7-emotional-
hunger-different-love/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/14/7-emotional-hunger-different-
love/" HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/14/7-emotional-
hunger-different-love/") What is emotional hunger? How is it different from
love? (100 Words)
Reference (Chapter 3)
Introduction :- It is a strong emotional need caused by deprivation
in childhood. It is a primitive condition of pain and longing which people
often act out in a desperate attempt to fill a void or emptiness. This emptiness
is related to the pain of aloneness and separateness and can never
realistically be fully satisfied. Feelings of emotional hunger are deep and are
like a dull but powerful aching in your insides. It’s a primitive condition of pain
and longing that is caused by deprivation and tends to get passed down from
one generation to the next.
How is it different from love ?
 Hunger is a powerful emotion, which is both exploitive and destructive to
others when it is acted out. Real love nourishes the other person, be it a
child or an adult. The real lover is interested in supporting the other person
and encourages the unfolding of his or her personality.
 Love is a lasting and deep rooted phenomenon while emotional hunger is
may be sudden, intense and short lived varying according to situations.
 Love is about caring others. It teaches to give, enhance, help others while
emotional hunger is about one self. Its about feeling loved, wanted.
A parent if emotionally hungry will act in a over protective manner with child.
He/she will interfere in child’s life and won’t respect the boundaries while a
loving parent will strive to make the child self empowered, developed and will
enhance his/her life with care, nourishment and affection.

15 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/14/8-ethical-
concerns-one-remember-bringing-children-families-critically-discuss/"
HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/14/8-ethical-concerns-
one-remember-bringing-children-families-critically-discuss/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/14/8-ethical-concerns-one-
remember-bringing-children-families-critically-discuss/") What are the ethical
concerns that one should remember while bringing up children in their
families? Critically discuss. (150 Words)

Introduction :- Family is the most important institution in child’s life. It shapes

the child in it’s earliest stages of life. Bringing up children is an art which family
as an institute inherit since ages. In India families are often idealised as an
institute. But if one deeply scrutinise and break up all activities in family we
may come across various ethical concerns which needs attentions specially in
today’s fast, nuclear family lifestyle.
 Typical abuses and their impact on children :- Children often undergoes
and experience many physical abuses while growing. Normal acts of
punishments due to parent’s immaturity, conscious or unconscious
aggression may sometimes leave deep and long lasting impacts on
children’s mind.
 Verbal abuse :- Parent’s hostile attitude are often communicated to
children through sarcastic, derisive manner. Derogatory comments may
hamper children’s self esteem and self confidence. It may have
psychological impact as well.
 Overprotectiveness, intrusiveness, and lack of respect for child’s
boundaries :- Such attitude towards children induces an abnormal form of
dependency by limiting children’s experience with life and limiting their
coping abilities. Parents who lack the understanding regarding children’s
needs tend to discourage and even oppose children’s independent
interest.
 Emotional hunger may also play a negative and disruptive role in
children’s upbringing.
 Parental behaviour :- Children often follow their parents as role models.
Hence behaviours, attitudes displayed by parents, acts and decisions
taken by them have impact on children. Any act of dishonesty, corruption
and bad precedents will mostly be replicated by children.
While all such ethical concerns needs to be taken care of family should not
always dictate to children what to do or how to behave. Every child is an
individual who will carve out his/her own life. Family’s role is to provide it a
direction and help in finding out the p

16 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/15/6-year-marks-
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anniversary-martin-luthers-triggering-protestant-reformation-funda/"
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HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/15/6-year-marks-
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anniversary-martin-luthers-triggering-protestant-reformation-funda/") This year
marks the 1,000th birth anniversary of HYPERLINK
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luthers-triggering-protestant-reformation-funda/", the great HYPERLINK
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luthers-triggering-protestant-reformation-funda/"Vaishnava HYPERLINK
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luthers-triggering-protestant-reformation-funda/" theologian HYPERLINK
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anniversary-ramanuja-great-vaishnava-theologian-500th-anniversary-martin-
luthers-triggering-protestant-reformation-funda/" HYPERLINK
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luthers-triggering-protestant-reformation-funda/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/15/6-year-marks-1000th-birth-
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luthers-triggering-protestant-reformation-funda/",, HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/15/6-year-marks-1000th-birth-
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luthers-triggering-protestant-reformation-funda/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/15/6-year-marks-1000th-birth-
anniversary-ramanuja-great-vaishnava-theologian-500th-anniversary-martin-
luthers-triggering-protestant-reformation-funda/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/15/6-year-marks-1000th-birth-
anniversary-ramanuja-great-vaishnava-theologian-500th-anniversary-martin-
luthers-triggering-protestant-reformation-funda/" and the 500th anniversary of
Martin Luther’s triggering of the Protestant Reformation which fundamentally
reshaped Christianity. Discuss their philosophies and their relevance today.
(200 Words)
The Indian Express
Introduction :- Ramanuja and Martin Luther king were both great reformers,
philosophers and thinkers of their time.
Ramanuja :- Ramanuja was a Hindu theologian, philosopher, and one of the
most important exponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition
within Hinduism. He was born in a Tamil Brāhmin family in the village
of Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu. His philosophical foundations for
devotionalism were influential to the Bhakti movement.
His Vishishtadvaita (qualified monism) philosophy has competed with
the Dvaita (theistic dualism) philosophy of Madhvāchārya,
and Advaita (monism) philosophy of Ādi Shankara, together the three most
influential Vedantic philosophies of the 2nd millennium. Rāmānuja presented
the epistemic and soteriological importance of bhakti, or the devotion to a
personal God (Vishnu in Rāmānuja’s case) as a means to spiritual liberation.
His theories assert that there exists a plurality and distinction
between Ātman (soul) and Brahman (metaphysical, ultimate reality), while he
also affirmed that there is unity of all souls and that the individual soul has
the potential to realize identity with the Brahman.
It was Ramanuja’s brilliance that gave practical effect to this theological
innovation. He organised the daily pujas and annual festival cycle at the
Srirangam Ranganatha temple in line with Agamic norms, thereby broadening
the temple’s constituency to include rising peasant castes and women. He
also made room for the emotive Tamil hymns of the Alvars in the otherwise
austere Sanskrit temple liturgy. Eventually, under his leadership, these
reforms took hold at other Vaishnavite temple complexes such as Tirupati and
Melkote that had sprung up across South India over the preceding centuries.
Martin Luther :-
Martin Luther was a German professor of theology, composer, priest,
monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.
Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic
Church. He strongly disputed the Catholic view on indulgences as he
understood it to be, that freedom from God’s punishment for sin could be
purchased with money.
Luther taught that salvation and, consequently, eternal life are not earned by
good deeds but are received only as the free gift of God’s grace through the
believer’s faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged
the authority and office of the Pope by teaching that the Bible is the only
source of divinely revealed knowledge from God.
Relevance today :- What Ramanuja and Luther underline for us is that it is
precisely this sort of reasoned debate amongst fellow believers, in dialogue
with but not beholden to their scriptures, that has allowed religious
communities throughout history to reform themselves — for the better.
Both of them tried and reformed the true concept of religion and helped
masses to take a rational look at it. Their ideas and principles still remains the
bench markers.

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study-ethics-personal-relationships/" HYPERLINK
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personal-relationships/" are a working single parent living with your six year
old child in an housing society. Recently divorce case between you and your
husband was amicably settled in a court. You were given custody of your
child. After the divorce HYPERLINK
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/15/ethics-case-study-ethics-
personal-relationships/" child has not been active and as cheerful as she used
to be earlier. She seems to have lost interest in day to day activities. In the
interest of your child, your close friends and even parents are asking you to
remarry a suitable person. However, you want to live alone with your child and
lead an independent life. But, your child’s behaviour has become a matter of
concern for your family and they all want you to either devote full time to
childcare by resigning from job, or marry someone to provide child a father.
On the other hand, your parents are not willing to live with you in the city as
they do not want to vacate their ancestral home in the village.
What are the ethical issues you are posed with? How are you going to
manage these issues? Analyse. (200 Words)
Introduction :- The ethical issues involved in above case study are as follows
:-
 Parenting in today’s world with many couples getting divorced and future
of their child
 Trade of between my own ambitions and caring about the nurturing of
child
  Dilemma for remarriage
 Inability of help from my parents
Course of action to be taken :-
My child’s healthy development is really a concern which needs utmost priority
now. However for that marrying again would be against my wish and my
mental preparedness. Hence I would find some ways by which my child would
be happy again without I am being married again.
I will try to find out root causes of my child’s condition if she is behaving like
this due to her loneliness or she needs support of a father.
If it is due to loneliness I will ensure that she gets good admission and
company in school to be engaged. Also ensuring quality time to be spend with
my child will be my priority. If it’s due to wanting of father’s love I would put
these things to my ex-husband and convince him about spending some time
together for child’s care.
Economic independence forms very important part of single parenting hence
leaving job would be not in interest of either me or my child. I would try to take
shifts when my child is engaged in school hence I can spend more time with
her.
Also I will request my parents to visit us whenever its possible for them in
order to get the child caring, warmth of other relationships.
Divorce is an increasing phenomenon these days but we must understand the
importance of family and it’s need for better future of children. Mutual
understanding and respect among couple is needed. Also if divorced they
must find out ways to protect the child against any psychological turmoil.

18 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/17/case-study-
ethical-issues-going-face-course-investigation-case-ill-manage-issues/"
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/17/case-study-ethical-issues-going-
face-course-investigation-case-ill-manage-issues/") You are working as
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/17/case-study-ethical-issues-going-
face-course-investigation-case-ill-manage-issues/"Superintendant
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/17/case-study-ethical-issues-going-
face-course-investigation-case-ill-manage-issues/" of Police (SP) in the anti-
corruption branch (ACB). Your husband is an IAS officer and is posted
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/17/case-study-ethical-issues-going-
face-course-investigation-case-ill-manage-issues/" in the food and civil
supplies department. Recently there was an allegation against your husband
that he was responsible for the supply of low quality, rotten food to various
hostels run by social welfare department and also to PDS shops. After few
cases of food poisoning and death of few students in social welfare hostels,
the government wanted to fix accountability and punish senior officers to show
that it was serious against such problems. The opposition parties have alleged
that your husband was a kingpin in the scam and it was due to his corrupt
nature, that innocent lives were lost. A committee formed by government
wants you to investigate the case.
a) What are the ethical issues that you are going to face during the course of
investigation in the above case? How ill you manage these issues? (250
Words)

Introduction :- The ethical issues involved in the case study are :-

 Personal life role, ethics vs Professional life role, ethics :- While my own
husband is involved in case of corruption and death I have to investigate
the case impartially.
 Conflict between affinity towards husband and integrity towards job.
 The issue of negligence in duty causing death of innocent lives.
 Maintaining impartiality, objectivity and neutrality even if the accuse is
personally known and shares relationship.
Management of these ethical issues and course of action to be taken :-
 My own husband is involved in the case hence it’s a conflict with my
personal and professional role. First of all I need to demarcate their
 respective boundaries, limitations and respect their own importance in my
life.
 The accused is my husband so if I am investing the case I need to
investigate matter with all rules and norms in place. It will set an
precedence in department. The charges are not proven yet hence it’s also
my duty as a wife to discuss the matter with him and try to find the truth.
 The issue of death is really worrisome. Death acts are cruel crime acts
and must be punishable. Hence after discussing the matter I will even
encourage him to come out with truth and if the charges are true then
accept the same in front of committee.
 Finally the case clearly involves a conflict of interest as my own husband
is under investigation. Though I maintain my objectivity, neutrality and
impartiality I would be questioned for the same. Also justice must not be
only done it needs to be seen as done. Hence I will ask my seniors to
relieve myself from the investigating committee.

18 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/18/9-identify-
comment-personal-professional-ethical-issues-present-recent-event-
corruption-malpractices-prisons-unearthed-lady-ips-officer-karnataka/"
HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/18/9-identify-comment-
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/18/9-identify-comment-personal-
professional-ethical-issues-present-recent-event-corruption-malpractices-
prisons-unearthed-lady-ips-officer-karnataka/") Identify and comment on the
personal and professional ethical issues present in the recent event where
corruption and malpractices in prisons were unearthed by a lady IPS officer in
Karnataka. (200 Words)

Introduction :- The case of alleging irregularities in the Parappana Agrahara

Central Prison in Bengaluru where a politician was treated with extraordinary
facilities compared to other prisoners highlights following professional and
personal ethical issues :-
 Objectivity & neutrality- favouring a powerful person over other is loss in
personal ethics.
 Trustworthiness- It result into loss in faith of the individual from the
system.
 Courage-A lady officer raising an issue against top notch powerful being
shows his courage.
  Lack of Motivation- officer being transferred without any evidence act as a
disappointment for other honest officials and generation to join them.
 Consciousness-it is a loss in self-respect when one get involve in
gruesome incidents like this.
 Honesty/integrity-it debar other to take stand when something unlawful
happening.
 Favouritism /Equality-favouring the politician and different treatment with
others shows disrespect to our preamble and constitution art 14 which talk
about equality before law.
 Transparency & accountability-hiding the issue from the official shows lack
transparency & accountability.
 Moral Turpitude- doing things against law and altering the video footage is
before law and erring official should be punished with independent
departmental inquiry.
 Political-bureaucratic nexus-this has resulted into the major cause of
failure of the administration system the conundrum that entire society is
dealing with.
Abdul Kalam very well said “If you salute your Duty, you no need to salute
anybody, but if you pollute your duty, so you have to salute everybody.” The
above incident is against work ethics, code of ethics/conduct denigrating the
image of the organization and loss in public trust. The Nolan 7 principle some
are selflessness, integrity, objectivity, accountability, honesty and leadership
should be the guiding spirit of any organization or a person.

19) Discuss the values highlighted in the HYPERLINK

"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/19/7-discuss-values-highlighted-
gandhijis-talisman/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/19/7-discuss-values-highlighted-
gandhijis-talisman/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/19/7-discuss-values-highlighted-
gandhijis-talisman/"Gandhiji’s HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/19/7-discuss-values-highlighted-
gandhijis-talisman/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/19/7-discuss-values-highlighted-
gandhijis-talisman/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/19/7-discuss-values-highlighted-
gandhijis-talisman/" Talisman. (150 Words)
Reference
Introduction:-
Gandhiji’s Talisman is a message which can be quoted as “I will give you a
talisman. Whenever you are in doubt, or when the self becomes too much
with you, apply the following test. Recall the face of the poorest and the
weakest man [woman] whom you may have seen, and ask yourself, if the step
you contemplate is going to be of any use to him [her]. Will he [she] gain
anything by it? Will it restore him [her] to a control over his [her] own life and
destiny? In other words, will it lead to swaraj [freedom] for the hungry and
spiritually starving millions? Then you will find your doubts and your-self melt
away”.
It highlights following values:-
 Compassion, care, love and affection: It’s important to have them in order
to think about the needy, downtrodden people, to be passionate to work
for their upliftment and betterment.
 Service, devotion, sincerity: These are the utmost values which make a
person to rise above him/herself and to go an extra mile to work for
marginalized people in society.
 Humanitarianism, benevolence, generosity, magnanimity, chivalry and
selflessness: They play an important role in making people to think and
work for others. People, if posses these values can make the world a
better place to live.
 Sympathy, empathy, tenderness, sensitivity: They play important role in
making people more humane. It helps in building loving society.
In today’s world where the powerful people in position of power, the rich who
enjoy privileges and the one who are better than the destitute, oppressed,
needy and distressed are forgetting their bigger role in society Gandhiji’s
Talisman acts like a guiding light. It also plays important role in making an
individual realise his/her duty. When country faces challenges of corruption,
riots, communal hatreds, turmoil, regionalism, radicalisation, terrorism,
environmental degradation Gandhiji’s Talisman if followed by all will bring
prosperity, happiness, peace and justice.
20

20)Define ideal? Do you think HYPERLINK

"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/20/8-define-ideal-think-gandhijis-
philosophy-truth-non-violence-unrealistic-just-ideals-today-justify-one-pursue-
knowing-principles-just-ideals/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/20/8-define-ideal-think-gandhijis-
philosophy-truth-non-violence-unrealistic-just-ideals-today-justify-one-
pursue-knowing-principles-just-ideals/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/20/8-define-ideal-think-gandhijis-
philosophy-truth-non-violence-unrealistic-just-ideals-today-justify-one-
pursue-knowing-principles-just-ideals/"Gandhiji’s HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/20/8-define-ideal-think-gandhijis-
philosophy-truth-non-violence-unrealistic-just-ideals-today-justify-one-
pursue-knowing-principles-just-ideals/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/20/8-define-ideal-think-gandhijis-
philosophy-truth-non-violence-unrealistic-just-ideals-today-justify-one-
pursue-knowing-principles-just-ideals/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/20/8-define-ideal-think-gandhijis-
philosophy-truth-non-violence-unrealistic-just-ideals-today-justify-one-
pursue-knowing-principles-just-ideals/" philosophy of truth and non-violence
are unrealistic and just ideals today? Justify why HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/20/8-define-ideal-think-gandhijis-
philosophy-truth-non-violence-unrealistic-just-ideals-today-justify-one-
pursue-knowing-principles-just-ideals/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/20/8-define-ideal-think-gandhijis-
philosophy-truth-non-violence-unrealistic-just-ideals-today-justify-one-
pursue-knowing-principles-just-ideals/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/20/8-define-ideal-think-gandhijis-
philosophy-truth-non-violence-unrealistic-just-ideals-today-justify-one-
pursue-knowing-principles-just-ideals/"should one HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/20/8-define-ideal-think-gandhijis-
philosophy-truth-non-violence-unrealistic-just-ideals-today-justify-one-
pursue-knowing-principles-just-ideals/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/20/8-define-ideal-think-gandhijis-
philosophy-truth-non-violence-unrealistic-just-ideals-today-justify-one-
pursue-knowing-principles-just-ideals/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/20/8-define-ideal-think-gandhijis-
philosophy-truth-non-violence-unrealistic-just-ideals-today-justify-one-
pursue-knowing-principles-just-ideals/" pursue knowing these principles are
just ideals. (200 Words)
Reference

Introduction:-
Ideal is the best and most suitable that is followed by people as an ultimate
thing. Nothing can be better than an ideal. It is many times considered as an
imaginary thing. While it’s confused with perfect both are different. Perfect
may be the practical version of an ideal thing.
Gandhiji emphasize on truth (speaking and behaving in real, true and just
manner) and non-violence (not using violent means of torturing, aggression
and killing for perusing one’s goals) during the freedom struggle of country
and his own personal life was one of the ideal philosophy. Truth and non-
violence have been two foundational stones of Gandhian philosophy. Truth is
the end and non-violence is the means to achieve this end.
Today’s suitability and why one peruse them :-
 World is suffering from problems of terrorism, radicalism, deteriorating
human relations and values, forced migration, intelligence wars and cyber-
attacks. In such scenario being truthful becomes even more relevant.
Though it may sound to being ideal in today’s practical, realistic world, this
is one of the best ways in dealing and solving the issues.
Ex. United for peace resolution adopted in case of Korean warfare was
display of truthfulness of world powers even when UNSC resolution stood
divided which controlled the war and solved problem. Being truthful and non-
violent by state and non-state actors can minimize and solve the problems of
Kashmir valley.
 Violent means can destabilize, destruct and even wipe out humans from
world ultimately. As rightly said by Gandhiji “an eye for an eye will make
the world blind”. In India the Mizoram secession issues has proved that
abandoning violent means and accepting democratic means by Mizo
National Front under Lal Denga paved the way for peaceful resolution of
issue.
 Truth and non-violence has time and again proved their efficacy. India’s
freedom struggle is a mounting example. The movements of J P Narayan,
Anna Hazare have created much awakening. Many great world leaders
like Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther king had adopted them and led their
country on path of peace, prosperity and justice.
 These ideals imbibe important values like compassion, selflessness,
justice, love, humanitarianism, magnanimity into people. They are the
need of present time.
The acid test of relevance of works and views of a great man is definitely the
application of them in prevailing conditions of time and space. Mahatma
Gandhi is fortunately among those few great men in the entire human history
whose individual life, works and views, also known as Gandhism, not only
proved to be great and exemplary during his own lifetime but their relevance
and significance remained intact after his passing away.

21. Discuss Swami Vivekananda’s philosophy of education. (200 Words)

Reference
Introduction:-
Swami Vivekananda Bengali born Narendranath Datta, was
an Indian Hindu monk, a chief disciple of the 19th-century Indian
mystic Ramakrishna. He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian
philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world and is credited with
raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world
religion during the late 19th century.
Philosophy on education:-
There is lot to learn from Vivekananda’s views on education. He puts lot of
emphasis on physical education, moral and religious education, Medium of
language in education, women education and education for weaker sections
of society. Let me elaborate his views on each of these components.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION:
Without the knowledge of physical education, the self-realization or character
building is not possible. One must know, it is not possible to keep a
strong mind without a strong body. In particular, Vivekananda stressed the
need for physical education in curriculum.
MEDIUM OF EDUCATION:
Like Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore, Vivekananda also
emphasised on education through the medium of mother tongue.
MORAL AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION:
Vivekananda said, “Religion is the innermost core of education. Religion is
like the rice and everything else, is like the curries. Taking only curries
causes indigestion and so is the case with taking rice alone.” Therefore,
religious education is a vital part of a sound curriculum.
EDUCATION OF MASSES:
The individual development is not a full development of our nation, so it is
necessary to give education to the society or common people. The education
is not only confined to the well-to-do persons only but also to the poor people.
Vivekananda emphasized on the improvement of the conditions of the
masses and for this, he advocated mass education.
MAN MAKING EDUCATION:
The educational philosophy of Swami Vivekananda is a harmonious synthesis
between the ancient Indian ideals and modern Western beliefs. He not only
stressed upon the physical, mental, moral, spiritual and vocational
development of the child but also he advocated women education as well as
education of the masses.
SELF EDUCATION:
Self-education is the self-knowledge. That is, knowledge of our own self is the
best guide in the struggle of our life. If we take one example, the childhood
stage, the child will face lot of problems or commit mistakes in the process of
character formation.
WOMEN EDUCATION:
Vivekananda considered women to be the incarnation of power. He rightly
pointed out that unless Indian women secure a respectable place in this
country, the nation can never move forward. The important features of his
scheme of female education are “Make women strong, fear-less, and
conscious of their chastity and dignity”.
EDUCATION FOR WEAKER SECTION OF SOCIETY
Vivekananda pleaded for the universal education so that the backward people
may fall in line with others. To uplift the backward classes he chooses
education as a powerful instrument for their life process. Thus education
should spread to every household in the country, to factories, playing grounds
and agricultural fields.
CONCLUSION
From the analysis of Vivekananda’s scheme, philosophy of education, it is
clear that the upliftment of masses is possible only through education. His
views on education bring to light a constructive, practical and comprehensive
approach to education. By giving education, he tries to materialize the moral
and spiritual welfare and upliftment of humanity, irrespective of caste, creed,
nationality or time. By the way of his scheme of education, we can get to build
the strong nation with peace and harmony and without caste and creed. But
contrary to following his ideas, we are giving bookish knowledge to our kids
without giving exposure to other areas of education with the result that when
they complete the education, they get degrees but they fail to develop strong
moral and spiritual character.

22 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/22/9-according-
swami-vivekananda-goal-ethics-examine/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/22/9-according-swami-
vivekananda-goal-ethics-examine/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/22/9-according-swami-
vivekananda-goal-ethics-examine/") According to Swami Vivekananda, what
is the goal of ethics? Examine. (150 Words)
Reference
Introduction:-
Swami Vivekananda thinks that ethics is nothing but a code of conduct that
helps a man to be a good citizen of the world.
· The motto of ethics, according to Swami Vivekananda, is not self, but
non-self. A man who wants to behave in accordance with the code of ethics
must put himself last, i.e. he must show his attention for the interest of others
first.
· Swamiji says that all codes of ethics are based upon this renunciation;
destruction, not construction, of the individual on the material plane. The
ethics of Swami Vivekananda leads us to a new concept of holism unlike the
traditional concepts. Swami Vivekananda clearly makes distinction between
two concepts of moral and immoral.
· A man who wants to behave in accordance with the code of ethics must
put himself last, i.e. he must show his attention for the interest of others first.
· According to Swami Vivekananda, ―The watchword of all well-being, of all
moral good is not I but thou. Two forces have been working side by side in parallel lines.
The one says I the other says not I. Throughout creation these two forces are working
side by side, where you find the one, you find the other too. The one is selfishness, the
other is unselfishness. The one is acquisition, the other is renunciation.
· To lead ethical life or to be moral acceptance of oneness and the
rejection of individuality is must. The background of ethics of Swami
Vivekananda is oneness.
Conclusion:-
All the ethical concepts, except Vivekananda‘s concept, treat human beings
as good or bad beings, while Swamiji treats all of them as one. In the context
of global upheaval, problems of migrants, turmoil in Middle East,
protectionism and self-interest of individual nations, cross border terrorism,
and shared responsibility of climate change, Vivekananda’s concept of ethics
hold huge relevance. If we show “unselfish” behaviour as taught by him
consider all human as our brother and sisters then this world will have better
order and structure.

