Energy Efficiency and

Historic Buildings
Draught-proofing Windows and Doors
This guidance note has been prepared and edited by David Pickles. It forms one of a

series of thirteen guidance notes covering the thermal upgrading of building elements

such as roofs, walls and floors.

First published by English Heritage March 2012.

This edition (v1.1) published by Historic England April 2016.

All images © Historic England unless otherwise stated.

Illustrations drawn by Simon Revill.

Our full range of guidance on energy efficiency can be found at:

www.HistoricEngland.org.uk/energyefficiency

Front cover
A brush pile seal being inserted into a window sash.
© Core sash windows.
Summary

This guidance note provides advice on the principles, risks, materials and methods
for improving the thermal performance of existing windows and doors by draught-
proofing. Draught-proofing is one of the most cost effective and least intrusive ways of
improving the comfort of occupants and reducing energy used for heating with little
or no change to a building’s appearance. It also has the added benefit of helping to
reduce noise and keeping out dust. Research has shown draught-proofing can reduce
air leakage from windows by between 33% and 50%, therefore significantly reducing
the heating requirement needed for the room.

Historic windows and doors make a major contribution to the significance and
character of historic buildings and areas so every effort should be made to retain them
rather than replace them. Windows and doors can tell us a lot about the history of a
building, changing architectural taste and style, social hierarchy, building economics,
craft skills and technical advances.

Older buildings are prone to heat loss through cracks and gaps which develop as
various building elements move and distort over a long period. This is often the case
for windows and doors which can be a major source of heat loss. However, less than
a quarter of the heat lost through a typical traditional window escapes by conduction
through the glass, the rest is by draughts (air infiltration). Since draughts make people
feel colder, the occupants often turn up the heating and run it for longer.

Windows and doors should be assessed for repairs before embarking on any draught-
proofing measures. Traditional windows and doors can almost always be repaired,
even if in very poor condition.
Contents

Introduction.........................................1 3
Issues To Consider Before

Draught-Proofing ........................9

Energy Planning .......................................................1

Technical Risks.........................................................1 3.1

Maintaining ventilation .............................11

Technical Details......................................................2

4
Draught-Proofing And The

Building Regulations .................12

1 Repairing Windows and Doors .....3

1.1 Need to repair ..............................................3 5

Draught-Proofing Products........13

1.2 Repair or replace? ........................................3

1.3 Loosening stuck windows ...........................4 5.1

Compression seals.....................................15

1.4 Preparing to repair.......................................4 5.2

Wiper seals .................................................16

1.5 Repairing wood windows and doors ..........6 5.3

Secondary glazing .....................................17

1.6 Repairing metal windows............................7 5.4

Draught-proofing shutters ........................17

1.7 Repairing leaded light windows.................7

6
Where To Get Advice ..................18

2 Draught-Proofing Rather Than 6.1

Contact Historic England ..........................19

Double Glazing ............................8

Introduction

Energy Planning Technical Risks

Before contemplating measures to enhance the Altering the thermal performance of older
thermal performance of a historic building it is buildings is not without risks. The most significant
important to assess the building and the way it is risk is that of creating condensation which can
used in order to understand: be on the surface of a building component or
between layers of the building fabric, which
„ the heritage values (significance) is referred to as ‘interstitial condensation’.
of the building Condensation can give rise to mould forming and
potential health problems for occupants. It can
„ the construction and condition of the also damage the building fabric through decay.
building fabric and building services Avoiding the risk of condensation can be complex
as a wide range of variables come into play.
„ the existing hygrothermal behaviour
of the building Where advice is given in this series of guidance
notes on adding insulation into existing
„ the likely effectiveness and value for money permeable construction, we generally consider
of measures to improve energy performance that insulation which has hygroscopic properties
is used as this offers a beneficial ‘buffering’ effect
„ the impact of the measures on significance during fluctuations in temperature and vapour
pressure, thus reducing the risk of surface and
„ the technical risks associated interstitial condensation occurring. However, high
with the measures levels of humidity can still pose problems even
when the insulation is hygroscopic. Insulation
This will help to identify the measures best suited materials with low permeability are not entirely
to an individual building or household, taking incompatible with older construction but careful
behaviour into consideration as well as the thought needs to be given to reducing levels of
building envelope and services. water vapour moving through such construction
either by means of effectively ventilated cavities
or through vapour control layers.

The movement of water vapour through parts of

the construction is a key issue when considering
thermal upgrading, but many other factors need
to be considered to arrive at an optimum solution
such as heating regimes and the orientation and
exposure of the particular building.

< < Contents 1

More research is needed to help us fully
understand the passage of moisture through
buildings and how certain forms of construction
and materials can mitigate these risks. For older
buildings there is no ‘one size fits all’ solution,
each building needs to be considered and an
optimum solution devised.

Technical Details

The technical drawings included in this guidance

document are diagrammatic only and are used
to illustrate general principles. They are not
intended to be used as drawings for purposes
of construction.

Older buildings need to be evaluated individually

to assess the most suitable form of construction
based on a wide variety of possible variables.

Historic England does not accept liability

for loss or damage arising from the use of
this information.

< < Contents 2

1 Repairing Windows
and Doors

1.1 Need to repair

All types of windows and doors will decay over

time, so regular inspection and maintenance
will always be a good investment. Before
installing any draught-proofing to windows or
doors, it makes sense to identify and make any
repairs that are needed first. Straight-forward
repairs can reduce air infiltration and heat loss
by up to a third.

Many old buildings have distorted gradually over

a long period owing to settlement and thermal
movement. Older buildings can tolerate a
surprising amount of movement so that windows
and doors may have gradually adjusted to suit
this re-alignment. Often the window sashes hold
their shape better than their frames resulting in
gaps and sashes sticking within the frame.

Figure 1
Historic glass should be retained in any programme

of repair.

© Clive Murgatroyd.

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1.2 Repair or replace? 1.4 Preparing to repair

Traditional timber and metal windows and doors Before windows are removed for repair they
can almost always be repaired usually at a cost should be carefully recorded, at least with
significantly less than replacement. Repaired photographs and some basic measurements.
originals will also have character and historic Sashes, casements and other parts should
value which a replica window would not have. be labelled to ensure that they go back in the
Total replacement of a window or a door even correct positions. Before stripping many layers
as an exact replica may require consent if the of accumulated paint, think about having a paint
building is listed. analysis. This might reveal information about
the previous colour schemes which could inspire
Historic glass should be retained in any future paint schemes. If possible consider leaving
programme of repair. Modern glass is made a small section of existing paint layers in situ for
by a float process that produces precisely flat, future analysis.
optically perfect glass. Historic glass, which was
produced by one of several different processes, The timber used in the past to make windows
has a quite different character. The imperfections and doors was of a high quality and very durable.
in hand-made glass are a feature that makes Many Georgian and Victorian windows are still in
many older windows so attractive. place today whereas modern softwood windows
can need replacement after only twenty years.
Repairing windows is the best way of maintaining
1.3 Loosening stuck windows the visual character and architectural significance
of a building’s elevation and can add to its value.
Windows that are firmly stuck in place may
have assumed a structural role and be taking Before starting any upgrading work such as
the weight of the wall above. This is usually draught-stripping or the addition of secondary
because a lintel has failed or moved. They should glazing, assess what repairs are needed to make
not be forced open as they might break and it the windows fully operational. Windows decay
has been known for parts of a wall to collapse over time so regular maintenance, cleaning and
when windows are opened. First assess what painting is always a good investment.
is happening structurally. If there is any doubt,
insert props into the window frame before For listed buildings, the total replacement of a
attempting to open them. window or door is likely to require Listed
Building Consent.
Particular care should be taken when removing
a window frame for repairs. Even where the
window is still operable, its frame may carry some
structural loads. Some early 20th century bay
windows were specifically designed to
be structural.

Windows that are painted shut should be opened

carefully, using sharp knives and only gentle
pressure. Some windows and doors may have
been discreetly nailed or screwed closed – these
should be checked before using force.

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 Lead Paint

Lead paints can be harmful to health,

particularly for children.

Lead based paints are often found on

older buildings. Sometimes these paints
have been over-painted. If there is any
uncertainty about the presence of lead
paint on windows that are to be stripped,
it should be assumed that lead paint is
present and precautions taken accordingly.

The use of lead paints has now been

generally banned because of the hazard to
health. However, there is an exception to the
ban which allows them to be used on Grade
I and Grade II* listed buildings. On those
buildings the traditional appearance of the
lead paint, together with its longevity and
its fungicidal and insecticidal properties,
mean that it is often still used. It should
only be applied by professional decorators
using appropriate protective equipment,
and it is not recommended for use where it
may be in the reach of children.

Figures 2‑3
Before installing any draught-proofing to windows
identify and make any repairs that are needed.

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1.5 Repairing wood windows and doors
Paint analysis

The base of doors and their frames are Many surfaces in historic buildings have
particularly susceptible to wet rot as are the lower been over-coated many times during their
horizontal rails and sills of windows but such history without stripping of the layers
decay can be repaired using carpentry techniques. beneath. These layers form an important
Repairs will usually be weaker than the original archaeological record.
joint and repaired sections may also expand and
contract at slightly different rates, putting strain Often a fragment of the surface coatings
on the junctions and leading to cracks which may can be removed containing all of the
then foster further decay. Regular maintenance of accumulated layers. This composite piece
repaired windows is particularly important. can be sent away for analysis in a specialist
laboratory, where each of the layers can
The approach to the repair will depend upon be revealed by analysing the material and
the extent of the decay, the performance colour of each layer. This can reveal a
requirements, and the significance of the original wealth of information about the history and
material. If a window or door is historically or presentation of the building. In the past
visually important, and not likely to be subject these techniques have led to the discovery
to heavy wear and tear, it is usually best to keep of hidden wall paintings beneath plain
as much as possible of the original material and surfaces. More frequently they provide the
splice in sections of new timber. Where a decayed evidence to justify a change in presentation
window or door is in poor condition and not of the outside of a building from a modern
important historically, it may be appropriate and paint scheme to a traditional scheme which
more economical to replicate it completely in has proven historical precedent.
carefully selected, good quality new timber. The
decision will depend on how effective and long- Fragments of coatings sent for analysis
lasting the repair is likely to be. Repairs using need only be very small and should only be
epoxy resin can in many cases be used alongside taken from an inconspicuous section of the
carpentry repairs to prolong the life of doors window or door.
and windows.

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 1.6 Repairing metal windows

Metal windows can suffer from surface rust,

distortion, excessive build-up of paint, and
failed hinges and fittings. Rust expands up to
seven times the volume of un-oxidised metal, so
corrosion often looks much worse than it actually
is. Even windows which appear in a very bad state
at first sight can usually be repaired.

Rust and paint can be removed by acid pickling

or flame cleaning. Firms specialising in this can
be found. Any necessary repairs to wrought iron
or steel windows can be made by a metalworker
welding in replacement sections. Cast iron
windows cannot be welded because they tend to
crack when heated, but they can be repaired using
a technique known as ‘cold stitching’.

1.7 Repairing leaded light windows

Leaded light windows are found in buildings from

many periods. Their repair is a specialist task and
should be approached with caution, particularly if
the windows are particularly old and significant. A
list of specialist contractors can be obtained from
the Institute of Conservation (ICON). It may not
be sensible even to attempt to repair leaded light
windows to draught-free levels, but sometimes
internal or external secondary glazing can be
added to provide protection and
draught-proofing.

