PERSONALITY AND INTELLIGENCE

PERSONALITY Operates on the reality

principle: instinctual energy is
Pattern of enduring characteristics that restrained to keep individual
produce consistency and individuality in a safe and to help integrate the
given person. person into society.
Refers to individual differences in
characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling SUPEREGO
and behaving. The final component of
personality to develop, it
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHES TO represents the rights and
PERSONALITY wrongs of society as handed
Personality is motivated by inner forces and down   by   a   person’s   parents,  
conflicts about which people have little teachers, and other important
awareness and over which they have no people.
control. Includes the conscience: makes
you feel guilty if you do
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY something morally wrong.
Sigmund   Freud’s   theory   that  
unconscious forces act as determinants FREUD’S  PSYCHOSEXUAL  STAGES
of personality. how personality develops
individuals encounter conflicts
UNCONSCIOUS between the demands of society
a part of the personality that and their own urges for pleasure
contains the memories, knowledge, Sexuality: pleasure rather than lust
beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and FIXATIONS
instincts of which the individual is Unresolved conflicts that
not aware persist beyond the stage in
a   “safe   haven”   for   memories   of   which they first occur.
threatening events Come from having needs
THE COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY ignored or being overindulged
THE ID during that stage
The raw, unorganized, inborn
part of personality. STAGE 1: ORAL STAGE
Reduces tension created by (BIRTH – 1 ½)
primitive drives related to infant’s   center   of   pleasure   is   the  
hunger, sex, aggression, and mouth
irrational impulses. Fixation: may lead to adult who is
Operates on the pleasure unusually interested in oral
principle: reduce tension and activities: eating, talking, smoking
maximize satisfaction. (Biting or swallowing)
STAGE 2: ANAL STAGE
EGO (1 ½ - 3)
The part of personality that child’s   center   of   pleasure   is   the  
provides a buffer between the anus
id and the outside world. toilet training – pleasure comes
from retaining and expelling feces
 Fixation: may lead to adult who has Rationalization
Anal Retentive Character Cognitive   reframing   of   one’s  
unusually rigid, orderly, and perceptions
punctual Making excuses
Anal Expulsive Character Denial
Refusal to accept reality
STAGE 3: PHALLIC STAGE Projection
(3-6) Attribution of one's undesired
child’s   center   of   pleasure   is   the   impulses onto another
genitals Sublimation
Difficulties in phallic stage may lead The channeling of unacceptable
to improper sex-role behavior & impulses into more acceptable
failure to develop a conscience outlets
Regression
OEDIPAL CONFLICT Reversion to an earlier stage of
a   child’s   unconscious   sexual   development in the face of
interest in the opposite-sex unacceptable impulses
parent Reaction Formation
typically resolved by Converting of wishes or impulses
identification with the same-sex that are perceived to be
parent dangerous into their opposite
wanting to be like that person
imitating his or her behavior NEO-FREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYSTS
and adopting similar beliefs and Psychoanalysts who were trained in
values traditional Freudian theory but who later
rejected some of its major points.
STAGE 4: LATENCY PERIOD
(6 – adolescence) JUNG’S  COLLECTIVE  UNCONSCIOUS
children’s   sexual   concerns   are CARL JUNG
temporarily put aside Collective Unconscious
after resolving the oedipal conflict a common set of ideas, feelings,
sexual interest becomes dormant, images, and symbols that we inherit
even in the unconscious from our ancestors, the whole human
race, and even animal ancestors
STAGE 5: GENITAL STAGE Archetypes
(adolescence – adulthood)
sexual feelings reemerge KAREN  HORNEY’S  PERSPECTIVE
focus on mature, adult sexuality
championed  women’s  issues
(sexual intercourse)
believed personality develops in the
context of social relationships &
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
depends on the relationship between
Unconscious strategies people use to
parents and child
reduce anxiety by concealing its
source from themselves and others.
ALFRED ADLER
Repression
Adler proposed that the primary
primary defense mechanism, in
human motivation is a striving for
which unacceptable or
superiority, not in terms of
unpleasant id impulses are
superiority over others, but in a
pushed back into the unconscious
 quest for self-improvement and LEARNING APPROACHES
perfection. Learning theories of personality emphasize
Inferiority complex the external environment.
Feelings of inferiority in adults that they
developed as children, when they were SKINNER’S  BEHAVIORIST  APPROACH
small and limited in their knowledge B.F. Skinner
about the world. Personality is a collection of learned
behavior patterns.
TRAIT, LEARNING, BIOLOGICAL AND Responses are caused by patterns of
EVOLUTIONARY, AND HUMANISTIC reinforcements received in the past.
APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY
SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACHES
TRAIT APPROACHES Albert Bandura
TRAIT THEORY Emphasize   influence   of   a   person’s  
Seeks to identify basic traits necessary cognitions, as well as observation of
to describe personality others’  behavior.
Traits People can foresee the possible
Consistent personality characteristics outcomes of certain behaviors in a
and behaviors displayed in different specific setting w/o actually carrying
situations. them out.
Propose that all people possess certain Observational learning
traits, but the degree varies and can be
quantified Self-Efficacy
Belief  in  one’s  personal  capacities
EYSENCK’S   THREE   DIMENSIONS   OF   Faith in the ability to carry-out
PERSONALITY: specific behavior or produce a
Extraversion: degree of sociability desired outcome
Neuroticism: emotional stability
Psychoticism: the degree to which Self-Esteem
reality is distorted Component of personality that
encompasses our positive and
negative self-evaluation
The  “Big  Five”  Model  of  Personality How we feel about ourselves
OCEAN

BIOLOGICAL & EVOLUTIONARY APPROACHES

The important components of personality
are inherited.

TEMPERAMENT
The basic, innate disposition that
emerges early in life.
Quite consistent, with significant
stability from infancy well into
adolescence.
HUMANISTIC APPROACHES proposes eight spheres of intelligence, each
emphasize   people’s   innate   goodness   and   relatively independent of the others
desire to achieve higher levels of (Howard Gardner)
functioning 1. Musical
2. Bodily Kinesthetic
SELF-ACTUALIZATION 3. Logical-Mathematical
A state of self-fulfillment in which people 4. Linguistic
realize their highest potential, each in a 5. Spatial
unique way (Rogers and Maslow). 6. Interpersonal
7. Intrapersonal
UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD 8. Naturalist
An attitude of acceptance and respect on
the part of an observer, no matter what a INFORMATION-PROCESSING APPROACH
person says or does. The most accurate measure of intelligence
is provided by the way people store material in
COMPARING APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY memory and use that material to solve
No single approach is the best intellectual tasks.
explanation of personality
No clear way to scientifically test the EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
theories against each other Set of skills that underlie the accurate
Personality can be viewed from a assessment, evaluation, expression, and
number of perspectives simultaneously regulation of emotions.

INTELLIGENCE REFERENCES

The capacity to understand the world, think Feldman, R. S. (2011) Essentials of

rationally, and use resources effectively when Understanding Psychology (9th
faced with challenges.
edition). New York: McGraw-Hill
G OR G-FACTOR
The single, general factor for mental Feldman, R. S. (2010) Psychology and Your
ability assumed to underlie intelligence Life. Philippines: McGraw-Hill
in some early theories.

FLUID INTELLIGENCE
Reflects information – processing
capabilities, reasoning, and memory

CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
The accumulation of information, skills,
and strategies that are learned through
experience and can be applied in
problem-solving situations.
Reflects our ability to call up
information from long-term memory.

THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES