THE JOURNEY OF

MATHEMATICS
Team Members:
17BCE0136 R.S.Rahul Sai
17BEM0028 Aviral HC
17BCE0008 Md. Perwez Khan
 A BRIEF HISTORY
• Ancient Period
• Babylon
• Egyptian
• Greek
• Roman
• Chinese
• Hindu – Arabic
• Medieval Times (16th and 17th Century)
• Early Modern Period (18th and 19th Century)
• Modern Period (20th Century – Present)
 BABYLONIAN MATHEMATICS

• The Babylonians developed mathematics for

practical purposes.
• Their daily routines involved:
• Strategizing for wars – geometry
• Pumping out water from canals – fluid
mechanics
• Wages for labourers – general arithmetic
• These have been found in Babylonian tablets
found throughout the middle east.
BABYLONIAN MATHEMATICS
EGYPTIAN MATHEMATICS
 EGYPTIAN MATHEMATICS
• Egyptians were the first ones to
introduce numerals in the form of
hieroglyphs.
• They made innovative strides in
some field of mathematics.
• Some examples are:
• Trigonometry and Geometry in
building the pyramids
• Fractions and arithmetic
• Measurements and Accuracy
 EGYPTIAN MATHEMATICS

• Rhind papyrus (1650 BC)

• One of the oldest surviving mathematics
scrolls in existence
• It asks questions about the geometry of
triangles.
• It shows how the ancient Egyptians would
have used mathematics to design the
pyramids
 GREEKS
• The Greeks were interested not only in the
application of mathematics but also in its
philosophical significance
• But most of Greek mathematics was based
on geometry.
• Greece’s most important contributions :
• Democritus (cross section division of
objects)
• Plato (polyhedrons)
• Pythagoras ( Pythagoras Theorem)
• Axiomatic Proofs which paved the way for
proving many theorems in the future.
 GREEK HELLENISTIC

Euclid Archimedes Diophantus

Father of geometry Father of Integral Calculus Father of algebra

 ROMAN
• Despite all their advances in other
respects, no mathematical
innovations occurred under the
Roman Empire and Republic
• The Romans had no use for pure
mathematics, only for its practical
applications.
• However the Roman numeral
system is still popularly used
 MAYAN
• The importance of astronomy and
calendar calculations in Mayan
society required mathematics,
• Despite not possessing the concept of
a fraction, they produced extremely
accurate astronomical observations
using no instruments other than sticks
• Examples:
• Found out the length of a solar year to
be 365.24 days
• Found out the length of one lunar
month is 29.42 days
 CHINESE MATHEMATICS
• Use of bamboo sticks and beads=
abacus
• There was a pervasive fascination with
numbers and mathematical patterns in
ancient China, and different numbers
were believed to have cosmic
significance
• A textbook “Nine Chapters on the
Mathematical Art” written in 200 BCE
covered hundreds of problems in
practical areas such as trade, taxation,
engineering and the payment of wages.
 INDIAN MATHEMATICS
• Sulba Sutras listed several simple
Pythagorean triples, as well as a statement of
the simplified Pythagorean theorem for the
sides of a square and for a rectangle.
• Mantras from the early Vedic period (before
1000 BCE) invoke powers of ten from a
hundred all the way up to a trillion, and
provide evidence of the use of arithmetic
operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, fractions, squares, cubes and
roots.
 INDIAN MATHEMATICS
• Like the Chinese, the Indians early
discovered the benefits of a decimal
place value number system,
• They refined and perfected the system,
particularly the written representation of
the numerals
• They created the ancestors of the nine
numerals that we use across the world
today, sometimes considered one of the
greatest intellectual innovations of all time.
 ARYABHATA
• Aryabhata is the author of several treatises on
mathematics and astronomy, some of which
are lost.
• Contributions
• Place value system and zero
• Approximation of π
• Trigonometry – sine cosine values
• Indeterminate equations
 BRAHMAGUPTA
• The great 7th Century Indian mathematician
and astronomer Brahmagupta wrote some
important works on both mathematics and
astronomy. He was from Ujjain, India
• Contributions:
• Zero - Brahmagupta's Brahmasphuṭasiddhanta
is the first book that provides rules that apply to
zero and to negative numbers.
• Algebra- Brahmagupta gave the solution of
the general linear equation
• Geometry – cyclic quadrilaterals
• Interpolation formula for limits
 MADHAVA
• One of the greatest mathematician-
astronomers of the Middle Ages, Madhava was
from Thrissur, Kerala. He is also the lesser known
“Father of Calculus”
• He was the first to use infinite series
approximations for a range of trigonometric
functions which ultimately led to the discovery
of infinity.
• Contributions
• study of infinite series
• calculus
• trigonometry
 ARABIC MATHEMATICS
• The Islamic Empire established across Persia, the
Middle East, Central Asia, North Africa, Iberia and
parts of India from the 8th Century onwards made
significant contributions towards mathematics.
• They were able to draw on and fuse together the
mathematical developments of both Greece and
India.
• Their most important contribution came in
extensive use of complex geometric patterns to
decorate their buildings, raising mathematics to
the form of an art.
 ARABIC MATHEMATICS