Figure 4 (top)
Metal windows can suffer from surface rust, distortion
and excessive build-up of paint but they are capable
of repair.

Figure 5 (above)
Leaded light windows can be difficult to make draught

free and secondary glazing might need to

be considered.

© Oxley Conservation.

< < Contents 7

2 Draught-proofing
Rather than
Double Glazing
Double glazed windows usually have sealed The benefits of double glazing over other methods
glazing units with two panes of glass separated by of window repair are often over-estimated. Much
an air gap (typically of 12-18 mm) which improves of the comfort and energy efficiency benefits of
thermal insulation, particularly if the glass is new double glazing come from the reduction of
coated and the air gap is filled with an inert gas. draughts that will result from well-fitted window
It is an important development that has produced
significant energy savings and reductions in frames with integral draught-proofing. These
carbon dioxide emissions, particularly in new benefits are also available through repair and
buildings. The Building Regulations make double draught-proofing of the existing windows, or from
glazing practically compulsory in new building. fitting secondary glazing.

The replacement of existing windows with double In terms of noise reduction, the important criteria
glazed units can in many cases lead to a change are that the windows are well fitted and draught-
in appearance, particularly the flatness of new proofed. Secondary glazing, with its larger gap
glass and the need for thicker timber sections and (ideally 100 mm) between the panes, is a better
glazing bars. The additional weight of glass (up to sound insulator. Shutters and heavy curtains also
four times more than the weight of single glazing) work well.
and the balancing of the opening sashes pose
added problems. Further details on double glazing can be found in
our publication: Traditional Windows: their care
In historic buildings, there should be a strong repair and upgrading.
preference for repair rather than replacement as
the use of double glazing will often lead to a loss
of significant historic fabric. Adding secondary
glazing would often be the preferred option.

< < Contents 8

3 Issues to
Consider Before
Draught-proofing
Before embarking on draught-proofing a
whole building, it is sensible to identify the
extent of draughts and where they enter. A fan
pressurisation test is the most effective way of
quantifying the amount of air infiltration and
locating draughts that may not be immediately
evident (via cupboards, ducts and skirting and
window boards). Temporarily taping around the
windows during the test can show how much they
leak. Smoke puffers can also show how big the
draughts are and where they go. If the tests are
repeated after draught-proofing has been carried
out this will confirm its effectiveness and may
highlight any areas missed.

Figure 6
A fan pressurisation test is the most effective way of
quantifying the amount of air infiltration and locating
draughts that may not be immediately evident.
© Oxley Conservation.

< < Contents 9

 Quantifying draughtiness

The draughtiness of a building depends upon the amount of air that can pass through its external
envelope – walls, floor and roof. This is referred to as the air permeability. The industry standard
is to express the permeability of a wall, roof, or whole building envelope assuming a pressure
difference of 50 Pascals across the wall. The permeability is then measured as the amount of air
(in cubic metres) that will pass in an hour through a square metre of wall (or roof, or floor) and
expressed as m³/h/m² (m³/hm² or m/h) at a pressure difference of 50 Pascals (50 Pa).

While permeability is what causes draughts and ventilation, what is more important for the
building and its occupants is the rate at which air moves through the building. This is most simply
measured as the number of times that the air in the building changes each hour (written “ac/h”
or sometimes “ach”). Again this will depend upon the pressure difference between the outside and
the inside of the building, and again the industry standard is to assume a pressure difference of
50 Pa.

The relationship between these two measures is given by the following formula:

Permeability x external surface area of building

Air changes per hour =
Internal volume of building

The conversion from air changes per hour at 50 Pa to air changes per hours under normal
conditions (around 4 Pa) is complex, depending upon the location of the building, its orientation
and its geometry. A very approximate rule of thumb is to divide the ac/h @50Pa by 20 to obtain
ac/h (typical).

