3.

10 Integrated Production modelling Toolkit (IPM)

3.10.1 PROSPER

This software which is part of IPM is a well performance,

optimization and design program. With the major operators worldwide, this

tool became the industry’s standard well modelling software.

This allows the building of reliable and consistent well models,

addressing each aspect of well bore modelling VIZ, PVT(fluid

characterization), VLP correlations (for calculation of flow line and tubing

pressure loss) and IPR for reservoir inflow.

This also provides matching features that is unique for the reason

that it tunes PVT, multiphase flow correlations and IPR to match measured

field data, allowing a consistent well model to be built prior to use in

prediction (artificial lift or sensitivity design). PROSPER also gives detailed

surface pipeline performance and design: Flow regime, Pipeline Stability,

Slug Size and Frequency.

Fig.3.6 PROSPER Interface

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 Figure 3.6 shows the working environment 0on PROSPER software, this

includes options summary, PVT data, IPR data, equipment data and analysis

summary.

Fig.3.7 System Summary Input

Fig. 3.7 shows PROSPER System Summary Input which includes

Fluid Description, Well (Flow, Well type), artificial lift, calculation type, well

completion and the reservoir.

3.10.1.1 Calculating PVT Data

This is to predict pressure and temperature changes from the

reservoir, along the wellbore and flow line tubular, it is necessary to accurately

predict fluid properties as a function of pressure and temperature.

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‘

Fig.3.8 PVT Data Input

Fig.3.9 PVT Interpolation Look Up Table

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Fig.3.10 PVT Transferred Match Data

Fig.3.11 PVT Regression

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Fig.3.12 PVT Correlation Parameters

Fig.3.13 PVT Calculation Results

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 Fig.3.14 PVT Plotted Results

Fig.3.15 PVT Estimated Composition Table

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Figure 3.8 to Figure 3.15 shows the whole process for calculating the PVT Data.

3.10.1.2 Calculating IPR Data

This shows how Prosper defines the Inflow Performance of

the reservoir for single well.

Fig. 3.16 Main Data Entry

Fig.3.17 Input Data Entry for Darcy Model

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 Fig.3.18 IPR plot for Darcy Model

Fig.3.19 IPR Plot

Figure 3.16 to figure 3.19 shows the process of calculating IPR data.

3.10.1.3 Downhole Equipment Data

This section defines the well’s hardware, deviation survey and

flowing temperature profile.

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Fig.3.20 Equipment Data Input

Fig.3.21 Deviation Survey Input

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 Fig.3.22 Deviation Survey Plot

Fig.3.23 Downhole Equipment Data

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 Fig.3.24 Summary of Downhole Equipment Data

Fig.3.25 Downhole Equipment Drawing

Figure 3.20 to Figure 3.25 shows the process of calculating

deviation survey up to downhole equipment drawing.

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3.10.2 QUE$TOR
QUE$TOR is an industry-leading software tool for capital and operating

cost-estimation. QUE$TOR is a project modelling, evaluation and decision

support system for global application in the oil and gas industry. It uses a

systematic approach to generate a field development basis, capital and operating

costs, and project schedules. This systematic approach allows engineers,

estimators and economists to produce weight and cost estimates quickly,

consistently and accurately and to develop investment profiles.

The ability to produce cost estimates from basic reservoir data provides for

meaningful prospect evaluation and facilitates investment decisions. The ability to

refine QUE$TOR’s assumptions and defaults allows detailed estimates to be

produced suitable for use in conceptual and optimization studies. The use of

separate cost and technical databases for all major worldwide oil and gas

producing regions means that any development, present or future, can

bemodelled. You can also guarantee an up-to-date estimate based on the latest

economic and supply situation due to regular updates to the cost databases.

Professional-quality printed outputs can be produced for inclusion in management

level reports including overall summaries, component costs, technical input

sheets, schedules and the base data used to build up each estimate.

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3.10.2.1 Steps on How to Use QUE$TOR

Fig. 3.26 QUE$TOR Interface

1. Open the QUE$TOR software to start the process.

Fig. 3.27 Creating a project

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2. Select a task to perform. The software will provide options such as to create a

new project or open existing project. Under the create a new project option, select

the option new offshore project then press ‘OK’.

Fig. 3.28 Project Properties Data Entry

3. The next step is all about project properties. Rename the project according to

preference. Select Oilfield as the use built-in unit set and gas as the main product.

For the location, use worldwide as the region and worldwide average for both

country and basin / play. Use S. E. Asia as the name for technical base then click

‘OK’.