• The 10th Century Persian mathematician

Muhammad Al-Karaji was the first to use the
method of proof by mathematical induction to
prove his results.
• Al-Karaji used mathematical induction to prove the
binomial theorem.
 AL-KHWARIZMI
• One of the first Directors of the House of Wisdom in
Bagdad in the early 9th Century was an outstanding
Persian mathematician called Muhammad Al-
Khwarizmi.
• Contributions:
• Algebra - a word derived from the title of a mathematical
text he published in about 830 called “Al-Kitab al-
mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wa'l-muqabala”
• Lattice Multiplication Method
• Completing the square – for solving the quadratic
equation
• Algorithms - techniques for solving equations.
 MEDIEVAL TIMES
• Europe had fallen into the Dark Ages, in which
science and mathematics stagnated. Scholastic
scholars only valued studies in the humanities, such
as philosophy and literature,
• Most European mathematicians were studying
translated works of Greek Mathematicians like
Euclid.
• An important (but largely unknown mathematician
of the 14th Century Nicole Oresme.
• He popularised the use of speed- time graph using
some form of coordinate system. He is also the
discoverer of harmonic series.
 FIBONACCI
• The 13th Century Italian Leonardo of Pisa, better
known by his nickname Fibonacci, was perhaps the
most talented Western mathematician of the Middle
Ages.
• Contributions:
• Fibonacci Numbers – this number sequence
was originally discovered for the prediction of
reproduction of rabbits. Now, this sequence is
one of the most important tools in computer
science, biology and countless other fields.
• Golden Ratio
• Lattice Multiplication
FIRST MATHEMATICAL NOTATIONS
 TARTAGLIA, CARDANO & FERRARI
• Tartaglia (Niccolò Fontana) participated in Bologna
University mathematics competition in 1535 and won it for
introducing a general method for solving cubic equations
which was considered impossible at the time
• Gerolamo Cardano published this method in his 1545 book
“Ars Magna” and got credit for this and Tartaglia mostly
remained unknown
• After studying this theory, Lodovico Ferrari , Cardano’s
student came up with his own general method for solving
quartic equations.
• Tartaglia, Cardano and Ferrari were the first people to use
the concept of imaginary numbers in mathematics.
 17TH CENTURY
• In the wake of the Renaissance, the 17th Century
saw an unprecedented explosion of mathematical
and scientific ideas across Europe, a period
sometimes called the Age of Reason.
• Hard on the heels of the “Copernican Revolution”
of Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th Century,
scientists like Galileo Galilei, Tycho Brahe and
Johannes
• Kepler were making equally revolutionary
discoveries in the exploration of the Solar system,
leading to Kepler’s formulation of mathematical
laws of planetary motion.
 NAPIER
• John Napier was a Scottish mathematician best
known as the discoverer of logarithms.
• It was one of the most significant mathematical
developments of the age, and 17th Century physicists
like Kepler and Newton could never have performed
the complex calculations needed for their innovations
without it.
• The French astronomer and mathematician Pierre
Simon Laplace remarked, almost two centuries later,
that Napier, by halving the labors of astronomers, had
doubled their lifetimes.
 DESCARTES
• René Descartes was a French mathematician
who has been dubbed the "Father of
Coordinate Geometry",
• It was in "La Géométrie" that Descartes first
proposed that each point in two dimensions
can be described by two numbers on a plane,
one giving the point’s horizontal location and
the other the vertical location, which are
Cartesian coordinates.
 NEWTON
• Physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural
philosopher, alchemist and theologian, Newton is
considered by many to be one of the most influential
men in human history.
• His 1687 publication, the Principia is considered to be
among the most influential books in the history of
science.
• Contributions:
• Differential calculus
• Integral Calculus
• General Binomial Theorem
 LEIBNIZ
• The German polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
occupies a grand place in the history of mathematics.
• Leibniz developed a theory of differential and integral
calculus very similar to Newton, but completely
independently.
• Contributions:
• Current notations used in Calculus
• Matrices and Linear Algebra
• Topology
• Binary Number system
 18TH CENTURY
• The period was dominated by
mathematicians from a small town of Basel
in Switzerland who worked on extending the
theory of calculus.
• The Bernoulli brothers are known for their
contributions to the field of mathematics
and fluid mechanics.
• They developed an extension to calculus
called the calculus of variations which
includes the maxima - minima concept.
 EULER
• Leonhard Euler was one of the giants of 18th Century
mathematics. He was born in Basel, Switzerland, and he
studied for a while under Johann Bernoulli at Basel
University.
• Contributions:
• Euler’s formula: eiπ = -1 This equation combines
arithmetic, calculus, trigonometry and complex
analysis into what has been called "the most
remarkable formula in mathematics“.
• Graph Theory: solution to the Seven Bridges of
Konigsberg
 19TH CENTURY
• After the French Revolution, Napoleon
emphasized the practical usefulness of
mathematics and his reforms and military
ambitions gave French mathematics a big
boost, as exemplified by “the three L’s”,
Lagrange, Laplace and Legendre.
• Joseph Fourier's study, at the beginning of the
19th Century, of infinite sums in which the
terms are trigonometric functions were
another important advance in mathematical
analysis.
 GAUSS
• Carl Friedrich Gauss is sometimes referred to as the
"Prince of Mathematicians" and the "greatest
mathematician since antiquity".
• He has had a remarkable influence in many fields of
mathematics and science and is ranked as one of
history's most influential mathematicians.
• Contributions:
• Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
• Complex Numbers
• Gaussian Distribution
• Modulus
 REIMANN
• Bernhard Riemann was another mathematical giant hailing
from Northern Germany.
• Contributions:
• Tensors - He introduced a collection of numbers at
every point in space, which would describe its
curve. This formed the basis for multidimensional
geometry and this also has helped out in machine
learning
• Riemann Zeta Function - Riemann’s big
breakthrough occurred while working on a
function in the complex plane called the Riemann
zeta function.
 REIMANN’S HYPOTHESIS AND
IMPLICATIONS
• Through the discovery of Reimann Zeta Function , he realized that he could
use it to build a kind of 3-dimensional landscape, which might be able to
unlock the Holy Grail of mathematics, the age-old secret of prime numbers.
• The famous Riemann Hypothesis, which remains unproven, is one of the
Millennium Prize Problems. But solving this problem will result in far fetched
implications in the financial field.
• Most of the current encryption standards are based on the prime number
systems. Solving this hypothesis gives us the density of prime numbers
between two numbers. So this may result in massive loopholes in all the
security systems across the world.
 OTHER NOTABLE
MATHEMATICIANS
• Boole – provided the base of mathematical logic
famously known as Boolean Algebra.
• Boolean algebra was substantial for digital logic and
design leading to the development of computing
devices
• Poincare - provided a partial solution to the “three body
problem” which led to the discovery of a new field of
mathematics called Chaos Theory.
• He also made important contribution in a whole host of
other areas of physics including fluid mechanics,
quantum theory and cosmology.
MODERN MATHEMATICS