< < Contents 10

3.1 Maintaining Ventilation Special care should be taken in rooms with open
fires or other combustion appliances, to avoid
Some degree of ventilation is essential for the depriving them of sufficient air. Specialist advice
fabric of older buildings which need to ‘breathe’ should be sought before sealing any rooms
– releasing and absorbing moisture. Moisture containing gas or oil burning appliances.
from rising damp, driving rain, defects and
condensation can move through traditional Unheated spaces, such as roof and sub-floor
permeable building materials until it eventually voids, are often designed to be cross-ventilated
evaporates both internally and externally through by outside air and should not be draught-proofed.
permeable surface finishes. Ventilation is critical Damp cellars may not benefit from draught-
to this mechanism. Whilst draught-proofing proofing either.
reduces air infiltration, older buildings can
tolerate some draught-proofing and still have
adequate ventilation for the fabric to continue to
breathe satisfactorily.

In rooms being used for living and sleeping

about 0.4 air changes per hour will be enough to
ensure that the air stays fresh. Ideally some of this
ventilation should be from controllable sources
that can be closed when the rooms are not in use.
New construction is often built to be as airtight as
possible with controllable mechanical ventilation
sometimes linked with heat recovery systems.
Retrofitting mechanical ventilation systems
into existing buildings can be very difficult, and
potentially damaging.

For older buildings in reasonable condition,

between 0.4 and 0.8 air changes per hour are
recommended. Since air infiltration rates in many
older buildings are greater than this, draught-
proofing is normally beneficial.

In buildings that are effectively draught-proofed,

water vapour may also need to be removed at
source – particularly from kitchens, bathrooms
and laundries – so that the vapour is not spread
about the building. Some local air extraction
(natural or mechanical) may be required in
these areas.

< < Contents 11

4 Draught-proofing
and the Building
Regulations
Standards for air-tightness for new buildings Where Building Regulations do apply, a dialogue
are wide-ranging in scope and apply to the will probably be required between the local
whole building and not just for individual authority Building Control Officer or Approved
elements. There are no specific requirements Inspector and the local planning authority to
for draught-proofing existing buildings, but agree what works would be acceptable and what
Building Regulations will apply if: would require permission. Upgrading existing
windows by adding effective draught-proofing,
„ The doors or windows are beyond repair and or where new windows are required, replicating
there is no alternative to replacement , or the historically/architecturally important single
glazed windows enhanced by draught-proofing,
„ The building is undergoing a ‘change of use’ might form part of a compromise reached to
improve the energy efficiency of a traditional
building whilst retaining its historic significance.

< < Contents 12

5 Draught-proofing
Products
This guidance describes generic draught-proofing „ Will the draught-strip be renewed every time
products and how they can be used. Always check the door or window is redecorated? If not,
the manufacturer’s own instructions to be sure it will either need to be capable of being
that the product is suitable for the application. removed and reinstalled after decoration
Choosing the right products for draught-proofing
can be difficult. When windows and doors are „ There is a British Standard (BS7386) which
often distorted many products will not work covers the quality of draught-proofing
effectively as they can only deal with a specific products. Specifying and purchasing products
range of gap widths. Some products are also that meet that benchmark will help ensure
applied to the surface of a door or window frame, minimum standards are met
while concealed solutions are generally more
suited to historic buildings. There are two main types of draught-proofing seals:

When choosing a draught-proofing product the „ Compression seals

following should be considered:
„ Wiper seals
„ How big are the gaps to be sealed?

„ How variable is the width of the gaps?

„ Does allowance need to be made for seasonal

expansion and contraction of the door
or window?

„ Is it important that the draught-strip is not

seen? What about when the window is open?