23 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-
mantapa-said-fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-
human-values-ethics-discuss-teachings/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/") HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/"Anubhava HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/"Mantapa HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/7-anubhava-mantapa-said-
fountainhead-religious-philosophical-thought-pertaining-human-values-
ethics-discuss-teachings/" was said to be the fountainhead of all religious
and philosophical thought pertaining to the Human Values, Ethics. Discuss
its teachings. (150 Words)
Reference
Reference
Introduction:-
Anubhava Mantapa was an academy of mystics, saints and philosophers of
the Lingayat faith in the 12th century. It was the fountainhead of all religious and
philosophical thought pertaining to the Lingayat. It was presided over by the
mystic Allama Prabhu and numerous Sharanas from all over Karnataka and other
parts of India were participants. This institution was also the fountainhead of
the Vachana literature which was used as the vector to propagate Lingayata
religious and philosophical thought. Other giants of Lingayat theosophy like Akka
Mahadevi, Channabasavanna and Basavanna himself were participants in the
Anubhava Mantapa. The Anubhava Mantapa also called as the Mahaamane.
The fundamental principles accepted Anubhava Mantapa may be
summarized as follows:
 All are equal reflects the notion of equality irrespective of the meaningless
differentiation of human beings as high or low either on their birth or on their
occupation.
 Woman has equal rights with man to follow the path of self-evolution. It shows
the emphasis on women emancipation, empowerment and attitude of
compassion towards them.
 Universal brotherhood, Community approach (team work) and Practice before
preach are highly valued ethical conducts of humans, persuasion of justice in
society.
 Each one should follow a profession of his own choice means respect for
freedom of choice and personal liberty.
 Varnas (or castes) and Ashrams (or stages) are to be discarded, Inter-group
marriages and free dining should be encouraged indicates high importance to
rationality and idea of oneness in people.
 Untouchability has no place in the society.
 Every man is free to think on all spiritual and social subjects, reason and
experience are the only guiding lights for free thinking and spiritual
advancement reflects emphasis on human dignity, capability of everyone and
scientific temperament.
Hence Anubhava Mantapa, the first parliament in history of mankind, through its
principles and ideals tried to inculcate the necessary human values and ethical
conduct. In times when society was plagued with many evils it proved to be the
necessary guiding light.

24) Discuss the values preached by HYPERLINK

"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/8-discuss-values-preached-jyotiba-
phule-relevance-today/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/8-discuss-values-preached-jyotiba-
phule-relevance-today/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/8-discuss-values-preached-jyotiba-
phule-relevance-today/"Jyotiba HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/8-discuss-values-preached-jyotiba-
phule-relevance-today/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/8-discuss-values-preached-jyotiba-
phule-relevance-today/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/8-discuss-values-preached-jyotiba-
phule-relevance-today/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/8-discuss-values-preached-jyotiba-
phule-relevance-today/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/8-discuss-values-preached-jyotiba-
phule-relevance-today/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/8-discuss-values-preached-jyotiba-
phule-relevance-today/"Phule HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/8-discuss-values-preached-jyotiba-
phule-relevance-today/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/8-discuss-values-preached-jyotiba-
phule-relevance-today/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/24/8-discuss-values-preached-jyotiba-
phule-relevance-today/" and their relevance today. (150 Words)
Reference
Introduction:-
Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (11 April 1827 – 28 November 1890) was an Indian
social activist for the Dalit people, a thinker, anti-caste social reformer and writer
from Maharashtra.
The values preached by him:-
 Equality, liberty and fraternity :- He worked for eradication of untouchability,
upliftment of Dalits and downtrodden. He promoted the societal cooperation,
brotherhood and unity of individual concepts.
Though our constitution guarantees these values legally their acceptance in
people’s mind and heart is still distant dream. We must strive to instil them in us.
The Manual scavenging abolition, spread of education are right steps.
 Justice, humanitarianism :- His work for oppressed through his literature like
Shetkaryancha Asud, Gulamgiri and organisations like Satyshodhak samaj, his
symbolisation of Raja Bali all reflects the above values.
These values are required today in order to make society a fair place to live. Like
community of Transgender was given due recognition many other sections of
society needs to be uplifted.
 Devotion, compassion, truthfulness, sympathy and feminism :- He devoted his
entire life for progress of others. He was an living example of these values. He
established Satyashodhak Samaj which means society of seekers of truth. His
and his wife Savitribai Phule’s zeal for women emancipation, empowerment
through education was remarkable.
Individuals are the most important part of any society. These values are needed
today to make them good, ethical.
Jyotiba Phule left behind his legacy of values, ethics and work. These were
capitalised upon by great people like Dr Ambedkar. Still they hold much relevance
today in growing issues like caste discrimination, communalism, racial hatred, child
marriages etc. Spreading his work and inculcating his preached values in society is
need of hour.
25 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/25/8-lessons-ethics-
draw-life-works-indias-social-reformers-18th-century-examine/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/25/8-lessons-ethics-draw-life-works-
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indias-social-reformers-18th-century-examine/") What lessons in ethics would you
draw from life and works of India’s social reformers of 18th century? Examine (200
Words)

Introduction:-
The socio religious reform movements of 18th and 19th century in India saw
emergence of many great personalities. These leaders, reformers, educationist,
thinkers, journalists made a strong efforts to weed out the evils present in society.
Many lessons in ethics can be learnt from them as follows:-
 Visionary attitude and rational understanding:- They tried to analyse the causes
of Indian political and cultural subjugation. Though they wanted to spread
western ideas and institutions they didn’t go for blind imitation rather modified
those ideas as per Indian needs.
 Liberal, progressive and egalitarian attitude:- Reformers like Raja Ram Mohan
Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Jyotiba Phule wanted to liberate Indians from
clutches of evils. They emphasized equality of mankind against discrimination
on basis of caste, creed, birth etc.
 Democratic and assimilatory approach:- Reformers wanted dignity for each
individual, respect for all. They were inclusive in approach and were open to all
good ideas from all religion, culture and society. They used force of law to
pursue their cause.
 Justice, equality and fraternity :- All reformers emphasized on them in order to
create and egalitarian, just society. They are also required to uphold the dignity,
individuality of people.
 They were living examples of devotion, selfless ness, tolerance, peaceful
existence, non -violence, humanism, compassion. These values, ethics could
be seen in their personal life and their work. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was hurt by
his sister in law’s Sati to extreme extend and then devoted his life for that
cause. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar used to give his coat to the first needy
person sighted on streets. Swami Vivekanand said service to man is service to
god.
Their life and work set high ideals, ethics and goals to be followed by the
generations. In today’s society their importance has become even more relevant.
We must try to imbibe them into us and society.
26 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/26/7-define-attitude-
discuss-nature-attitude-components/" HYPERLINK
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attitude-components/" HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/26/7-
define-attitude-discuss-nature-attitude-components/") Define attitude? Discuss the
nature of attitude and its components. (200 Words)
NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook Chapter 6
Introduction :- Attitudes are evaluations people make about objects, ideas, events,
or other people. Attitudes can be positive or negative. Explicit attitudes are
conscious beliefs that can guide decisions and behavior. Implicit attitudes are
unconscious beliefs that can still influence decisions and behavior. Attitudes can
include up to three components: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral.
Example: If someone believes that smoking is unhealthy,she feels disgusted when
people smoke around her, and avoids being in situations where people smoke.

Nature of attitude :-
 Attitudes often result in and affect the behaviour or action of the people.
Attitudes can lead to intended behaviour if there are no external interventions.
 Attitudes constitute a psychological phenomenon which cannot be directly
observed. However, an attitude can be observed indirectly by observing its
consequences. For example, if a person is very regular in his job, we may infer
that he likes his job very much.
 Attitudes are gradually acquired over a period of time. The process of learning
attitude starts right from childhood and continues throughout the life of a person.
In the beginning the family members may have a greater impact on the attitude
of a child.
 Attitudes are evaluative statements, either favourable or unfavourable. When a
person says he likes or dislikes something or somebody, an attitude is being
expressed.
 All people, irrespective of their status and intelligence hold attitudes.
 An attitude may be unconsciously held. Most of our attitudes may be about
those which we are not clearly aware. Prejudice furnishes a good example.
Components of Attitude :-
 Informational or Cognitive Component: The informational component consists
of beliefs, values, ideas and other information a person has about the object. It
 makes no difference whether or not this information is empirically correct or
real.
 Emotional or Affective Component: The informational component sets the stage
for the more critical part of an attitude, its affective component. The emotional
components involve the person’s feeling or affect-positive, neutral or negative-
about an object.
 Behavioural Component: The behavioural component consists of the tendency
of a person to behave in a particular manner towards an object

27 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/27/9-differentiate-
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/27/9-differentiate-prejudice-stereotype/")
Differentiate between prejudice and stereotype.
b) Is behaviour always a reflection of one’s attitude? Explain with example.

c) What are the factors that influence the formation of attitude? Discuss with
examples.

NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook Chapter 6

Introduction :-
Prejudice and stereotype :-
Prejudice is a kind of prejudgment or assumption about somebody before having
sufficient knowledge to judge with accuracy. Prejudice refers to beliefs without
sound knowledge of the facts concerned with the belief. Much of prejudice is based
on negative feelings towards people belonging to other groups but showing favour
towards people belonging to one’s groups. Black people are uncivilised is a
prejudice. Disliking a co worker or subordinate without knowing their abilities, just
because of their caste, religion, region, nationality, etc.
The word ‘stereotype’ is derived from the Greek word ‘stereos’ meaning ‘firm’ or
‘solid’. They are standardized beliefs about people based on some
prior assumptions. Stereotypes are developed mostly from ones experience,
upbringing. It is believed that childhood influences are indeed some of the very
profound factors in developing stereotypes. People may stereotype women as
more nurturing, caring than men.
Does behaviour always reflection of attitude :-
Attitudes can positively or negatively affect a person’s behavior. A person may not
always be aware of his or her attitude or the effect it is having on behavior. A person
who has positive attitudes towards work and co-workers (such as contentment,
friendliness, etc.) can positively influence those around them. Behaviour is mostly a
reflection of attitude but not always. A person can treat the lady co worker in office
respectfully, equally and with much dignity but he may have patriarchal attitude.
The factors which lead to development of attitudes can be :-
 Family: Family is the most powerful source for formation of attitudes. The
parents, siblings provide information about various things.
 Peers:- As the individual develops, he comes in contact with outer world and
peers in first place. Peers include same age friends, neighbours, classmates,
etc. The child tries to internalise the attitudes of these people.
 Conditioning: When we are conditioned or adjusted to a certain set up of
people, situation, etc., we will be influenced by that. Hence, our associations
lead to develop attitudes. Many times the kind of reinforcement we get from
environment also leads to develop attitudes. On the other hand, negative
reinforcement like punishment, teasing, criticizing, troubling may lead to develop
negative attitude. Examples: when a patient’s life is saved by a particular
hospital at critical moments, he will develop a favourable attitude and if the life is
lost he will develop a negative attitude towards hospital, doctor.
 Direct instruction: Sometimes direct instruction can influence attitude formation.
For example, somebody gives information about a hair dye or usefulness of
some fruit, we develop an attitude about that product, may be positive or
negative.
 Satisfaction of wants: Individual develops favourable attitudes towards those
people and objects which satisfy his wants and unfavourable attitudes towards
those who do not satisfy.

