Chapter1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

What is cigarette? Cigarette is a cut tobacco rolled in paper for

smoking. The term cigarette, as commonly need, refers to a tobacco cigarette
but sometimes used to refer to other substances, such as a cannabis cigarette
as cigarette distinguished from cigar wrappers are typically composed of
tobacco leaf or paper dipped in tobacco extract.

Based on Covey et.al ( 2008:36 ) Persons with major depression are

more likely to smoke and to have difficulty, when they try to stop, when they
manage to succeed in stopping such persons are at increased risk of
experiencing mild to severe state of depression, including full blown major
depression. The period of vulnerability to a new depressive episode appears to
vary from a few weeks to several months after cessation. This knowledge
suggest a relationship between smoking and depression that is complex,
pernicious, and potentially life-long.

According to Chor (2015:470) People smoke cigarette in order to

regulate emotion and relieve negative emotions. For example, according to a
survey study of adolescent smokers, the most frequently mentioned reasons
for cigarette smoking where stress reduction and relaxation. Also stress from
life events is thought to be one of the important factors of smoking
motivation, and one laboratory experiment reported that stress decreases the
ability to resist smoking. Moreover, smokes have higher neuroticism and
anxiety traits than smokers.
 Nicotine does improve certain aspects of human cognition and it is
being explored not only to treat Parkinson’s, but other dementias, and even
everyday in attention. But the relationship between Parkinson’s and smoking
probably involves more than just nicotine which again, is but one component
of cigarette smoke. While the latter is believe to increase one’s risk of
developing dementia, the former may be useful in treating it.
(https://academic.oup.com)

Cigarette ads have long touted the appetite suppressing qualities of

tobacco. Even today much of [public believes that cigarette can be used to lose
weight. Indeed, people do eat less they smoke, and quitting smoking can
cause a temporary spike and weight gain. Four years ago, scientist finally
identified hoe nicotine curves the appetite via a higher circuit in the brain
lending an explanation for decades of studies that broadly correlated smoking
with lower body weight. (https://:io9.gizmodo.com)

While smokers might go broke buying a pack of cigarette, they can at

least save money by avoiding knee-replacement surgery. Surprising result
from a new study have revealed that men who smoke had less risk of
undergoing total joint replacement surgery than those who never smoked.
(https://livescience.com)

Conceptual Framework

This study was encored on the concept cited by Chor9 2015:470) He

explain that people smoke cigarettes in order to regulate emotion and relieve
negative emotions. That according to a survey study of adolescent smokers,
the most frequently mentioned reasons for cigarette smoking were stress
reduction and relaxation. Also stress from life events thought to be one of the
important factors of smoking motivation, and one laboratory experiment
reported that stress decreases the ability to resist smoking. Moreover,
smokers have higher neuroticism and anxiety traits than smokers.
 People are smokers because they want to work well and reduce their
emotions. Just for example, young people are studying for higher-level
smoking smokers stress and to become relax. They make it a solution to get
rid of their bad feelings. Its probably fun and stressful, but or breathe is very
bad. Let stress that is part of human life that makes a variety of solution.
One of the motivations or causes of people to use a cigarette is entertainment.
Experimental bases decrease the ability to fight against alcohol. Because of
one of prone and involve them using cigarettes. So it is difficult for both and
other department it is to stop people from using cigarettes.

Guided by the important concepts above, the researcher was able to

construct the paradigm of the study which is presented below.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Determining
how smoking
Collection of Proposed dietary
create a sense of
data through plan for a
acceptance to
analysis healthy life style
Alitagtagueño
questionnaire
under
depression

Figure 1

Paradigm of the Study

The figure shows the paradigm of the study. The input or the first box
determining how smoking create a sense of acceptance to Alitagtagueño
under depression. The steps done by smoker in accepting cigarette.
 In the second box includes how the researcher collecting data through
analysis questionnaire. The another arrow proposed dietary plan for a
healthy life style.

Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted how smoking create a sense of acceptance to

Alitagtagueño under depression.

1. How do Alitagtagueño’s perceive the use of cigarette as stress reliever?

2. How do Alitagtagueño perceive the depression?
3. What are the reasons why Alitagtagueño prefer cigarette as stress
reliever instead using other means?