„ Does the draught-strip need to match the

colour of the frame? Painting the flexible part
of a seal is not recommended as it changes
the characteristic of the product

< < Contents 13

 Example of draughtproofing for sash windows

Typical draught seal profiles

Plastic 

parting bead
timber parting bead
incorporating 
brush seal

carrier
high density 

‘Q­lon’
polyethylene skin

low density 

polyurethane core

polypropylene pile

brush/pile
fin

PVC carrier

bulb

high density  Staff bead
polyethylene skin
flipper low density 

polyurethane core

stiles, top and
polyethylene  bottom rails
reinforcer
spring seal
meeting rails

Examples of draughtproofing for casements or doors
‘Bat­wing’

aluminium 

carrier

elastomeric 

seal

Example of door threshold seal EPDM ‘P­strip’ EPDM ‘E­strip’

Figure 7
Draught-proofing options for sash windows.

< < Contents 14

5.1 Compression seals For metal windows, particularly those with
irregular gaps, a silicone gel or polymerised
Applications rubber can be used to create a compression
Compression seals are used where the moving seal. The gel is applied from a tube onto the
part of the door or window closes against the frame. Non-stick tape or more usually grease is
frame. Typical applications include around the applied to the meeting surfaces of the window,
sides and top of a door or around the entire edge which is then immediately closed to squeeze the
of a casement window. Compression seals can sealant into a perfect fit. When the sealant is dry
also be used along the bottom and top rails of a (a few minutes), the window is opened, the seal
sash window. trimmed, and the release tape or grease removed.

Compression seals are usually quite cheap

and easy to install. They are most appropriate
for sealing narrow, even gaps. They require
some compression to be effective, but cannot
be compressed too far, so a given size of seal
therefore only works on a narrow range of gaps.
This makes them difficult to fit to casements and
doors with some warping because of the variation
in gap thickness.

Since compression seals are typically mounted

to abut the face of a casement or door they are
relatively unaffected by the effect of seasonal
expansion and contraction of doors and windows.

Materials
Compression strips are available in a range of
materials. The simplest to install are self-adhesive
strips of EDPM rubber. These are available in a
variety of profiles and thicknesses to cater for
different gap widths. Foam strips are cheaper still
but have a short life.

Silicone and EDPM “O” tubes are available in a

variety of diameters. Some attach to the frame
using an adhesive others come on a carrier strip
that is either attached to or cut into the frame.

V-shaped silicone and EDPM seals are an alternative

that can bridge a greater range of gap sizes.

Silicone is taking over from EDPM as the material

of choice for compression strips because it is
available in a range of colours, including white.
Brush pile seals, more typically used as wiper
seals and described below, can also be used as
compression seals.

< < Contents 15

5.2 Wiper seals

These are used when the moving parts slide past

each other.

Applications
Wiper seals are the only way of sealing the sides
and meeting rails of sliding sash windows and
sliding doors.

Wiper seals can also be fitted to the edges of

casement windows or doors. Here they can
still work, even when the window or door is
moderately warped.

Wiper seals are frequently used at the base of

doors where they are attached to the face of the
door. Door threshold seals are also available that
fix to a groove in the door and/or the threshold
beneath the door. These require a relatively even
gap and a smooth surface to make a good seal.

Materials
The most common wiper seals are brush pile
seals. These are capable of sealing a range of gap
sizes, and adapt to fill uneven gaps well. Some
include a thin plastic fin or fins in the centre to
make a better seal.

Other wiper seals are made of silicone or

thermoplastic strips where a heavy duty seal is
needed. V-strip wiper seals are also available,
and can be used between the stiles and boxes of
sliding sashes.

Some wiper seals are supplied with a simple

backing strip for gluing or pinning to a window
frame. Others require a narrow groove cut into the
wood into which the base of the seal is pushed. Figure 8 (top)
Brush pile seals added to a sash window.
Figure 9 (middle)
Brush pile seals can be inserted into window and

door beads.

© Core sash windows.

Figure 10 (bottom)
A brush pile seal being inserted into a window sash.
© Core sash windows.