28 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/28/7-understand-social-
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/28/7-understand-social-influence-write-
note-three-forms-social-influence/") What do you understand by social influence?
Write a note on three forms of social influence. (150 Words)
NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook Chapter 7

Introduction :- Social influence occurs when a person’s emotions, opinions, or

behaviors are affected by others. Social influence takes many forms and can be
seen in conformity, socialization, peer
pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing. In 1958,
Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three broad varieties of social
influence.
 Complianceis when people appear to agree with others but actually keep their
dissenting opinions private. Compliance is the act of responding favorably to an
explicit or implicit request offered by others. Technically, compliance is a
change in behavior but not necessarily in attitude; one can comply due to
mere obedience or by otherwise opting to withhold private thoughts due to
social pressures
 Identificationis when people are influenced by someone who is liked and
respected, such as a famous celebrity. Identification is the changing of attitudes
or behaviors due to the influence of someone who is
admired. Advertisements that rely upon celebrity endorsements to market their
products are taking advantage of this phenomenon.
 Internalizationis when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both
publicly and privately. Internalization is the process of acceptance of a set of
norms established by people or groups that are influential to the individual. The
individual accepts the influence because the content of the influence accepted
is intrinsically rewarding.
29 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/28/8-differentiate-
obedience-compliance-conformity-discuss-impact-social-influence-behaviours/"
HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/28/8-differentiate-obedience-
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/28/8-differentiate-obedience-compliance-
conformity-discuss-impact-social-influence-behaviours/") Differentiate between
obedience, compliance and conformity. Discuss impact of social influence on these
behaviours. (150 Words)

NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook Chapter 7

Introduction :- Social influence refers to the ways people influence the beliefs,
feelings, and behaviors of others. Each day we are bombarded by countless
attempts by others to influence us. The above terms of obedience, compliance and
conformity sounds similar at first look but they are different in their meaning.
 Compliance and obedience have one main difference: one is a request, a
question, and the other is a direct command. While one invites the subject to
decline, a command carries with it the social expectations of obedience.
 Conformity is strongly affected by whether the culture in question is orientated
to individualism or collectivism however compliance and obedience are less
likely to be affected by this particular factor.
 Conformity is generally an internalising of the social norms, where the subject
takes these and incorporates them into their own paradigm. Conformed
behaviour can be shown to become “automatic”, i.e. unconscious. However
public compliance and obedience do not necessarily belie private attitudes and
beliefs.
 While compliance and obedience are the result of social expectations, self-gain,
and fear of conflict or punishment, conformity also has a stronger ethological
cause: The perceptions and behaviours of the majority are likely to be more
accurate and conducive to survival than those of the individual or minority.
Impact of social influence on them :-
 Compliance is when an individual changes his or her behavior in response to
an explicit or implicit request made by another person. Compliance is often
referred to as an active form of social influence in that it is usually intentionally
initiated by a person. It is also conceptualized as an external form of social
influence in that its focus is a change in overt behavior. Although compliance
may sometimes occur as a result of changes in people’s internal beliefs and/or
feelings, such internal changes are not the primary goal of compliance, nor are
they necessarily required for the request to be successful.
 In contrast, conformity refers to when people adjust their behaviors, attitudes,
feelings, and/or beliefs to fit to a group norm. Conformity is generally regarded
as a passive form of influence in that members of the group do not actively
attempt to influence others. People merely observe the actions of group
members and adjust their behaviors and/or views accordingly. The focus of
conformity can be either external (overt behaviors) or internal (beliefs and
feelings) in nature.
 Obedience is a change in behavior as a result of a direct command from an
authority figure. Obedience is an active form of influence in that it is usually
directly initiated by an authority figure and is typically external in that overt
behaviors are generally the focus of commands.
30 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/29/8-understand-
prisoners-dilemma-discuss-morality-prisoners-dilemma/" HYPERLINK
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/29/8-understand-prisoners-dilemma-
discuss-morality-prisoners-dilemma/") What do you understand by prisoner’s
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dilemma-discuss-morality-prisoners-dilemma/" HYPERLINK
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/29/8-understand-prisoners-dilemma-
discuss-morality-prisoners-dilemma/" Discuss morality of the prisoner’s dilemma.
(150 Words)
NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook Chapter 7
Reference
Introduction :- The prisoner’s dilemma is a paradox in decision analysis in which
two individuals acting in their own self-interest pursue a course of action that does
not result in the ideal outcome. The typical prisoner’s dilemma is set up in such a
way that both parties choose to protect themselves at the expense of the other
participant. As a result of following a purely logical thought process, both
participants find themselves in a worse state than if they had cooperated with each
other in the decision-making process.
The morality aspects involved in prisoner’s dilemma :-
 Mutual Co operation Vs defecation :- It points out that cooperation actually
leads to better and mutually beneficial results than defecation and breach of
trust. In simple terms in cooperation lies the key to prosper and in separation
the destruction. Indo-Pakistan bilateral relation are plagued with many issues.
The Siachine is one of them. If both countries cooperate they can reduce
casualties, financial investment and avoidable conflicts in the Land of Roses.
Defecation and breach of trust has resulted in heavy loss of men, money on
both sides.
 Selflessness, sympathy and care for others Vs selfishness, narrow
mindedness :- If we become selfless and think for others we may get the same
result in return. If not it displays our higher ideals in life. Selfishness leads to
hatred, jealousy and deterioration of relationships. Mother Teresa worked for
 the needy, poor in very selfless manner and she got love, recognition,
appreciation, honours in return.
 Survival competition Vs Ethical competence :- As well said by Albert Einstein
that adversity introduces the man to himself and to the world. In such adverse
condition of imprisonment as well if one shows ethical competence rather than
a blind and immature attempt in competition for survival one can be at winning
side.
Hence prisoners dilemma reveals many moral aspects and it can teach many
lessons about probable behaviour of individual in adverse condition

31 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/31/ethics-case-study-
opinion-friends-attitude-behaviour-ethical-justify/" HYPERLINK
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attitude-behaviour-ethical-justify/") One of your friends, who HYPERLINK
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attitude-behaviour-ethical-justify/" in his late twenties, is very active in politics. You
despise his political ideology but like his rest of the personality. He often tries to elicit
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attitude-behaviour-ethical-justify/" HYPERLINK
"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/07/31/ethics-case-study-opinion-friends-
attitude-behaviour-ethical-justify/". However, you have no interest in either politics or
on any important issues. You are very busy with your research project and have no
time to think about anything else. One day, your friend accuses you of being anti-
national and unpatriotic. He tells you that it is because of silence from youth like you
that India is facing several problems. He wants you to talk about important issues
not only with him, but also with your colleagues and create awareness. He thinks
that youth like you should be actively involved in politics to clean India of its
malaises. As his coercion has increased these days, you are worried and decide to
avoid him. You are not at all persuaded by his words and you are solely focused on
research.
a) What is your opinion on your friend’s attitude? Is his behaviour ethical? Justify.
(150 Words)

b) Is it right on your part to avoid your friend? Is it possible to change your friend’s
behaviour? If yes, how will you change him? Explain. (150 Words)

Introduction :-
Facts :- I am busy in my research project and don’t have any interest in politics,
happening issues. My this attitude makes my friend thinks that I am unpatriotic. His
behaviour about pursuing me and my friend is becoming coercive now and I have
decided to avoid him.
 The behaviour of my friend is increasingly becoming intolerable. Though he is
active in politics and thinks about cleaning it through spreading awareness and
opinion on important issues this is not the only way to contribute towards our
 nation. His compulsion for others to join his way is unethical as it fringes upon
the freedom of others.
 Though I don’t like his this attitude about politics I like my friend in other aspects
of his personality. Avoiding him is not only a temporary solution but also breach
of a true friendship. After all a true friend is someone you can disagree and still
remain friends. My this behaviour is unethical, insensitive and unjust in our
friendship
As Winston Churchill had said Attitude is a small thing which makes big difference.
It is the cause for most of our behaviour. With a good, visionary attitude we can
flourish and with a bad, narrow attitude we may perish.

Its formation is complex yet can be understood in diagram. Its possible to change
once attitude and thereby the behaviour. I will try to pursue my friend and will try to
get his attention towards his behaviour in detached manner. I will ask him to respect
others dignity and freedom. I will convince him that even my research is a way of
expressing my patriotism towards nation if it contributes towards the progress of
individual, society. Also if all people join politics them what about other sector? If all
become leaders and agitators then who will be the follower and listener ? Hence
one must follow his/her own way for improving country and let others to follow their.

32 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/08/01/10-often-see-news-
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politicians-either-publicly-insulting-bureaucrats-even-physically-abusing-
government-employees-opinion-attitudinal-change-required-com/") Often you see in
the news of powerful politicians either publicly insulting bureaucrats or even
physically abusing government employees. In your opinion, what attitudinal change
in required to completely stop such incidents? (150 Words)

Introduction :- The incidences of politicians insulting bureaucrats like P

Chidambaram insulted an IAS officer for not speaking good English language,
controversy over PM Narendra Modi visit to Dantewada district collector who wore
goggles etc. shows the increasing attitudinal clashes between politicians and
bureaucrats.
These incidences happen due to the wrong attitude of both towards each other
which is a result of mutual power tussle, egoist, defensive and blaming inclinations
of both in many cases.
According to M. Weber, the imperative of politicians is the struggle for power,
whereas bureaucrats tend to be obedient and disciplined; politicians – act in the
public domain, and bureaucrats function in institutions; the working tool of politicians is
their voice, whereas public servants tend to rely on the written word; politician above all
things is an actor who passionately advocates for his cause, while an administrator
concentrates on solving technical problems; finally, the career of a politician is uncertain,
temporary and flexible, whereas bureaucrats often enjoy stability. But this attitudes of
politicians and bureaucrats are not suitable and beneficial in todays scenario. Traditional
attitudes must be changed.
Politicians and bureaucrats are two sides of same coins. Both need to show mutual
cooperation, synergy and understanding in order to achieve the goal of public
welfare and national progress. Cooperation is the need rather than coercion,
respect is the way rather than suspect and accountability towards each other is the
key rather than irresponsibility, untrustworthine
33 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/08/02/case-study-looking-
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family-doesnt-suffer/") Your father is a police officer. You have noticed that his
behaviour at home is rude and he always seems to be restless. There were
occasions when he used to beat you and also sometimes your mother. Childhood
for you was difficult thanks to strictness expected by your father in every aspect of
your childhood life. Now you are working as a police officer yourself in the Indian
Police Service. Your father is yet to retire. Though he doesn’t beat anyone now, his
behaviour hasn’t changed.
Looking back what attitudinal changes you think would have helped your father to
behave well with his family? Looking at present, how will you make sure that your
family doesn’t suffer the same fate as yours did? (200 Words)

Introduction :- My father was in a tough profession. Policemen needs to be strict,

alert, ruthless towards the culprits. They have to bear the pressure of duty,
politicians, system, riotous situations and people. 24*7 hours duty without sufficient
breaks, holidays and rest makes them anxious, restless and short tempered. All
these professional effect are reflected into their personal life in case of many
policeman.
My father was one among such policeman. He used to beat me and my mother. He
used to expect strict conduct. All these things had made my childhood a difficult
experience. Looking back I think following attitudinal changes would have helped
my father to behave well with family :-
 Emotionally intelligent, balanced attitude towards professional and family life :- It
is very important in order to recognise, differentiate and manage ones
emotions. Its equally important to differentiate between ones professional and
personal life in order to minimise the intermixing between the two.
 Stress relevance, work management :- He could have helped himself and
family by managing his work and stress. Many activities like yoga, meditation,
exercise would have helped.
 Respect for law, avoiding double stand attitude by performing police duty
outside and indulging in domestic violence act inside the home and changing
patriarchal mindset for feminist, liberal attitude.
  Practising tolerance, patience, love, caring, gentle, humane, affectionate
attitude towards family :- Its important to create strong bondage and make
family members to feel valued.
I will make sure that my family doesn’t suffer the same fate with following measures
:-
 Developing required skills to manage myself and my family :- Stress
management, work and family balance, respect for all family members,
importance to spending time with them will help me in order to do justice with
my professional and personal life.
 Developing Temperament, liberal, accommodative and helping, caring attitudes
towards my wife, children and father.
 I would help my children enjoys their childhood as feely, joyfully as possible with
some quality checks from me, wife and their grandfather. I would also let my
wife every right to live her life with dignity, respect by helping her in family
works, encouraging her in her career.
Institution of family is one of the most important component of society. Peace,
respect and happiness in families will ensure the peace in society.

