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Geologi Dasar

1. Mass wasting refers to the downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity. 2. Mass wasting is a geologic process that often follows weathering and, combined with running water, helps produce stream valleys and wear down mountains into flat plains. 3. Mass wasting events are classified according to the type of material involved and type of movement, and can include slow movements like creep or rapid events like rockslides and debris flows.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
33 views33 pages

Geologi Dasar

1. Mass wasting refers to the downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity. 2. Mass wasting is a geologic process that often follows weathering and, combined with running water, helps produce stream valleys and wear down mountains into flat plains. 3. Mass wasting events are classified according to the type of material involved and type of movement, and can include slow movements like creep or rapid events like rockslides and debris flows.

Uploaded by

dewi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mass Wasting

(Gerakan Tanah):
The Work of Gravity
Mass Wasting and landform
development
Mass wasting refers to the
downslope movement of rock,
regolith, and soil under the direct
influence of gravity
Mass Wasting and landform
development

• Role of mass wasting


• Geologic process that often follows
weathering
• Combined effects of mass wasting and
running water produce stream valleys
• Mass Wasting is the first step in wearing
down mountains into flat plains
Grand Canyon walls sit far back from the Colorado
River because weathering & mass wasting have aided
in erosion of the gorge.
Mass Wasting and landform
development
• Slopes change through time
• No minimum angle is required for mass
wasting to occur
• Most rapid and spectacular mass-wasting
events occur in areas of rugged, geologically
young mountains
• Mass wasting and erosional processes slowly
lower the land surface
Controls and triggers of mass wasting
• Gravity is the controlling force
• Important triggers include
• Saturation of the material with water
• Diminishes particle cohesion
• Water adds weight
• Oversteepening of slopes
• Stable slope angle (angle of repose) is
different for various materials
• Oversteepened slopes are unstable
Water has a tremendous effect on mass wasting. (A) When little water is present,
friction among soil particles on the slope holds them in place (B) When soil is
saturated, grains are forced apart & friction is reduced, allowing the soil to move
downslope
Heavy rains from Hurricane Mitch, 1998, triggered
devastating mudslides in many parts of eastern Central
America
Controls and triggers of mass wasting
• Important triggers include
• Removal of anchoring vegetation
• Ground vibrations from earthquakes
• May cause expensive property damage
• Can cause liquefaction – water saturated
surface materials behave as fluid-like masses
that flow
The removal of
anchoring vegetation
is often an
unintended
consequence of forest
fires. Denuded slopes
can be ripe for
slumping events.
An earthquake-triggered landslide destroyed this home
in California in 1994
Controls and triggers of mass wasting

• Landslides without triggers


• Slope materials weaken over time
• Random events that are unpredictable
Classification of mass wasting events
• Generally each event is classified by
• Type of material involved
• Debris
• Mud
• Earth
• Rock
Classification of mass wasting events
• Generally each event is classified by
• Type of motion
• Fall (free-falling pieces)
• Slide (material moves along a surface as a
coherent mass)
• Flow (material moves as a chaotic mixture)
• The velocity of the movement
• Fast
• Slow
Forms of Mass Wasting
Forms of mass wasting
• Slump
• Movement of a mass of rock or
unconsolidated material as a unit along a
curved surface
• Occurs along oversteepened slopes
A slump with an earthflow at the base
Slump at Point Fermin, California. Slump is often
triggered when slopes become oversteepened by
erosional processes such as wave action
Forms of mass wasting

• Rockslide
• Blocks of bedrock slide down a slope
• Generally very fast and destructive
Rockslide – Blocks of Bedrock Break Loose and Slide
Down a Slope – The Results Occur Quickly & Are Very
Destructive
Rockfall blocks part of I-70 in western Colorado. The
source of the fall was highly jointed bedrock @ 330’
above the roadway.
Talus Slopes Are built of Angular Rock Fragments Broken
From Mountains by Mechanical Weathering. Talus Forms
Cone- Shaped Deposits at the Base of Slopes
A Combination of Talus Cones, Rockslides/Falls and Debris
Flows Blankets the Base of These Mountains in Canada
This Rockfall Has Buried a Road – Bet You’re Glad You
Weren’t Driving Here!
Earthquake-Triggered Landslide – The Best Way to Avoid
Damage from Mass Wasting is to Avoid Building on Slopes
or Just Downhill From Them
Debris Flow – Soil & Regolith Containing Large
Amounts of Water – Often Confined to Channels –
Serious Harzard in Arid Regions w/ Heavy Rains
Forms of mass wasting
• Slow movements
• Creep
• Gradual movement of soil and regolith
downhill
• Aided by the alternate expansion and
contraction of the surface material
Repeated Expansion and Contraction of Surface Material
Caused a Net Downslope Migration of Rock Particles – a
Process Called “Creep”
Some visible effects of creep
Forms of mass wasting
• Slow movements
• Solifluction
• Promoted by a dense clay hardpan or
impermeable bedrock layer
• Common in regions underlain by permafrost
• Can occur on gentle slopes
Whoops!! Subsidence Due to Freezing and Thawing of
Permafrost Makes These Train Tracks in Alaska Hard to
Navigate
Deep Water Slope & Shallower Water Reef
Deposits – During Permian time they formed
around the margins of basins nearly 2,000’ deep
Reef & Slope Deposits in McKittrick
Canyon, Guadalupe Mtns.

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