Basic Electronic Circuits

(IEC-103)
Lecture-02

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Frequency Response Analysis

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Frequency Response
In AC steady state analysis the frequency is
assumed constant (e.g., 50Hz). Here we consider
the frequency as a variable and examine how
the performance varies with the frequency.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Frequency Response
In AC steady state analysis the frequency is
assumed constant (e.g., 50Hz). Here we consider
the frequency as a variable and examine how
the performance varies with the frequency.

Frequency response of a circuit is steady state

response of the circuit when the excited by
sinusoidal signals over a frequency range.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Frequency Response
In AC steady state analysis the frequency is
assumed constant (e.g., 50Hz). Here we consider
the frequency as a variable and examine how
the performance varies with the frequency.

Frequency response of a circuit is steady state

response of the circuit when the excited by
sinusoidal signals over a frequency range.

Frequency response is the variation in a circuit’s

behavior with change in source signal frequency.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Applications
This is significant for applications involving filters.

Filters play critical roles in blocking or passing

specific frequencies or ranges of frequencies.

Without them, it would be impossible to have

multiple channels of data in radio communications.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Frequency Response
A circuit that is intended to amplify human speech
must treat all the sinusoids with frequencies in the
range 20 Hz to 20 KHz in the same way or the
amplified signal will be distorted.

The amplifier output will be an undistorted copy

of input voltage only if the gain of the circuit is
constant over the entire frequency range and the
phase shift is proportional to the input frequency.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance Functions

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance of a Resistor
Resistor

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance of a Resistor
Resistor

Z R  R  R0

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance of a Resistor
Resistor

Z R  R  R0

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance of a Resistor
Resistor

Z R  R  R0

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance of an Inductor
Inductor

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance of an Inductor
Inductor

Z L  jL  L90

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance of an Inductor
Inductor

Z L  jL  L90

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance of an Inductor
Inductor

Z L  jL  L90

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance of a Capacitor
Capacitor

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance of a Capacitor
Capacitor

1 1
Zc     90
jC C

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance of a Capacitor
Capacitor

1 1
Zc     90
jC C

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance of a Capacitor
Capacitor

1 1
Zc     90
jC C

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Series RLC Circuit

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Series RLC Circuit

1 ( j ) 2 LC  jRC  1  j RC  j ( 2 LC  1)
Z eq  R  jL    
jC jC j C

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Series RLC Circuit

1 ( j ) 2 LC  jRC  1  j RC  j ( 2 LC  1)
Z eq  R  jL    
jC jC j C

(RC ) 2  (1   2 LC ) 2
| Z eq |
C

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Series RLC Circuit

1 ( j ) 2 LC  jRC  1  j RC  j ( 2 LC  1)
Z eq  R  jL    
jC jC j C

1  
LC  1 
2
(RC )  (1   LC )
2 2 2
Z eq  tan  
| Z eq |
C  RC 

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Series RLC Circuit

1 ( j ) 2 LC  jRC  1  j RC  j ( 2 LC  1)
Z eq  R  jL    
jC jC j C

1  
LC  1 
2
(RC )  (1   LC )
2 2 2
Z eq  tan  
| Z eq |
C  RC 

" Simplifica tion in notation" j  s

s 2 LC  sRC  1
Z eq ( s) 
sC

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Series RLC Circuit

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Series RLC Circuit

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance Function
Simplified notation for basic components
1
Z R ( s)  R, Z L ( s)  sL, ZC 
sC

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance Function
Simplified notation for basic components
1
Z R ( s)  R, Z L ( s)  sL, ZC 
sC

For all cases seen, and all cases to be studied, the

impedance is of the form
am s m  am 1s m 1  ...  a1s  a0
Z ( s) 
bn s n  bn1s n1  ...  b1s  b0

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Impedance Function
Simplified notation for basic components
1
Z R ( s)  R, Z L ( s)  sL, ZC 
sC

For all cases seen, and all cases to be studied, the

impedance is of the form
am s m  am 1s m 1  ...  a1s  a0
Z ( s) 
bn s n  bn1s n1  ...  b1s  b0

Moreover, if the circuit elements (L, R, C, dependent

sources) are real then the expression for any voltage
or current will also be a rational function in s.
Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Example
Find the expression for magnitude and Phase of Vo
as a function of frequency ω and plot the response
as ω is varied from 0.1 Hz to 1 KHz.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
Find the expression for magnitude and Phase of Vo
as a function of frequency ω and plot the response
as ω is varied from 0.1 Hz to 1 KHz.
sL

1
sC
R

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
Find the expression for magnitude and Phase of Vo
as a function of frequency ω and plot the response
as ω is varied from 0.1 Hz to 1 KHz.
sL

1
sC
R

R sRC
Vo ( s)  VS  2 VS
R  sL  1 / sC s LC  sRC  1

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
R sRC
Vo ( s)  VS  2 VS
R  sL  1 / sC s LC  sRC  1

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
R sRC
Vo ( s)  VS  2 VS
R  sL  1 / sC s LC  sRC  1

s  j
jRC
Vo  VS
( j ) LC  jRC  1
2

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
R sRC
Vo ( s)  VS  2 VS
R  sL  1 / sC s LC  sRC  1

s  j
jRC
Vo  VS
( j ) LC  jRC  1
2

j (15  2.53  103 )

Vo  3 3
100
( j ) (0.1 2.53 10 )  j (15  2.53 10 )  1
2

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
R sRC
Vo ( s)  VS  2 VS
R  sL  1 / sC s LC  sRC  1

s  j
jRC
Vo  VS
( j ) LC  jRC  1
2

j (15  2.53  103 )