34 HYPERLINK "http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/08/03/7-differentiate-
aptitude-attitude-illustrate-examples-aptitude-important-civil-servants/" HYPERLINK
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"http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/08/03/7-differentiate-aptitude-attitude-
illustrate-examples-aptitude-important-civil-servants/") Differentiate between
aptitude and attitude. Illustrate with examples why aptitude is important for civil
servants. (150 Words)
Introduction :- Attitude is related to existing abilities and skills with certain
perceptions while aptitude is the potential ability to acquire skills, abilities and
knowledge. It can be positive or negative attitude. The positive attitude is known as
optimism where as the negative is pessimism. Aptitudes are our potential to learn
skills which we develop and hone through time. What works, you continue using.
What does not, you strive to change. Attitude deals with character while aptitude
deals with competence. Aptitude can be developed easily and fastly in many cases
than attitude. Civil servants like O P Gupta, E shreedharan, Armstrong Pame have
displayed great aptitude in their respective works.
Why aptitude more important for civil servant :-
 Todays world is all about learning. Fast changes, dynamic scenarios,
destabilising situations, new emerging problems, quick decision making
pressure situations aptitude helps as a strong vale.
 Role of a civil servant constantly changes specially considering the diverse
country like India. Civil servants act as a connecting link between government
and citizen and hence need better aptitude to convey government policy, goal
and to deliver better results.
 On daily basis and at personal level a civil servant has to face many problems
like 24 hours duty alert, emergencies, physical and mental stress and in theses
situation they need to handle public at large. Hence values like emotional
intelligence, compassion, sympathy, integrity, non partisanship, innovative
mindset plays important role.
35) Define integrity, impartiality, non-partisanship and objectivity. (150 Words)

Introduction :- Aptitude and foundational values for civil services like integrity,
impartiality and non partisanship, objectivity are needed to bring the attitudinal and
behavioural reforms in them. Present day they need to perform multiple functions
of giving suggestions to political representatives, addressing public grievances,
institutionalisation of the socio economic changes, delivering goods and services
hence a value committed bureaucracy is need of hour.

The following are some foundational values for civil servants

Integrity :- It is the practice of synchronisation of thought, words and actions. It

can be correlated to honesty but unlike honesty its more a professional value. Its
related to institution. It advocate sacrifice of personal gains in favour of
organisational objectives. In conflict between personal and organisational objectives
organisation must be given importance. Financial integrity is important component.
Civil servants are handling public assets they are the custodians of public money.
Integrity ensures the economy of expenditure, reduction in unproductive
expenditure, minimisation of corruption. hence integrity is utmost required value.

Impartiality :- Impartiality (also called even handedness or fair-mindedness) is a

principle of justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria,
rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person
over another for improper reasons. A civil servant should never show any kind of
prejudices, biases, and preferences into their functionating.

Objectivity :- Objectivityis a central philosophical concept, related to reality and

truth, which has been variously defined by sources. Generally, objectivity means
the state or quality of being true even outside of a subject’s individual biases,
interpretations, feelings, and imaginings. It’s the quality of making the rational
decisions without subjective biases, prejudices. Organisational decisions must be
objective in order to make it efficient.

Non partisanship :- Non partisanism is a lack of affiliation with, and a lack of bias
toward a political party. It’s the political neutrality of a civil servant which makes her
the true public servant. It will not only help in delivering services in right manner
but also help in institutional continuity in functioning of bureaucracy.
36) Define ‘weaker sections’ in the Indian context? In your opinion, what do weaker
sections need most from the public servants? Justify. (150 Words)

Introduction :- weaker section of society consist of women, Scheduled caste,

scheduled tribes, children, poor, landless farmers etc. who have faced socio-
economic and political discrimination in hands of dominating section since antiquity.

Weaker section need following values the most :

Values of sympathy, compassion, tolerance, reverence, service orientation,

neutrality and non partisanship :- They make a civil servant a true public servant
and increases her work efficiency, output, quality. Weaker sections are the most
downtrodden section of society with a meagre bargaining power and shallow voice
hence for their welfare a person with these values is required. Ex. Palm Armstrong
built a bridge for people through peoples support in remote area of North East

Personal qualities like leadership, emotional intelligence, positive attitude,

dedication towards public service is required so that the progress of weaker
sections can be taken up to a new high.

Ex. E Shreedharan tirelessly for easing life of millions of comman man with public
transportation as means.

Integrity, transparency in working, efforts for just administration, ethical

governance, moral governance, rule of law is expected from a civil servant in order
to maximise the impact and reach of the government towards weaker section of
society.

Civil servants like Ex D K Ravikumar was crushed to death while performing the
duty to the utmost level of integrity against sand mafias in Madhya Pradesh.
We have people like S R Sankaran a civil servant who remained unmarried so that
he can devote his whole life entirely for abolition of bonded labour and SC ST
atrocities prevention, upliftment. He is the class example of what weaker section of
society need the most from a civil servant

37.
7) You are posted as Tahsildar of a very backward taluk (tehsil). You have received complaints that
many of your subordinates do not treat the public well. Especially, those belonging to lower castes and
women are made to wait for months to deliver them a basic government service. Your initial meeting
with your subordinates reveals that they have no sense of accountability and have been serving under
officers who were very corrupt and had no vigil on their subordinates. In the first meeting, their behaviour
indicates that they have political masters and care very less in discharging their duties.
How will you change this attitude? Discuss your options, their merits and demerits. (250 Words)
Introduction :- The situation shows case of lack of governance, values like compassion, accountability,
transparency, efficiency , non partisanship and an attitude of carelessness, disobedience, corruption,
misuse of public office etc
OPTIONS AVAILABLE
 Taking strict actions against the accused subordinates and suspending them for some time
Merit- Instant justice will be delivered
Will set precedence for others who are neglecting their duties
Demerit- Short term measure hence doesn’t ensure the permeant change in attitude
Such step might backfire with generation of negative feelings in minds of
subordinates.
Relationships with political community might get hurt.
 Taking view of overall situation and issuing guidelines to the concerned persons
Merit- The duty of a senior will be served
Much time will be saved
Demerit- It doesn’t ensure about change in attitude among the subordinates
No efforts for quality improvements
 I can take external help of media group, civil society organisations, NGOs to report the particular
cases
Merit- comprehensive coverage, analysis and fact finding will be done
Open and transparent external checks ensure long term changes
Demerit- Negligence and side-lining my responsibility as a senior
 Taking matter to seniors and seeking their advice
Merit- A better insight and solution to problem can be sought owing to experience of
Seniors
Demerits- Negligence and side-lining my responsibility as a senior
Display of my administrative in capabilities to address the problem
COURCE OF ACTION:-
Since the problem can’t be addressed by any one single measure combination of many of above can be
the best course of action to adopt.
 A meeting with all subordinates will be called. The facts and charges will be put in front of all of
them.
 After interaction and discussion with them a clear message regarding will be conveyed to them
that no nonsense acts of negligence, disobedience will be tolerated. They must mend their ways
or face the dire consequences.
 Persuasion regarding adherence to work culture, code of conduct, ethical governance, transparent
behaviour, inculcating values of compassion, tolerance, sympathy towards weaker sections will
be done with help from short term trainings, meditation courses etc
 Some mechanisms like complain box, promotion of RTI, e-complaints, public grievances
redressal mechanisms will be put in place along with external checks by related NGOs for
weaker section people.
 Monthly performance report will be prepared with regard to services delivered, time required,
complaints files and action taken on complaints.
 Rewarding the best , incentivising the better and punishing the bad performer strategy will be
followed.
 If still they display same attitude few very serious accused will be suspended for short time to
create deterrence.
JUSTIFICATION
PHYSCHOLOGICAL :- As its important to address the route cause and address the issue in order to
bring long term attitudinal change above comprehensive steps are required. Also past history of non
accountability, corrupt senior without vigilance demand theses steps.
ADMINISTRATIVE :- The whole department will get insights into the new way of working, emphasis
on public welfare. A good precedence will be set for future and hope for efficient, hustle free, transparent
administration will be generated.
PHYLOSOPHICAL :– Every saint has a past and every sinner a future. It is important to give chance to
every person. Also as the public officials need to discharge their duty honestly with much integrity and a
morally, ethically high role is expected on their part all above steps must be taken. The Bhagavadgita
philosophy says mean of Sama (instruction/information) Dam(incentives) Dand(punishment)
Bhed(discremenation) must be adopted for an attitudinal change.

38.
8) What do you understand by objectivity? Why is objectivity regarded as one of the foundational values
for a civil servant?
Introduction :- Objectivity is a central philosophical concept, related to reality and truth, which has been
variously defined by sources. Generally, objectivity means the state or quality of being true even outside
of a subject‘s individual biases, interpretations, feelings, and imaginings. A proposition is generally
considered objectively true when its truth conditions are met without biases caused by feelings, ideas,
opinions.
According to Nolan committee Objectivity in carrying out public business, including making public
appointments, awarding contracts, or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of
public office should make choices on merit is required.
It is regarded as one of the foundational values for civil servant as she enjoys much discretionary powers,
is in charge of public funds and has responsibility of welfare of lakhs of people especially from weaker
section of society. Objectivity ensure the utmost use of these powers.
Decisions must be objectives. Subjective biases and prejudices can never become part of decision
making. With objective decision making organisations become effective and efficient Ex Planning
commission though an important institution had become a white elephant hence replacing it with more
dynamic institution like NITI aayog keeping aside the legacy and leaning towards socialism aspect aside
was an objective decision.
Objectivity will help civil servants to be non partisan, impartial and more service oriented. It also
contributes in rational merit based decision makings in day to day work of them. Ex. Team work, solving
emergency issues like riotous situation.
Being objective ensures that work of civil servant becomes fair, transparent and visionary above all
narrow considerations of kinship, nepotism, favouritism. It also plays a big role in reducing menace of
corruption from the system.

39.

8) How does technology, especially social media, impact emotional intelligence of children? Examine.
(150 Words)
Reference
Introduction :- Emotional Intelligence includes the ability to engage in sophisticated information
processing about one’s own and others’ emotions and the ability to use this information as a guide to
thinking and behaviour. That is, individuals high in emotional intelligence pay attention to, use,
understand, and manage emotions, and these skills serve adaptive functions that potentially benefit
themselves and others.
Technology and emotional intelligence :-
 Daniel Goleman, author of several books on the subject, says that the expanding hours spent
alone with gadgets and digital tools could lower EI due to shrinkages in the time young people
spend in face-to-face interactions. Quite rightly, as technologies divert our attention away from a
realistic present, there exists the danger of disconnect that decreases EI.
 Digitization and the proliferation of data is creating a new kind of self-awareness among the
digital natives. The action of posting a thought on to Twitter, Facebook or some other of the
 myriad social networks available, could, depending on its reception by peers, cause an ego boost
(bordering narcissism) or slump, more likely the latter.
 Many youngsters are ignorant of the privacy intrusions in their digital presence and of
permanence of digital data, making them rash in posting stuff that might backfire at a later date,
either on a personal level or on their employability.
 On the other hand, the flexibility of new digital tools undoubtedly provides students with a
platform for creativity which could have a large positive impact on self awareness.
 Self-regulation, the ability to stay focused and alert, is probably the one dimension of EI that is
affected most by technology. Technology-induced distractions are a common complaint among
parents and teachers.
 The role of technology in motivation is one area that has elicited much controversy. Many
teachers bemoan the decrease in the motivation in the classroom due to the effect of fast-paced
video games and instant information at their fingertips.
 Empathy is another area of EI that could be affected by technology. Empathy is a trait normally
thought of as requiring human touch, face-to-face interactions and communication through verbal
as well as non-verbal cues. E-communication tools such as chat, messaging and social
networking websites, while offering the possibility of breaking free of geographic confines, pose
a challenge to developing empathetic relationships with another human being
Thus it seems that technology does not bode particularly well for Emotional Intelligence. That however,
does not demonize technology. As an intelligent species, we have made technology cater to our
“intelligence”; as emotional beings, how difficult could it be to make it serve our emotional quotient as
well?