Assumption of the Study

1. The respondents will respond to each item in the questionnaire with

honesty and seriousness.
2. The respondents have a sincere interest in participation in research
and do not any other innovates.
3. The respondents have all experience the same of similar phenomenon
of the study.

Significance of the Study

This study will be very significant to know the perception of the

Alitagtagueño in the acceptance to respondents under depression of the
Administrators, faculty and staff, students, parents, community, researchers,
and future researchers to gain knowledge, ideas and information about
acceptance of the Alitagtagueño in the acceptance of the respondents under
depression.

To the school administrators, the finding of this study will lead them
toward the continuous of Alitagtagueño’s in the acceptance to respondents
under depression s.y. 2018-19. This study would also help them to stop and
enjoy their life without using cigarettes that will be beneficial for the whole
Alitagtag Community especially in the teenagers. Even more, it will serve as
the basis in designing programs to enhance and increase the awareness of the
Alitagtagueños in terms of healthy life style.

To all of the Alitagtagueños, this will give them institutions and

knowledge about the importance of preventing of using cigarette. Also this
study will be use as a guide of guiding principle in all of the Alitagtagueños.

Scope, Limitation and Delimitations of the Study

This study was centered to acknowledge the respondents of using

cigarette.

This study was centered in the discussion on how the respondents

accepting smoking in creating a sense under depression. The major
instrument used in gathering data was the questionnaire where as the
questions were written in a qualitative way.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are hereby defined operationally and conceptual

as used in this study.
 Nicotine. A toxic colorless yellowish ioly liquid that is the chief active
constituent of tobacco. (https://academic.oup.com)

Tobacco. Is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant

by curving them. (https://i09.gizmodo.com)

Surgery. the treatment of injuries or disorders of the body by incision or

manipulation, especially with instruments. (http://livescience.com)

Cytochromes. Are heme-containing proteins. Three varieties are

recognized, cytochromes a, cytochromes b, and cytochromes c. They differ
with respect to the substituents on the periphery of the heme. Cytochromes
function as electron relays, exploiting the switching of the iron centers
from ferrous (Fe(II)) to ferric (Fe(III)).
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome).

Neuroticism. is one of the Big Five higher-order personality traits in

the study of psychology. Individuals who score high on neuroticism are more
likely than average to be moody and to experience such feelings
as anxiety, worry, fear, anger, frustration, envy, jealousy, guilt, depressed
mood, and loneliness. Chor (2015:470)

Depression. is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can

affect a person's thoughts, behavior, tendencies, feelings, and sense of well-
being. Covey et al. (2008:36)

Relieve Negative Emotions. Can be described as any feeling which

causes you to be miserable and sad. These emotions make you dislike yourself
and others, and take away your confidence. Chor (2015:470)

Health Benefits. A person's health is the condition of their body and

the extent to which it is free from illness or is able to resist illness.
(https://www.bmj.com)
 Psychological Distribution. is a statistical term frequently used
in psychology and other social sciences to describe how traits
are distributed through a population. (http://www.bjm.com)

Heart Disease. Cardiovascular disease generally refers to conditions

that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to aheart
attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. (http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) Health
Benefits

Anxiety. is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner

turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behavior such as pacing back and
forth, somatic complaints, and rumination. Chor (2015:470)

Diabetes. a disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond

to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of
carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine.
(http://www.ncbi.nih.gov)

Human Cognition. It encompasses processes such as attention, the

formation of knowledge, memory and working memory, judgment and
evaluation, reasoning and "computation", problem solving and decision
making, comprehension and production of language.
(http://academic.oup.com)

Joint Replacement Surgery. is performed most frequently to

replace hip joints and knee joints, and involves the complete removal of the
damaged joint and tissues to be replaced with an artificial prosthesis.
(http://livescience.com)

Demontia. a chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes

caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders,
personality changes, and impaired reasoning. (http://academic.oup.com)
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies that
had relevance to study. They served as the frame or reference for the
researcher in the completion of this study.