Vo  3 3
100
( j ) (0.1 2.53 10 )  j (15  2.53 10 )  1
2

0.3795j
Vo 
(1  2.53 10  4 ) 2  0.03795j

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example

0.3795
Vo 
(1  2.53 10 4

) 2  0.03795 
2 2

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example

0.3795
Vo 
(1  2.53 10 4

) 2  0.03795 
2 2

 0.03795
1 

Vo   tan  
2 
 (1  2.53 10 ) 
4
2

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Frequency Response

Log-log
plot

Semi-log
plot

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Frequency in log scale

Use of logarithms expands the range of frequencies

portrayed on the horizontal axis.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Gain in bels
In communication systems, gain is measured in bels.
The bel is used to measure the ration of two levels
of power or power gain G, that is

P2
G  Number of bels  log10
P1

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Gain in bels
In communication systems, gain is measured in bels.
The bel is used to measure the ration of two levels
of power or power gain G, that is

P2
G  Number of bels  log10
P1

The ear, responds in a logarithmic fashion to changes

in audio power levels.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Bels & Decibels
The decibel (dB) provides us with a unit of less
magnitude. It is 1/10th of a bel and is given by

P2
Gdb  10 log10
P1

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Bels & Decibels
The decibel (dB) provides us with a unit of less
magnitude. It is 1/10th of a bel and is given by

P2
Gdb  10 log10
P1

For comparing voltages or current levels, we use

V2 I2
Gdb  20 log10 or Gdb  20 log10
V1 I1

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Specs of an Amplifier
Desired frequency characteristic
(flat between 50 Hz and 15 KHz)

Log scale (frequency)

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Synthesis of an Amplifier

Postulated amplifier

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Specs and actual response
required

actual

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transfer Function

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Definition
One useful way to analyze the frequency response of
a circuit is the concept of the transfer function H(ω).

Y ( )
H ( ) 
X ( )

H(ω) is the frequency dependent ratio of a forced

function or response Y(ω) to the forcing function X(ω).
Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Terminology
One useful way to analyze the frequency response of
a circuit is the concept of the transfer function H(ω).

Vo ( )
H ( )  Voltage gain 
Vi ( )
I o ( )
H ( )  Current gain 
I i ( )
Vo ( )
H ( )  Transfer Impedance 
I i ( )
I o ( )
H ( )  Transfer Admittance 
Vi ( )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Zeros & Poles
To obtain H(ω), first convert to frequency domain
equivalent components in the circuit.
H(ω) can be expressed as the ratio of numerator
N(ω) and denominator D(ω) polynomials.
N ( )
H ( ) 
D( )

Zeros are where the transfer function goes to zero.

Poles are where it goes to infinity.
They can be related to the roots of N(ω) and D(ω).
Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Example
Obtain the transfer function Vo/Vs of RC network
shown below and plot the frequency response

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
Obtain the transfer function Vo/Vs of RC network
shown below and plot the frequency response

1
Answer: H ( ) 
1  jRC

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
1
H ( ) 
1  jRC

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
1
H ( ) 
1 1  (RC ) 2
H ( ) 
1  jRC

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
1
H ( ) 
1 1  (RC ) 2
H ( ) 
1  jRC
H ( )   tan 1 (RC )

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
1
H ( ) 
1 1  (RC ) 2
H ( ) 
1  jRC
H ( )   tan 1 (RC )

Frequency Response

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Bode Plots

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Bode Plots
One problem with the transfer function is that it
needs to cover a large range in frequency.

Plotting the frequency response on a semi log plot

(where the X axis is plotted in log form) makes
the task easier.

These plots are referred to as Bode plots.

Bode plots either show magnitude (in decibels) or

phase (in degrees) as a function of frequency.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example
Draw the Bode plot of Vo/Vs of the RC network
shown below .

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Passive Filters

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Passive Filters
There are four types of filters:
– Lowpass passes only low
frequencies and blocks high
frequencies.
– Highpass does the opposite
of lowpass
– Bandpass only allows a
range of frequency to pass
through
– Bandstop does the
opposite of bandpass

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Lowpass Filter
• A typical lowpass filter is
formed when the output of
a RC circuit is taken off the
capacitor.
• The half power frequency is:
1
c 
RC

• This is also referred to as the

cutoff frequency.
• The filter is designed to pass
from DC up to ωc

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Lowpass Filter
• A highpass filter is also
made of a RC circuit, with
the output taken off the
resistor.
• The cutoff frequency will
be the same as the lowpass
filter.
• The difference being that
the frequencies passed go
from ωc to infinity.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Bandpass Filter
• The RLC series resonant
circuit provides a bandpass
filter when the output is
taken off the resistor.
• The center frequency is:
1
c 
LC
• The filter will pass frequencies
from ω1 to ω2.
• It can also be made by
feeding the output from a
lowpass to a highpass filter.
Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Bandstop Filter

• A bandstop filter can be

created from a RLC circuit by
taking the output from the
LC series combination.

• The range of frequencies

(from ω1 and ω2) are blocked.

Basic Electronic Circuits Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Active Filters
• Passive filters have a few drawbacks.
– They cannot create gain greater than 1.
– They do not work well for frequencies below
the audio range.
– They require inductors, which tend to be bulky
and more expensive than other components.
• It is possible, using op-amps, to create all the
common filters (active filters).
• Their ability to isolate input and output also
makes them very desirable.