< < Contents 16

 5.3 Secondary glazing

Secondary glazing is sometimes chosen more for

its draught-proofing qualities than for thermal
and noise insulation; particularly where other
solutions are not feasible, for example when
gaps are too large to seal, the windows are too
significant to alter, or to protect stained glass.
If secondary glazing is installed, the original
windows should not be draught-proofed to help
avoid condensation occurring.

5.4 Draught-proofing shutters

Shutters can also be draught-stripped using the

same products as above. This will minimise the
heat loss when the shutters are closed, usually at
night. However, this is of limited benefit:

„ Draught-proofed shutters will add little

benefit to draught-proofed windows. As the
windows will be closed more often than the
shutters, the windows should
receive priority

„ Shutters spend much of their time folded

back, and are often visible when they are
not in use. Visible shutters are frequently
important to the look of the exterior or
interior of the building. It is difficult to hide
a draught-strip in both the open and
closed positions

„ Many shutters were designed to control

light and privacy, not heat loss, for example
to darken rooms for sleeping, to reduce
solar gain in summer, or to protect delicate
contents from ultra-violet light. Some have
Figure 11 (top) holes to allow ventilation when closed
Secondary glazing can provide very effective draught-
proofing as well as improved thermal efficiency.

Figure 12 (above)
Shutters can be draught-stripped which will minimise
heat loss when the shutters are closed at night.
© Linda Hall.

< < Contents 17

6 Where to Get Advice

This guidance forms part of a series of thirteen Walls

documents which are listed below, providing „ Insulating timber-framed walls
advice on the principles, risks, materials and
methods for improving the energy efficiency of „ Insulating solid walls
various building elements such as roofs, walls and
floors in older buildings. „ Insulating early cavity walls

This series forms part of a wider comprehensive Windows and doors

suite of guidance providing good practice advice „ Draught-proofing windows and doors
on adaptation to reduce energy use and the
application and likely impact of carbon legislation „ Secondary glazing for windows
on older buildings.
Floors
The complete series of guidance is available to „ Insulating suspended timber floors
download from the Historic England website:
HistoricEngland.org.uk/energyefficiency „ Insulating solid ground floors

Roofs For information on consents and regulations for

„ Insulating pitched roofs at rafter level energy improvement work see
historicengland.org.uk/advice/your‑home/
„ Insulating pitched roofs at ceiling level saving‑energy/consent‑regulations/

„ Insulating flat roofs

„ Insulating thatched roofs

„ Open fires, chimneys and flues

„ Insulating dormer windows

< < Contents 18

6.1 Contact Historic England

East Midlands South East

2nd Floor, Windsor House Eastgate Court
Cliftonville 195-205 High Street
Northampton NN1 5BE Guildford GU1 3EH
Tel: 01604 735460 Tel: 01483 252020
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

East of England South West

Brooklands 29 Queen Square
24 Brooklands Avenue Bristol BS1 4ND
Cambridge CB2 8BU Tel: 0117 975 1308
Tel: 01223 582749 Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]

Fort Cumberland Swindon

Fort Cumberland Road The Engine House
Eastney Fire Fly Avenue
Portsmouth PO4 9LD Swindon SN2 2EH
Tel: 023 9285 6704 Tel: 01793 445050
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

London West Midlands

1 Waterhouse Square The Axis
138-142 Holborn 10 Holliday Street
London EC1N 2ST Birmingham B1 1TG
Tel: 020 7973 3700 Tel: 0121 625 6870
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

North East Yorkshire

Bessie Surtees House 37 Tanner Row
41-44 Sandhill York YO1 6WP
Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 3JF Tel: 01904 601948
Tel: 0191 269 1255 Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]

North West
3rd Floor, Canada House
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We are the public body that looks after
England’s historic environment. We champion
historic places, helping people understand,
value and care for them.

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HEAG084
Publication date: v1.0 March 2012 © English Heritage
Reissue date: v1.1 April 2016 © Historic England
Design: Gale & Hayes/Historic England

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