40.8) Define emotional intelligence. Do you think high emotional intelligence (EI) is a stronger predictor
of success? Justify. (150 Words)
Reference
Introduction :- Emotional intelligence (EI) is the capability of individuals to recognize their own and
other people’s emotions, discern between different feelings and label them appropriately, use emotional
information to guide thinking and behavior, and manage and/or adjust emotions to adapt to environments
or achieve one’s goal(s).
General positive effects Emotional Intelligence which makes it a stronger predictor to success:-
 Better social relations for adults – High emotional intelligence among adults is correlated with
better self-perception of social ability and more successful interpersonal relationships while less
interpersonal aggression and problems.
 Highly emotionally intelligent individuals are perceived more positively by others – Other
individuals perceive those with high EI to be more pleasant, socially skilled and empathic to be
around. Hence helps in team work, leading group of people.
 Better family and intimate relationships – High EI is correlated with better relationships with the
family and intimate partners on many aspects so contributes in stable, balanced mindset which
increases work efficiency.
  Better academic achievement – Emotional intelligence is correlated with greater achievement in
academics as reported by teachers but generally not higher grades once the factor of IQ is taken
into account. One needs above-average intelligence—which Goleman defines as one standard
deviation from the norm or an IQ of about 115—to master the technical knowledge needed to be
a doctor, lawyer, or business executive. But once people enter the workforce, IQ and technical
skills are often equal among those on the rise. Emotional intelligence becomes an important
differentiator.
 Better social relations during work performance and in negotiations – Higher emotional
intelligence is correlated with better social dynamics at work as well as better negotiating ability.
 Better psychological well-being – Emotional intelligence is positively correlated with higher life
satisfaction, self-esteem and lower levels of insecurity or depression. It is also negatively
correlated with poor health choices and behavior.
If two equally competent people work together then emotional intelligence becomes the discretionary
factor for one’s success over other. Ex Steve Jobs was fired from his very own company by his partners
but due to his abilities and emotional intelligence he cultivated patience, self confidence and worked hard
to rise again.

8) In the recent cases of lynching of dalits and minorities, do you see lack of emotional intelligence both
on part of administration and mobs? Examine how emotional intelligence can help address various
injustices meted out to weaker sections. (200 Words)
Reference
Introduction :- Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage your own emotions and the
emotions of others. It is generally said to include three skills: emotional awareness; the ability to harness
emotions and apply them to tasks like thinking and problem solving; and the ability to manage emotions,
which includes regulating your own emotions and cheering up or calming down other people.
In recent cases of lynching ferocious mob killed people in many places.
The people who committed the crime lacked self awareness and awareness about others choices, habits.
They were ignorant enough to convert a habit issue into life and death scenario. It was also observed that
they indiscriminately targeted old people, youth even children. They lacked empathy, tolerance and sense
of justice in them. They failed to recognise their emotions and passions, failed to distinguish between their
feelings and necessary course of action.
On other side the administration was not able to sympathise with the victims Ex Dadri case Also it was
not able to handle situations intelligently and used force in many cases.
Emotional intelligence plays important role in administration and in addressing various injustices meted
out to weaker sections which includes children, women, poor, backward classes etc.
This group lack money, power and any other support to stand for their demands, rights hence its utmost
responsibility of administration to stand for them Emotional intelligence helps the civil servants to gauge
this sense of responsibility. It helps in addressing the apathy, lack of positive discrimination towards
weaker sections in administration.
Emotional intelligence help to improve a person in his personal life and their by help her in the
professional life. In administration it can help in achieving the true goal of service which is welfare of
weaker section of society.
8) Examine features of Immanuel Kant’s theory of justice. (150 Words)
Reference
Introduction :- The philosopher Immanuel Kant believed that his retributive theories of justice were
based in logic and reason. Immanuel Kant distinguished justice from other moral principles by noting that
the rules of justice pertain exclusively to external actions and do not depend on virtuous motives for their
fulfilment. We cannot compel others to be virtuous, since virtue presupposes a free act of the will; but we
can rightfully compel others to observe the rules of justice and punish those who violate rights.
Kant’s theories of autonomy and free decision making make up the foundations for his view on ‘just
deserts’. The theory submits, first of all, that everybody is duty bound to respect each others rights. Kant
goes on to suggest that adhering to the law is a sacrifice of one’s right to freedom of choice. Therefore,
those that commit crime gain an unfair advantage over those that do not. Punishment is used as a means
to redress the balance between the law abiding citizens and the criminals, removing any unfairly gained
advantage from the criminals.
Some corollaries :-
 Justice is concerned only with external actionsby which one person can influence other people,
whether directly or indirectly.
 Justice is not concerned with the desires, wishes, or needs of other people. These matters pertain
to the voluntary virtues of benevolence and charity, whereas justice is concerned with whether or
not we respect the equal freedom of others to live their lives as they see fit.
 Justice is concerned solely with the form of interpersonal relationships, not with their content.
Thus if I purchase a commodity from a shopkeeper, justice is satisfied if the form of that
relationship is voluntary. Whether the shopkeeper hopes to profit from the transaction, or how
much he actually gains—these and similar issues pertain to the contentof the transaction and do
not fall within the purview of justice.

Topic: Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
9) Give a brief overview of Kant’s ethics. (150 Words)
Reference
Introduction :- Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory ascribed to the German philosopher
Immanuel Kant.
The theory, developed as a result of Enlightenment rationalism, is based on the view that the only
intrinsically good thing is a good will; an action can only be good if its maxim – the principle behind it –
is duty to the moral law.
Central to Kant’s construction of the moral law is the categorical imperative, which acts on all people,
regardless of their interests or desires.
Kant formulated the categorical imperative in various ways. His principle of universalizability requires
that, for an action to be permissible, it must be possible to apply it to all people without a contradiction
occurring.
His formulation of humanity as an end in itself requires that humans are never treated merely as a means
to an end, but always also as ends in themselves.
The formulation of autonomy concludes that rational agents are bound to the moral law by their own will,
while Kant’s concept of the Kingdom of Ends requires that people act as if the principles of their actions
establish a law for a hypothetical kingdom.
Kant also distinguished between perfect and imperfect duties. A perfect duty, such as the duty not to lie,
always holds true; an imperfect duty, such as the duty to give to charity, can be made flexible and applied
in particular time and place.

7) Write a note on important features of David Hume’s theory of justice.

Reference
Introduction :- David Hume was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best
known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.
Hume developed an original and revolutionary theoretical paradigm for explaining the spontaneous
emergence of the classic conventions of justice—stable possession, transference of property by consent,
and the obligation to fulfil promises.
Public utility is the sole origin of justice. :- In a scenario of scarce external resources, Hume’s central idea
is that the development of the rules of justice responds to a sense of common interest that progressively
tames the destructiveness of natural self-love and expands the action of natural moral sentiments.
justice depends upon its utility. Change the human situation, produce extreme abundance or poverty, or
provide a perfect humanity, or a perfectly evil humanity, and justice becomes useless and its obligation is
removed.
Unlike natural moral sentiments, the sense of justice is valuable and reaches full strength within a general
plan or system of actions.
However, unlike game theory, Hume does not assume that people have transparent access to the their
own motivations and the inner structure of the social world. In contrast, he blends ideas such as cognitive
delusion, learning by experience and coordination to construct a theory that still deserves careful
discussion, even though it resists classification under contemporary headings
Hume constructs his theory in three discernible stages.
 Hume needs to display the social artificiality of the virtue of justice and the mechanisms through
which this artificiality is generally masked.
 Hume seeks to provide a naturalistic, non political explanation of the patterns of behaviour that
are required by the conventions of justice.
 Hume wants to explain why we call those patterns of behaviour morally virtuous and why we
judge them as morally praiseworthy.
Hume indicates that “If we examine the particular laws, by which justice is directed, and property
determined; we shall still be presented with the same conclusion: The good of mankind is only the object
of all these laws and regulations”
Hume explains his idea that ‘justice is useless in a happy state with a given example. He indicates that
“Let us suppose, that nature has bestowed on the human race such profuse abundance of all external
conveniences … every individual finds himself fully provided with whatever his most voracious appetites
can want, or luxurious imagination wish or desire” Under these conditions, Hume believes that every
other social virtue would flourish however ‘virtue of justice’ would never once have been ‘dreamed of’.
Hume notes some differences between artificial virtues such as justice and natural virtues such as
benevolence. For Hume, laws are artificial and human invention that’s why justice is artificial not natural
virtue.
A further aspect that Hume deals with while considering justice is the difference between superstition and
justice. Hume claims that “the former is frivolous, useless, and burdensome; the latter is absolutely
requisite to the well-being of man-kind and existence of society”
6) Discuss Epicurus views on happiness and justice. (200 Words)
Reference
Reference
Introduction :- Epicurus is considered a major figure in the history of science as well as philosophy. In
ethics he is famous for propounding the theory of hedonism, which holds that pleasure is the only intrinsic
value. As we shall see, however, his view of pleasure is far from the stereotypical one. For Epicurus, the
most pleasant life is one where we abstain from unnecessary desires and achieve an inner tranquility
(ataraxia) by being content with simple things, and by choosing the pleasure of philosophical
conversation with friends over the pursuit of physical pleasures like food, drink, and sex
THOUGHT ON HAPPINESS :-
“Pleasure is our first and kindred good. It is the starting point of every choice and of every aversion, and
to it we always come back, inasmuch as we make feeling the rule by which to judge of every good thing.”
His basic ideas are very clearly outlined in his justly famous Letter to Menoeceus. He begins with a claim
familiar from Plato and Aristotle: that we all desire happiness as an end in itself, and all other things are
desired as a means for producing happiness.
Epicurus notes further that we need wisdom to see which pleasures are really pleasurable, and which
pains are necessary to produce pleasure. Some pleasures lead to greater pain, like imbibing copious
amounts of alcohol, and so the wise person will shun them. On the other hand, certain pains, like sadness,
can lead to an appreciation for life or compassion, which are highly pleasurable states. We should not
therefore get rid of all negative emotions but only those that lead to unnecessary pains.
THOUGHT ON JUSTICE :-
Epicurus is one of the first philosophers to give a well-developed contractarian theory of justice. Epicurus
says that justice is an agreement “neither to harm nor be harmed,” and that we have a preconception of
justice as “what is useful in mutual associations.” People enter into communities in order to gain
protection from the dangers of the wild, and agreements concerning the behaviour of the members of the
community are needed in order for these communities to function, e.g., prohibitions of murder,
regulations concerning the killing and eating of animals, and so on. Justice exists only where there are
such agreements.
Like the virtues, justice is valued entirely on instrumental grounds, because of its utility for each of the
members of society. Epicurus says that the main reason not to be unjust is that one will be punished if one
gets caught, and that even if one does not get caught, the fear of being caught will still cause pain.
However, he adds that the fear of punishment is needed mainly to keep fools in line, who otherwise
would kill, steal, etc. The Epicurean wise man recognizes the usefulness of the laws, and since he does
not desire great wealth, luxury goods, political power, or the like, he sees that he has no reason to engage
in the conduct prohibited by the laws in any case.
Although justice only exists where there is an agreement about how to behave, that does not make justice
entirely ‘conventional,’ if by ‘conventional’ we mean that any behaviour dictated by the laws of a
particular society is thereby just, and that the laws of a particular society are just for that society. Since the
‘justice contract’ is entered into for the purpose of securing what is useful for the members of the society,
only laws that are actually useful are just. Thus, a prohibition of murder would be just, but anti
miscegenation laws would not. Since what is useful can vary from place to place and time to time, what
laws are just can likewise vary.

