Network Analysis and Synthesis

Chapter 5
Two port networks

1
 1. Introduction
• A one port network is completely specified
when the voltage current relationship at the
terminals of the port is given.

• A general two port on the other hand has two

pairs of voltage and current relationships.

2
• The variable are V1, V2, I1, I2
• Two of these are independent variables, while
the rest 2 are dependent variables.
• Hence, there are six possible set of equations
that describe two port networks.
• There are various ways to write these
relationships
– Z, Y, H and ABCD parameters.
• We will discuss each description.
3
 2. Z-parameters
• A particular set of equations that describe two
port networks are Z-parameter equations
V1  Z11I1  Z12 I 2
V2  Z 21I1  Z 22 I 2

• In these equations V1 and V2 are the

dependent variables, while I1 and I2 are the
independent variables.

4
• The individual z-parameters are defined as
V1 V1
z11  z12 
I1 I 2 0
I2 I1  0

V2 V2
z 21  z 22 
I1 I 2 0
I2 I1  0

• All the z-parameters have unit of impedance.

• The individual z-parameters are specified
when the current in one of the ports is zero.
i.e. open circuit.
• Hence, sometimes referred as open circuit
parameters. 5
• Z11 relates the voltage and current in the first
port, while Z22 relates the voltage and current
in the second port.
– These are referred as open circuit driving point
impedances.
• Z12 relates the voltage on the first port to the
current in the second port, while Z21 relates
the voltage in second port with the current in
the first port.
– These are referred as open circuit transfer
impedances. 6
 Example 1
• Find the open circuit impedances for the
following T circuit.

• Solution:
V1
Z11   Z a  Zb
I1
V1
Z12   Zb
I2
V2
Z 21   Zb
I1
V2
Z 22   Zb  Zc
I2 7
• Note that in the previous example Z12=Z21,
hence, the circuit is reciprocal.
• Most passive time-invariant networks are
reciprocal.

8
 3. Y-parameters
• The Y-parameters are defined as
I1  y11V1  y12V2
I 2  y21V1  y22V2

• The voltages V1 and V2 at the 2 ports are the

independent variables, where as the currents
through the two ports are the dependent
variables.

9
• The individual Y-parameters are specified as
I1 I1
y11  y12 
V1 V V2
2 0 V1  0

I2 I2
y21  y22 
V1 V V2
2 0 V1  0

• All the Y-parameters have unit of admittance.

• The individual Y-parameters are specified when
the voltage at one of the ports is zero. i.e. short
circuit.
• Hence, sometimes referred as short circuit
parameters.
10
 Example 2
• Find the Y-parameters of the following circuit.

• Soln.:
– Using mesh analysis, we can write the following equations.
1  1
V1    1 I1  I 2  I 3
s  2
1  1
V2    1 I 2  I1  I 3
s  2
1 1 2 
0   I1  I 2    2  I 3
s s s  11
• Solving for I1 and I2, we get

12
 Example 3
• Find the Y-parameters for the following π circuit.

• Solution:
– We short circuit port 2 to find the Y11 and Y21.
– We short circuit port 1 to find the Y12 and Y22.
I1
Y11   YA  YC
V1
I1
Y12   YC
V2
I2
Y21   YC
V1
I2
Y22   YB  YC
V2
13
 4. H parameters
• A set of parameters that are very useful in
describing transistor circuits are h parameters.
• H parameters are given by the following
equation
V1  h11I1  h12V2
I 2  h21I1  h22V2

• I1 and V2 are the independent variables,

whereas V1 and I2 are dependent variables.
14
• The individual h parameters are described as
V1 V1
h11  h12 
I1 V V2
2 0 I1  0

I2 I2
h21  h22 
I1 V2  0
V2 I1  0

• h11 and h21 are short circuit parameters, while h12 and
h22 are open circuit parameters.
• Note that
– h11=1/y11.
– h22=1/z22
• While h12 and h21 are transfer parameters. 15
• h parameters are sometimes called hybrid
parameters since they have both short circuit
parameters and open circuit parameters.