Based on convey et.al (2008:36) Peksons with major depression are

more likely to smoke and to have difficulty when they manage to succeed in
stopping, such persons are at increased risk of experiencing mild to severe
state or depression, including full blown major depression. The period of
vulnerability to a new depression episode appears to vary from a few week to
several months after cessation. This knowledge suggest a relationship
between smoking and depression that is complex, pernicious and potentially
life long.

According to Chor (2015:470) people smoke cigarettes in order to

regulate emotion and relieve negative emotions, smokers, the most frequently
mentioned reasons for cigarettes smoking mere stress reduction and
relaxation. Also, stress from life events is thought to be one of the important
factors of smoking motivation and one laboratory experiment reported that
stress decreases the ability to resist smoking. More over, smokers. Have
higher neuroticism and anxiety traits than smokers. This relationships
between smoking behavior and personality traits suggest the possibility that
cigarette smoking might be able to reduce anxiety, although there is also a
possibility that smoking behavior might be able increase neuroticism and
anxiety.
 Smokers with or without mental disorders think that smoking provides
mental health benefits, they might be misattributing the ability of cigarettes
to abolish nicotine with drawl as a beneficial effect on mental health.
Smokers experience irritability, anxiety, and depression when they have not
smoked for a while and those feelings are reliably relieved by smoking thus
creating the perception that smoking has psychological benefit, while in fact
it is smoking that caused these psychological disturbances in the first place.
(http://www.bjm.com)

By some estimates 50% - 60% of patients with major depression also

from nicotine dependence. The prevalence of depression among smokers has
been estimated as three times that nonsmoker. Depression is associated with
increased risk of heart disease and diabetes; and smoking has well-known
associated with it, intending cancer, heart disease emphysema. Together,
depression and smoking may offer greater combined health risk; and women
smokers may be especially vulnerable to this combined health risk, as they
suffer from depression at a nation of two to one compared with mean
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

People who have depression might smoke to feel better but sometimes
smokers might get depress because they smoke. No matter what the cause,
there are also plenty ways to treatment. The researchers suggest to: exercise.
This can be hard to when depressed, but effort will path off. Structure your
day. Make a plan to get busy; be with other people. Being in touch with
others every day can help your mood. And also pray to God for your good
health.

The detrimental effect from smoking on health are well known and
mortality attribute to smoking is high. Smoking has been found to be
associated with a wide range of mental disorders. In World Health
Organization surveys daily smoking is reported y 30% f the Population with a
mental disorder are twice as likely to smoke compared to the general
population, and are high consumers of cigarette. Considering the most
prevalent mental disorders, associations between depression and smoking
have been shown repeatedly, but more recent works has also highlighted the
importance of anxiety, as opposed to be associated with co-occurring
depression is unclear other factors may found association between smoking
and anxiety/depression, including Socratic health, other health related,
social-economics states, age and gender. A recent literature review on anxiety
and smoking all for more focus in moderation and mechanisms for improved
understanding of etiology. Psychological factors and cribbed mental disorders
have been implicated as important confounders in young adults in causal
theories in the link between smoking and specific mental disorders. The
public health response to smoking has usually consisted of campaigns
directed at cessation or discouraging initiation or smoking. Previous research
supports these policies, suggesting improved mood and stress – reliefs post
cessation and authors have emphasized the need to focus in cessation in
people with mental disorders. On the other hand, abstaining smokers with a
history of major depression disorders (MOD) have an increased risk of
developing a new episode of MOD over a 4 week to 6 month period. Beyond
that time frame litter is known about the long – term effects of quitting
smoking in people with mental disorders. There are also speculations and
some inconclusive empirical evidence that anxiety precludes cessation.

Finally, as to causality, there is evidence that smoking increases the

risk of depression. As to certain anxiety disorders, and in particular post
traumatic stress disorders evidence suggest the opposite causality. There is
evidence for shared genetic effects in smoking and depression, and also in
nicotine dependency and post traumatic stress disorders. Quitters are
reported to have non-increased risk for a new depressive episode compared to
never – sinkers, but there are power issues in most such studies.
Comparisons of quitters and never – smokers ( and time since cessation in
quitter ) in terms of mental illness might light in these issues of causality.