Topic: Ethics in human actions

7) It is argued that good men are likely to lose out in the race for power. Examine why. (150 Words)
The Hindu
Introduction :- Power is considered to be one of the main thing to be craved for in society. It can be seen
that the race may be for power in politics. Many elected leaders face criminal charges against them. Bihar
assembly has enormous proportion of MLA with cases of murder, violence against them. In historical
context examples like Aurangzeb shows that good people have to meet bad end in race of power.
The reasons for this can be it is the race for power which makes a person to bend, mend and change the
normal ways. The race many a times turn out to be unethical, corrupt as winning at any cost is the moto.
Good men seek to use power for the benefit of others and people at large but bad people seek to use it for
their personal gains. Good men believes in deontological ethics but it doesn’t matter for bad men what
means they are using to achieve the stated objective. Hence it is argued that good men are likely to lose
out in the race for power.
However it is not true always. In many cases one can see good men win the race to power ultimately.
Nelson Mandela, Aan San Syu Ki are the exemplary examples of patience, faith and tolerance towards
bad people, circumstances and they win the power ultimately.
8) Write a note on John Stuart Mill’s theory of value and the principle of utility. (150 Words)
Reference
.
Introduction :- The ethical theory of John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) is most extensively articulated in his
classical text Utilitarianism (1861). Its goal is to justify the utilitarian principle as the foundation of
morals. This principle says actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote overall human
happiness. So, Mill focuses on consequences of actions and not on rights nor ethical sentiments.
Theory of value and the principle of utility.
 Mill defines “utilitarianism” as the creed that considers a particular “theory of life” as the
“foundation of morals” His view of theory of life was monistic: There is one thing, and one thing
only, that is intrinsically desirable, namely pleasure.
  In contrast to a form of hedonism that conceives pleasure as a homogeneous matter, Mill was
convinced that some types of pleasure are more valuable than others in virtue of their inherent
qualities. For this reason, his position is often called “qualitative hedonism”.
 Many philosophers hold that qualitative hedonism is no consistent position. Hedonism asserts
that pleasure is the only intrinsic value. Under this assumption, the critics argue, there can be no
evaluative basis for the distinction between higher and lower pleasures.
 Which inherent qualities make one kind of pleasure better than another, according to Mill? He
declares that the more valuable pleasures are those which employ “higher faculties” The list of
such better enjoyments includes “the pleasures of intellect, of the feelings and imagination, and of
the moral sentiments”
 These enjoyments make use of highly developed capacities, like judgment and empathy. In one
of his most famous sentences, Mill affirms that it “is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a
pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied” .
 This seems to be a surprising thing to say for a hedonist. However, Mill thought that we have a
solid empirical basis for this view. According to him, the best obtainable evidence for value
claims consists in what all or almost all people judge as valuable across a vast variety of cases and
cultures.
 He makes the empirical assertion that all or almost all people prefer a “manner of existence” that
employs higher faculties to a manner of existence which does not. The fact that “all or almost all”
who are acquainted with pleasures that employ higher faculties agree that they are preferable to
the lower ones, is empirical evidence for the claim that they are indeed of higher value.
Accordingly, the best human life (“manner of existence”) is one in which the higher faculties play
an adequate part. This partly explains why he put such great emphasis on education.
8) “The measure of a man is what he does with power.” Do you agree with Plato’s view? Comment. (150
Words)
Introduction :- Mahatma Gandhi, the father of free India has defined power in two forms — one is
obtained by fear of punishment and the other by acts of love. According to him, power based on love is
thousand times more effective and permanent then the one derived from fear of punishment. However the
world that we live in today has a different scenario wherein power spells authority, strength, capability
and superiority.
If we walk down the history lane…we will see that all good and bad deeds by individuals or groups in the
past were directed at garnering power. Be it the World Wars, political uprisings, revolutions, religious
propaganda, scientific research, technological innovations, economic strategies, ethnic-cultural
dominance, almost everything was aimed at being powerful or being in the seat of power.
Power has different meaning for different people, but the most common association of power is with
money. That’s the reason why the rich and the powerful people in society always make headlines because
of their high net-worth.
Political leaders are often seen synonymous with power. In the 21st Century, science and technology
combined with marketing has also become another means of power along with media which has also
emerged as a highly influential medium of power. In fact it won’t be exaggerating to say that media is one
such source that affects all other powers as it can help to highlight or downplay or even destroy the power
value of all the above mentioned powers.
However, in reality, these are all outer forms or sources of power and since they are based on outer reality
they tend to deplete or change and perish with time and also they are unstable, unreliable and often
disempowering.
Abraham Lincoln once said “Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character,
give him power.” Its really true to see how power changes the man. Hitler used his power for all
destructive work hence labelled one of the most cruel person as while King Ashoka used his power for all
constructive work hence called one of the visionary, kind person. Hence it’s clear that measure of man is
what he does with power.

Topic: Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
9) “Education is the kindling of a flame, not the filling of a vessel.” Comment on Socrates’ view. (150
Words)
.
Introduction :- Education is a dynamic process, which involves the interplay of the educator, educand
and the social forces to make an individual socially adjustable and responsible. The above quote by
Socrates emphasises that education must be kindling of a flame :-
 The term ‘education’ means to plunge a man’s body, mind and soul from ignorance.
 It enhances an individual’s personality and provides him confidence to reach out to the world.
 It involves the growth and development of the individual in relation to his environment.
 Education is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one
generation to the next.
 Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks,
feels, or acts.
Education should not be reduced to just filling the vessel
 In its narrow, technical sense, education is the formal process by which society deliberately
transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, customs and values from one generation to another.
 It should not be just accumulation of knowledge, piling of information and making stocks of all
theoretical work and not having application of it in day to day life.
 Also todays rote learning process makes education just a painful experience of mugging up, exam
oriented and more of a question answer race which is not at all the purpose of education.
7) Define following with suitable examples:
a) Deontology
b) Categorial imperative
c) Utilitarianism
d) Rights
e) Virtue
f) Justice
Introduction :-
 1. a) Deontology :- Deontology(or Deontological Ethics) is an approach to Ethicsthat focuses on the
rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the rightness or wrongness of the
consequences of those actions (Consequentialism) or to the character and habits of the actor
(Virtue Ethics).
Using destructive weapons and killing many people in war to establish peace in world is a wrong action
by deontological ethics.
1. b) Categorial imperative :- categorical imperative, sometimes called the “universalizability
principle”: “Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it
should become a universal law.”
Speaking truth, practising non violence, paying legal taxes, following traffic rules are some of the
examples of categorical imperatives.
1. c) Utilitarianism :- An ethical philosophy in which the happiness of the greatest number of people
in the society is considered the greatest good.
Welfare measures initiated by the government like National food security act, Pradhan Mantri awas
yojana are some of the examples of this philosophy.
1. d) Rights :- Rightsare legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is,
rightsare the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people,
according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.
Right to freedom of speech, expression, liberty, equality are some of the rights demanded by civilised
society.
1. e) Virtue :- Virtueis moral excellence. A virtueis a trait or quality that is deemed to be morally
good and thus is valued as a foundation of principle and good moral being.
Honesty, dedication, impartiality are some of the virtues human should posses
1. f) Justice :- Justiceis the legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered.
Punishing the criminals and adhering rights of the sufferers is an act of justice Ex Nirbhaya case verdict
8) Define following with suitable examples:
a) Absolutism
b) Beneficence
c) Consequentialism
d) Duties
e) Normative ethics
f) Environmental ethics
Introduction :-
1. a) Absolutism :- The term ‘absolutism’ has both a moral and political connotation. In terms of
morality, ‘absolutism’ refers to at least two distinct doctrines. Firstly, absolutism may refer to the
claim that there exists a universally valid moral system, which applies to everyone whether they
realize it or not. Secondly, absolutism may refer to the claim that moral rules or principles do not
admit any exceptions. Immanuel Kant, for instance, is an absolutist (in this sense) with respect to
lying, because he held that it is never permissible to lie.
In terms of politics, ‘absolutism’ refers to a type of government in which the ruler’s power is absolute,
that is, not subject to any legal constraints. The European monarchies, especially those of France, Spain,
and Russia, between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries provide perhaps the clearest examples of
absolute rule
1. b) Beneficence :- The term beneficenceconnotes acts of mercy, kindness, and charity. It is
suggestive of altruism, love, humanity, and promoting the good of others. In ordinary language,
the notion is broad, but it is understood even more broadly in ethical theory to include effectively
all forms of action intended to benefit or promote the good of other persons.
Many policies initiated by government for welfare of people is an act of beneficence.
1. c) Consequentialism :- Consequentialismis the class of normative ethical theoriesholding that the
consequences of one’s conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or
wrongness of that conduct. Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right act (or
omission from acting) is one that will produce a good outcome, or consequence. In an extreme
form, the idea of consequentialism is commonly encapsulated in the saying, “the end justifies the
means”, meaning that if a goal is morally important enough, any method of achieving it is
acceptable.
Helping weaker sections of society in getting into service delivery benefits by neglecting formal routes in
some cases by civil servants is example of consequentialism.
1. d) Duties :- Dutyis a term that conveys a sense of moral commitment or obligation to someone or
something. The moral commitment should result in action; it is not a matter of passive feeling or
mere recognition. When someone recognizes a duty, that person theoretically commits himself to
its fulfillment without considering their own self-interest. This is not to suggest that living a life of
duty entirely precludes a life of leisure; however, its fulfillment generally involves some
sacrificeof immediate self-interest. Typically, “the demands of justice, honor, and reputation are
deeply bound up” with duty.
Everyone must follows the civic and moral duties like doing their work honestly, keeping surroundings
clean.
1. e) Normative ethics :- Normative ethicsis the study of ethical It is the branch of
philosophicalethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one
ought to act, morally speaking. Normative ethics is distinct from meta-ethics because it examines
standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions, while meta-ethics studies the meaning of
moral language and the metaphysics of moral facts. Normative ethics is also distinct from
descriptive ethics, as the latter is an empirical investigation of people’s moral beliefs. To put it
another way, descriptive ethics would be concerned with determining what proportion of people
believe that killing is always wrong, while normative ethics is concerned with whether it is
correct to hold such a belief. Hence, normative ethics is sometimes called prescriptive, rather than
descriptive. However, on certain versions of the meta-ethical view called moral realism, moral
facts are both descriptive and prescriptive at the same time.
2. f) Environmental ethics :- Environmental ethics is the discipline in philosophy that studies the
moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment
and its non-human contents. This entry covers: (1) the challenge of environmental ethics to the
anthropocentrism (i.e., human-centeredness) embedded in traditional western ethical thinking; (2)
the early development of the discipline in the 1960s and 1970s; (3) the connection of deep
ecology, feminist environmental ethics, animism and social ecology to politics; (4) the attempt to
 apply traditional ethical theories, including consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics, to
support contemporary environmental concerns; (5) the preservation of biodiversity as an ethical
goal; (6) the broader concerns of some thinkers with wilderness, the built environment and the
politics of poverty; (7) the ethics of sustainability and climate change, and (8) some directions for
possible future developments of the discipline.
7) Define following with suitable examples:
a) Applied ethics
b) Meta ethics
c) Virtue ethics
d) Hedonism
e) Stoicism
f) Role ethics
Introduction :-
1. a) Applied ethics :- Applied ethicsis the branch of ethicsconcerned with the analysis of particular
moral issues in private and public life. For example, business ethics is a field of applied ethics,
and so too is bioethics.
2. b) Meta ethics :- Metaethicsis a branch of analytic philosophy that explores the status,
foundations, and scope of moral values, properties, and words. Whereas the fields of applied
ethicsand normative theory focus on what is moral, metaethics focuses on what morality itself is.
3. c) Virtue ethics :- Virtue Ethics(or Virtue Theory) is an approach to Ethicsthat emphasizes an
individual’s character as the key element of ethical thinking, rather than rules about the acts
themselves (Deontology) or their consequences (Consequentialism). For example it is virtuous to
be courageous when faced with physical confrontation.
4. d) Hedonism :- Hedonismis a school of thought that argues that pleasure and happiness are the
primary or most important intrinsic goods and the proper aim of human life. An example of
hedonismis a constant quest for pleasure and satisfaction.
5. e) Stoicism :- Stoicismis a school of Hellenistic philosophy that flourished throughout the Roman
and Greek world until the 3rd century AD. Stoicismis predominantly a philosophy of personal
ethics which is informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world. Example Think
of the emotions as wind, and Stoic discipline as a set of strong sails. Without discipline, we will be
blown off course and probably wrecked; we will have no way of dealing with the emotional
storms that blow in. But with good strong sails, we can harness the wind and make it useful.
6. f) Role ethics :- Role ethicsis an ethicaltheory based on family roles. Unlike virtue ethics, role
ethics is not individualistic. Morality is derived from a person’s relationship with their
community. The ethics of Confucianism is an example of role ethics. The ethics of Confucianism
is an example of role ethics.
8) Define following with suitable examples:
a) Metaphysics
b) Intuition
c) Evolutionary ethics
d) Rationality
e) Social conscience
f) Synderesis
Introduction :-
1. a) Metaphysics :- Metaphysicsis the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of existence,
beingand the world. Arguably, metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy: Aristotle calls it
“first philosophy” (or sometimes just “wisdom”), and says it is the subject that deals with “first
causes and the principles of things”.
2. b) Intuition :- Intuitionis the ability to acquire knowledge without proof, evidence, or conscious
reasoning, or without understanding how the knowledge was acquired. For example, intuition
inspires scientists to design experiments and collect data that they think will lead to the discovery
of truth; all science begins with a “hunch.”
3. c) Evolutionary ethics :- Evolutionary ethicsis a field of inquiry that explores how
evolutionarytheory might bear on our understanding of ethics or morality. … Normative (or
prescriptive)evolutionary ethics, by contrast, seeks not to explain moral behavior, but to justify or
debunk certain normative ethical theories or claims.
4. d) Rationality :- Rationalityis the quality or state of being reasonable, based on facts or reason.
Rationalityimplies the conformity of one’s beliefs with one’s reasons to believe, or of one’s
actions with one’s reasons for action. Rejecting the derogatory practices of society like sati, black
magic is rational way of thinking.
5. e) Social conscience :- A social conscienceis “a sense of responsibility or concern for the
problems and injustices of society”. Thinking for the downtrodden and weaker sections of society
and working for their welfare is the social consciousness which everybody must posses.
6. f) Synderesis :- “Synderesis” is a technical term from scholastic philosophy, signifying the innate
principle in the moral consciousness of every person which directs the agent to good and restrains
him from evil.
6) Define following with suitable examples:
a) Aesthetics
b) Etiquette
c) Ethical Egoism
d) Descriptive ethics
e) Harmony
f) Tradition Vs Religion
Introduction :-
1. a) Aesthetics :- Aesthetics, also spelled esthetics , the philosophical study of beauty and taste. It is
closely related to the philosophy of art, which is concerned with the nature of art and the concepts
in terms of which individual works of art are interpreted and evaluated.
Ex appreciating and buying paintings.
 1. b) Etiquette :- Etiquetteis a code of behaviourthat delineates expectations for social behaviour
according to contemporary conventional norms within a society, social class, or group.
Not talking while eating, helping the needy is considered a good etiquette.
1. c) Ethical Egoism :- Ethical egoismis the normative ethicalposition that moral agents ought to do
what is in their own self-interest. It differs from psychological egoism, which claims that people
can only act in their self-interest. Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism, which holds
that it is rational to act in one’s self-interest. Ethical egoism holds, therefore, that actions whose
consequences will benefit the doer can be considered ethical in this sense.
2. d) Descriptive ethics :- Descriptive ethics, also known as comparative ethics, is the study of
people’s beliefs about morality. It contrasts with prescriptive or normative ethics, which is the
study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act, and with meta-ethics, which is the
study of what ethical terms and theories actually refer to. The following examples of questions
that might be considered in each field illustrate the differences between the fields:
 Descriptive ethics: What do people think is right?
 Meta-ethics: What does “right” even mean?
 Normative (prescriptive) ethics: How should people act?
 Applied ethics: How do we take moral knowledge and put it into practice?
3. e) Harmony :- Harmony is the consistent and proper arrangement between things without
discord. It can be the harmony of musical notes, the relationship between people, movement
between objects, etc.
4. f) Tradition Vs Religion :- Tradition is the behaviours, ways and things we follow as a set norm
and religion is the preached, acquired or taught rules, regulations about god, behaviour, society
etc.
Visiting temples on auspicious occasion is like tradition while praying to deities, doing rituals, learning
the scriptures is religion.
8) What do you understand by advaita principle? Discuss the ethical aspects of advita. (150 Words)
Reference
Introduction :- Advaita Vedanta is a school of Hindu philosophy and religious practice, and one of the
classic Indian paths to spiritual realization. The term Advaita refers to its idea that the soul (true Self,
Atman) is the same as the highest metaphysical Reality (Brahman). The followers of this school are
known as Advaita Vedantins, or just Advaitins, and they seek spiritual liberation through acquiring vidyā
(knowledge) of one’s true identity as Atman, and the identity of Atman and Brahman.
Ethical aspects of Advaita :-
 The three gateways to ‘hell’, according to the Bhagavad Gita are lust, anger and greed. Avoiding
these gateways would be the most essential step in the practice of advaita.
 An important and direct approach to ethical norms or standards is the dictum that one should
synchronize one’s thought, speech and action. In mathematical terms, there should be ‘one to one
correspondence ‘between thought and speech, between speech and action, and between action
and thought.
  Most important thing is one should constantly watch one’s thoughts, speech and actions to align
them truthfully.
 The aspect of ahimsa or non-injury or avoiding ‘himsa ‘ is a basic ethical question.
 The Advaitins have two basic practices: viveka [discrimination] and vairAgya [dispassion]. As it
is commonly understood, these are mental processes. These are like two wings of an aircraft… a
common analogy in the advaita literature. But we need a tail plane to stabilize our thought
patterns till we reach the state of sahaja samAdhi. Therefore the practice of ethical aspects in the
course of Advaita is as important as the practice of viveka and vairAgya.
8) Examine the ethical dimensions highlighted in the historic judgement on right to privacy by the
Supreme Court in its recent nine bench verdict. (150 Words)
The Hindu
Introduction :- In a unanimous verdict, a nine-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court declared
that privacy is intrinsic to life and liberty and an inherent part of the fundamental rights enshrined in the
Constitution.
The court held that privacy is a natural right that inheres in human beings because they are human. The
state does not bestow natural rights on citizens. Natural rights like privacy exist equally in all individuals,
irrespective of class, strata, gender or orientation.
Ethical dimension :-
 Privacy is the constitutional core of human dignity. Privacy ensures the fulfilment of dignity.
 It is privacy, as an intrinsic and core feature of life and personal liberty, which enables individuals
to stand up against a programme of forced sterilisation.
 The refrain that the poor need no civil and political rights and are concerned only with economic
well-being has been utilised through history to wreak the most egregious violations of human
rights.
 It is the right to question, scrutinise, dissent which enables an informed citizenry to scrutinise the
actions of government.
 The court also confirmed what Edward Snowden once said that “Privacy isn’t about something to
hide. Privacy is about something to protect. And that’s who you are. That’s what you believe in.
That’s who you want to become. Privacy is the right to the self. Privacy is what gives you the
ability to share with the world who you are on your own terms.”