16
 Example 4
• For the pi circuit below, find the h parameters using
open circuit and short circuit.
• Solution:
– Short circuit the second
port to find h11 and h21
– Open circuit the first port to find h12 and h22.
V1 1
h11  
I1 V2  0
YA  YC

V1 YC
h12  
V2 I1  0
YA  YC

I2 YC
h21  
I1 V2  0
YA  YC

I2 YAYC
h11   YB 
V2 I1  0
YA  YC 17
 5. ABCD parameters or Transmission
matrix
• The ABCD parameters are given in matrix form as
V1   A B   V2 
 I   C D   I 
 1   2 

• Or in equation form V1  AV2  BI 2

I1  CV2  DI 2
• The matrix representation is called the transmission
matrix.
• The reason we multiply I2 by negative is in most
cases the current on the output port is coming out
of the port. 18
• In these equations V2 and I2 are the
independent variables, while V1 and I1 are the
dependent variables.
• The individual A, B, C, D parameters are
V1 V1
A B
V2 I 2 0
I2 V
2 0

I1 I1
C D
V2 I 2 0
I2 V2  0

19
• Lets describe the ABCD parameters with z-
parameters and Y-parameters.

• Exercise: prove the above equation.

20
 Example 5
• Find the ABCD parameters for the pi circuit
below.
• Solution:
V1 YB  YC
A 
V2 I 2 0
YC

V1 1 1
B  
I2 V YC YC
2 0

I1 YAYB  YBYC  YAYC

C 
V2 I 2 0
YC

I1 YA  YC
D 
I2 V2  0
YC
21
 6. Relationship between two port
parameters
• Previously we showed that some h parameters
can be given as a function of z and y
parameters.
• It turns out that any parameter can be
expressed as a function of any other
parameter.
– This is obvious since all 4 parameters specify a
given 2 port network completely.

22
• For example lets derive the relationship between z
and y parameters.
• If we express the z and y parameter equations using
matrix representation
V1   z11 z12   I1 
V    z z 22   I 2 
 2   21
 I1   y11 y12  V1 
I    y  
 2   21 y22  V2 
Substituting the y parameter representation into the z parameters
V1   z11 z12   y11 y12  V1 
V    z z 22   y21 y22  V2 
 2   21
 z11 z12   y11 y12 
 1
 z 21 z 22   y21 
y22 
Hence,
z    y 1 or  y   z 1 23
• That is,
 z11 z12  1  y22  y21 
z 
 21 z 22  det  y   y12
 y11 

 y11 y12 
det    y11 y22  y12 y21
 y21 y22 

• The following slide shows the relationship

between the 4 parameters.

24
25
 7. Interconnection of two port
networks
• There are three ways 2 two port networks can
be connected
– Cascade
– Parallel
– Series
• We will discuss each

26
 7.1 Cascade connection
• A cascade connection is when the port 2 of
one two port network is connected to port 1
of the second two port network.

• Note that
– V2a=V1b
– I2a=I1b

27
• Lets write the ABCD (transmission) parameters
for the two networks
V1a   Aa Ba  V2 a  V1b   Ab Bb  V2b 
 I   C Da   I 2 a 
and  I   C Db   I 2b 
 1a   a  1b   b
V2 a  V1b 
since I   I 
 2 a   1b 
V1a   Aa Ba   Ab Bb  V2b 
 I   C Da  Cb Db   I 2b 
 1a   a
• Hence, when 2 two port networks are
interconnected in cascade the transmission
parameters are multiplied. 28
 7.2 Parallel
• A parallel connection is when the voltage at
port 1 is equal is equal for the two networks
and the voltage at port 2 is equal is equal for
the two networks.
• Note that
– V1a=V1b
– V2a=V2b
– I1=I1a+I1b
– I2=I2a+I2b
29
• Lets write the y parameters for the two networks
 I1a   y11a y12a  V1a   I1b   y11b y12b  V1a 
I    y    and     V 
 2 a   21a y 22a   2 a 
V  2b   21b
I y y 22b   2 a 