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 Fig. 3.29 Field Level Characteristics Data Entry for Offshore

4. The next process is the Field level data. First on the field level data is field

characteristics where data regarding recoverable reserves, condensate gas ratio,

reservoir depth from LAT, reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, reservoir

length, reservoir width and water depth shall be input then click ‘OK’.

Fig. 3.30 Field Level Fluid Characteristics Data Entry for Offshore

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5. Second on the Field level data is fluid / profile characteristics where liquid data

regarding oil density @ STP and initial water cut, where gas data @ STP in terms

of gas molecular weight, CO2 content and H2S content, and where well data in

terms of productivity and peak well flow shall be input. After filling all the required

data, click ‘OK’.

Fig. 3.31 Field Level Miscellaneous Data Entry for Offshore

6. Lastly, on the Field level data is miscellaneous where data regarding distance

to operations base, distance to delivery point, maximum drilling stepout,

maximum ambient temperature, average seawater temperature, oil equivalent,

condensate equivalent and gas equivalent shall be input then click ‘OK’.

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 Fig. 3.32 Production Profile Data Entry

7. The Production profile edit is the next step where onstream days, concurrent

drilling operations, wells per year per operation, plateau rate (daily equivalent),

years to plateau, plateau duration and field life data are to be input then press

‘OK’.

Fig. 3.33 Daily Production Profile for Hydrocarbon Liquids

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8. After the previous steps, the production profile for oil will appear in terms of

daily production.

Fig. 3.34 Annual Production Profile for Hydrocarbon Liquids

9. After the previous steps, the production profile for oil will appear in terms of

annual production.

Fig. 3.35 Cumulative Production Profile Plot for Hydrocarbon Liquids

10. After the previous steps, the production profile for oil will appear in terms of

cumulative production.

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 Fig. 3.36 Daily Production Profile for Gas

11. After the previous steps, the production profile for gas will appear in terms of

daily production.

Fig. 3.37 Annual Production Profile for Gas

12. After the previous steps, the production profile for gas will appear in terms of

annual production.

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 Fig. 3.38 Cumulative Production Profile Plot for Gas

13. After the previous steps, the production profile for gas will appear in terms of

cumulative production.

Fig. 3.39 Daily Production Profile for Water

14. After the previous steps, the production profile for water will appear in terms

of daily production.

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 Fig. 3.40 Annual Production Profile for Water

15. After the previous steps, the production profile for water will appear in terms

of annual production.

Fig. 3.41 Cumulative Production Profile Plot for Water

16. After the previous steps, the production profile for water will appear in terms

of cumulative production.

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 Fig. 3.42 Daily Production Profile for Gross Liquids

17. After the previous steps, the production profile for gross liquids will appear in

terms of daily production.

Fig. 3.43 Annual Production Profile for Gross Liquids

18. After the previous steps, the production profile for gross liquids will appear in

terms of annual production.

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 Fig. 3.44 Cumulative Production Profile for Gross Liquids

19. After the previous steps, the production profile for gross liquids will appear in

terms of cumulative production.

Fig. 3.45 Design Flowrates

20. The design flowrates is the step where peak daily average data for peak daily

average production rates, swing factor, gas production flowrate, associated

liquids flowrate and gross liquids flowrate data for design rates are to be input.

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Water injection as well gas injection is available depending on the underground

formation then click ‘OK’.

Fig. 3.46 Data Entry for Number of Development Wells

21. The number of development wells in terms of production, water injection and

gas injection shall be input then press ‘OK’.

Fig. 3.47 Concept Selector

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22. The next step is the concept selector where number of development concept

options are available. Gas Export method and condensate disposal method will

be chosen among the available options while their respective distance to delivery

point are needed to be input then click ‘OK’.

Fig. 3.48 Cost estimation and Final output

23. After successfully following the steps mentioned above, this will be the

outcome of the project where total cost estimation is provided.

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3.10.3 PIPESIM

PIPESIM is a simulator that includes advanced three-phase mechanistic

models, improvements to heat transfer modeling, and comprehensive PVT

modeling options. The flow assurance capabilities of the simulator enabled the

researchers to ensure safe and effective fluid transport; from sizing of facilities,

pipelines, to ensuring effective liquids and solids management, to well and

pipeline integrity.

3.10.3.1 Performance Curves

Performance curves allow the researchers to analyze the relationship

between production variables including pressure, temperature, total distance, gas

flow rate, and liquid flow rate. By plotting the said curves, the researchers were

able to determine the necessary points and/or behavior of the well to proceed in

development plan configured on PIPESIM with its own data.