Topic: Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
9) Delineate ethics of Dr Radhakrishnan. (150 Words)
Reference
Introduction :- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was an Indian philosopher and statesman who was the first
Vice President of India (1952–1962) and the second President of India from 1962 to 1967. He was one of
India’s most distinguished twentieth-century scholars of comparative religion and philosophy.
His philosophy was grounded in Advaita Vedanta, reinterpreting this tradition for a contemporary
understanding. He defended Hinduism against “uninformed Western criticism”, contributing to the
formation of contemporary Hindu identity. He has been influential in shaping the understanding of
Hinduism, in both India and the west, and earned a reputation as a bridge-builder between India and the
West.
Ethics of Radhakrishnan :-
 Radhakrishnan tried to present Hinduism as significant to modern and, thereby, to offer a vision
to human who today is threatened by one’s own inventions, a vision that would enable one to
work towards greater human solidarity and authentic development.
 Radhakrishnan maintains that man is in need of a deep ontological unity behind all these
fragments, which alone can give him the proper meaning of life, the everlasting peace of mind
and spirit. This deep awareness and understanding of the mystery of life can be gained only
through ethics, religion, and philosophy.
 Radhakrishnan gives a spiritual interpretation to the modern theory of evolution. He maintains
that human is the higher product of evolutionary process. Spiritual evolution takes place after the
emergence of human, the spirit in human being a promise of the highest future development.
 According to Radhakrishnan, the self is an organized whole different from the self as subject. The
self is conscious of its limitations and purpose. The ordinary human does not try to know the
mysterious existence of the soul in us. The existence of soul in us can be proved by the analysis of
our spiritual consciousness.
 The purpose of ethics is also to effect right relationship between the individual and the society.
Social order is ordained to develop ethical, material and intellectual spheres of human’s life –
realize the best possibilities of one’s life
 Human can develop one’s moral nature by cultivating love for one’s fellow beings. One has to
control one’s egocentricity to know truth.
 Human’s highest destiny is to grow more humane, more spiritual and to be more sympathetic in
understanding others. Conflicts in their souls have grouped humankind into numerous conflicting
groups. Freedom of human is not a whim since our present life is the continuation of the past
8) Examine the ethical dimensions highlighted in the historic judgement on right to privacy by the
Supreme Court in its recent nine bench verdict. (150 Words)
The Hindu
Introduction :- In a unanimous verdict, a nine-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court declared
that privacy is intrinsic to life and liberty and an inherent part of the fundamental rights enshrined in the
Constitution.
The court held that privacy is a natural right that inheres in human beings because they are human. The
state does not bestow natural rights on citizens. Natural rights like privacy exist equally in all individuals,
irrespective of class, strata, gender or orientation.
Ethical dimension :-
 Privacy is the constitutional core of human dignity. Privacy ensures the fulfilment of dignity.
 It is privacy, as an intrinsic and core feature of life and personal liberty, which enables individuals
to stand up against a programme of forced sterilisation.
  The refrain that the poor need no civil and political rights and are concerned only with economic
well-being has been utilised through history to wreak the most egregious violations of human
rights.
 It is the right to question, scrutinise, dissent which enables an informed citizenry to scrutinise the
actions of government.
 The court also confirmed what Edward Snowden once said that “Privacy isn’t about something to
hide. Privacy is about something to protect. And that’s who you are. That’s what you believe in.
That’s who you want to become. Privacy is the right to the self. Privacy is what gives you the
ability to share with the world who you are on your own terms.”

Topic: Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
9) Delineate ethics of Dr Radhakrishnan. (150 Words)
Reference
Introduction :- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was an Indian philosopher and statesman who was the first
Vice President of India (1952–1962) and the second President of India from 1962 to 1967. He was one of
India’s most distinguished twentieth-century scholars of comparative religion and philosophy.
His philosophy was grounded in Advaita Vedanta, reinterpreting this tradition for a contemporary
understanding. He defended Hinduism against “uninformed Western criticism”, contributing to the
formation of contemporary Hindu identity. He has been influential in shaping the understanding of
Hinduism, in both India and the west, and earned a reputation as a bridge-builder between India and the
West.
Ethics of Radhakrishnan :-
 Radhakrishnan tried to present Hinduism as significant to modern and, thereby, to offer a vision
to human who today is threatened by one’s own inventions, a vision that would enable one to
work towards greater human solidarity and authentic development.
 Radhakrishnan maintains that man is in need of a deep ontological unity behind all these
fragments, which alone can give him the proper meaning of life, the everlasting peace of mind
and spirit. This deep awareness and understanding of the mystery of life can be gained only
through ethics, religion, and philosophy.
 Radhakrishnan gives a spiritual interpretation to the modern theory of evolution. He maintains
that human is the higher product of evolutionary process. Spiritual evolution takes place after the
emergence of human, the spirit in human being a promise of the highest future development.
 According to Radhakrishnan, the self is an organized whole different from the self as subject. The
self is conscious of its limitations and purpose. The ordinary human does not try to know the
mysterious existence of the soul in us. The existence of soul in us can be proved by the analysis of
our spiritual consciousness.
 The purpose of ethics is also to effect right relationship between the individual and the society.
Social order is ordained to develop ethical, material and intellectual spheres of human’s life –
realize the best possibilities of one’s life
 Human can develop one’s moral nature by cultivating love for one’s fellow beings. One has to
control one’s egocentricity to know truth.
 Human’s highest destiny is to grow more humane, more spiritual and to be more sympathetic in
understanding others. Conflicts in their souls have grouped humankind into numerous conflicting
groups. Freedom of human is not a whim since our present life is the continuation of the past