The various
branches of
mathematics in
modern times
 RAMANUJAN
• Srinivasa Ramanujan had no formal training in
mathematics, but he made important contributions
to number theory, infinite series and continued
fractions.
• In 1913, Srinivasa Ramanujan, a 23-year old shipping
clerk from Madras, India, wrote to GH Hardy claiming,
among other things, to have devised a formula that
calculated the number of primes up to a hundred
million with generally no error.
• The self-taught and obsessive Ramanujan had
managed to prove all of Riemann’s results and more
He claimed that most of his ideas came to him in
dreams.
 RAMANUJAN
• The most important contributions of Ramanujan are:
• Properties of highly composite numbers, the partition function and its
asymptotes
• Gamma functions, modular forms, divergent series, hypergeometric
series.
• Rapidly converging infinite series for the calculation of the value of π
(currently being used to get up to 5 trillion decimal places of pi)
• Some of his original and highly unconventional results, such as the
Ramanujan prime and the Ramanujan theta function, have found
applications in fields as diverse as crystallography and string theory.
 TURING
• Alan Turing is considered one of the greatest
mathematicians of all time due to his work on the theory
of computation and intractability which have laid
foundation to modern computing devices.
• Contributions:
• Turing Machine – computational device with a finite number
of states, formed the basis of the halting problem.
• Artificial Intelligence – the first person to address the
problem of artificial intelligence with his Turing Test.By this
test, a computer could be said to "think" if it could fool a
human interrogator into thinking that the conversation was
with a human.