V1a  V1b   I1   I1a   I1b 

since      and        
V2 a  V2b   I 2   I 2 a   I 2b 
 I1   y11a y12a   y11b y12b  V1 
I    y    V 
 2   21a y 22a   21b
y y 22b   2 

• Hence, when 2 two port networks are connected

in parallel, the y parameters are added.
30
 7.3 Series connection
• A series connection of two networks is when
the current in port 1 of the 2 networks is the
same and when the current in port 2 of the
two networks is the same.
• Note that
– I1a=I1b
– I2a=I2b
– V1=V1a+V1b
– V2=V2a+V2b
31
• Lets write the z parameters for the two networks
V1a   z11a z12a   I1a  V1b   z11b z12b   I1a 
V    z z 22a   I 2 a 
and V    z z 22b   I 2 a 
 2 a   21a  2b   21b
 I1a   I1b  V1  V1a  V1b 
since      and        
 I 2 a   I 2b  V2  V2 a  V2b 
V1   z11a z12a   z11b z12b   I1 
V    z    I 
 2   21a z 22a   21b
z z 22b   2 

• Hence, when 2 two port networks are connected

in series the z parameters are added
32
 8. Transfer function using two port
parameters
• We have seen how to get transfer function by
using transformed network analysis.
• Here, we will discuss how to obtain transfer
functions using two port parameters.
• There are two broad categories:
– Without load or source impedance and
– With load and/or source impedance.

33
8.1 Without load or source impedance
• These can be described by using the parameters
(z or Y) alone.
• For example, the open circuit voltage ratio can be
given as V 2
V2 I1 z 21
  or
V1 V1 z11
I 2 0
I1 I 2 0

V2 y21
I 2  y21V1  y22V2  0  
V1 I 2 0
y22

• We don’t deal with these most of the time, since

our source will have source impedance and we
measure our output on a load. 34
8.2 With load or source impedance
• These transfer functions are functions of the
parameters (z, y, h, t) and the source and/or
load impedance.
• To easily find these transfer functions we
should discuss about circuit representations of
two port parameters.

35
 Circuit representations
• Z parameter
+ I1 Z11 Z22 I2 +

V1 Z12I2 Z21I1 V2

- -

• Z12I2 and Z21I1 are controlled voltage sources in

series with Z11 and Z22 respectively..

36
• Y parameter
+ I1 I2 +

V1 Y11 Y12V2 Y21V1 Y22 V2

- -

• Y12V2 and Y21V1 are controlled current sources

in parallel with Y11 and Y22 respectively.

37
• H parameter
+ I1 h11 I2 +

V1 h12V2 h21I1 1/h22 V2

- -

• h12V2 is a controlled voltage source while

V2/h22 is a controlled current source.

38
• The voltage and current sources relating the
various dependent variables with the
independent variables are called controlled
sources. (This is because they are controlled
by some variable on the other port).

39
 Example
• Find the transfer Impedance V2/I1 for the
following network with y parameter.

• Solution:
I 2  y21V1  y22V2
1
I2   V2
R
Inserting the second equation
I 2  y21V1  y22 RI 2
I2 y21

V1 11  y22 R
40
 Example
• Find the transfer admittance I2/V1 for the
following network with z parameter.
• Solution:
V2  z 21I1  z 22 I 2
V2   RI 2
Inserting the second equation
z
V2  z 21I1  22 V2
R
V2 z 21

I1 1  z 22 R
1
R 41
 Example
• Find the transfer function V2/Vg for the
network terminated at both ends, shown
below.
• Solution:
Vg  R1  z11 I1  z12 I 2
z 21I1  R2  z 22 I 2
Vg z 21
 I2 
R1  z11 R2  z22   z21z12
and
V2   R2 I 2
V2 R2 I 2 R2 z 21
  
Vg Vg R1  z11 R2  z22   z21z12
42
 Example
• Find the input impedance or V1/I1 for the
following hybrid circuit

43
44