3.10.3.1.1 Phase Envelope Plot

Figure 3.49 Phase Envelope Plot

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 The curve (blue) on figure 3.48 shows us the hydrocarbon phase envelope

of the sample gas development plan. It is configured using its corresponding gas

compositional data.

3.50 Temperature vs. Depth Profile

3.10.3.2 PIPESIM Configuration

3.10.3.2.1 Development Plan 1 (WELL TO ONSHORE FACILITY)

For the development plan, three components will be employed – vertical

well, tubing, and flowline. Furthermore, calibration and configuration of each

component would provide the researchers the necessary information to assess

the deliverability of the well through assigned nodal points.

Figure 3.49 below illustrates the components of the Development Plan 1

on PIPESIM. It begins from a vertical well to a tubing, followed by a node to a

flowline, and to a second node.

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 Figure 3.51 Development Plan 1 components using PIPESIM

3.10.3.2.1.1 Calibration

Type of Fluid Data Compositional

Flow Correlations Hagedorn and Brown (Vertical Flow),

Beggs and Brill Revised (Horizontal

Flow)

Table 3.51 Gas Fluid Data and Flow Correlations

These configurations will provide the hydrocarbon phase behavior of the

assumed reservoir fluid type which is gas within the well

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 Figure 3.52 Compositional Properties of Tatusan

3.10.3.2.1.2 Vertical Well Configuration

In figure 3.52, acquired and theoretical values of the prospect well were

inputted and are set on a Pseudo-Steady State flow regime. Acquired values

comprise of the static pressure, temperature, reservoir thickness while theoretical

values comprise of reservoir permeability and skin.

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 Figure 3.53 Vertical Completion

3.10.3.2.1.3 Tubing

In figure 3.53 the tubing model is set to the preferred configurations such

as the perforation point and the tubing inner diameter

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 3.54 Tubing

3.10.3.2.1.4Flowline

After configuring the tubing model, it will be followed by a flowline. In figure

3.54 the horizontal distance(from well tubing to onshore production facility),

deviation difference, and the pipe’s inner diameter at a given ambient

temperature are set to the acquired values.

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 Figure 3.55 Flowline

3.10.3.2.2 Production Profile

A production profile generator is used to project the field life of the

Tatusan-1 prospect well. It shows the year(s) before production plateau

(appraisal phase) and production plateau years.

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3.10.3.2.2.1 Configuration

Data for field level data will be inputted. Locked values indicate the

independent variables and the remaining as dependent variables.

Figure 3.56 Field Characteristics

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Figure 3.57 Fluid Characteristics

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Figure 3.58 Miscellaneous

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3.10.4 MBAL

MBAL is a reservoir modelling tool belonging to the (Integrated Production

Modelling) IPM suite. This tool was designed to allow for greater understanding of

the current reservoir behavior and perform predictions while determining its

depletion. The various tools available in MBAL are:

Material Balance

Reservoir Allocation

Monte Carlo Volumetric

Decline Curve Analysis

1-D Model(Buckley-Leverett)

Multi-Layer (relative permeability

averaging) Tight Gas Type Curve Tool

As stated by Petroleum Experts (Petex), MBAL allows non dimensional

reservoir analysis to be conducted throughout the life of the field, whether this is

in early field life when limited data is available, or even in mature fields where

more certainty exists. As such, this straightforward but powerful reservoir toolkit

can be applied throughout the life of the reservoir, and is often used in

conjunction with numerical simulators as a quality check of history matching,

and/or as a proxy model for fast calculations. Using limited data (PVT and

cumulative production) the engineer is well equipped to find the amount of oil in

place, and any associated drive mechanisms. Unlike the classical theory, MBAL

can be used to describe any hydrocarbon fluid (Oil, Gas or condensate) using

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either Black oil or compositional descriptions in scenarios where variations in PVT

with depth occur (Compositional gradient are important in high relief reservoirs).

Moreover, compartmentalised reservoirs with partially sealing faults, or pressure

activated faults can be modelled and history matched by creating multi-tank

models with transmissibilities. This evolution of the material balance concept is

another innovation from Petroleum Experts, and extends the range of applicability

to full field life.

3.10.4.1 Steps on How to Use MBAL

1. Run the MBAL software to start the process.

Figure 3.59 MBAL Interface

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2. Select “TOOL” from the upper menu and then click “MATERIAL BALANCE”.

Fill in the required data on the boxes found in the dialog box and click “DONE” on

the upper part of the box.

Figure 3.60 System Options

3. Select “PVT” from the upper menu and then click “FLUID PROPERTIES”.

Figure 3.61 Selecting Fluid Properties under PVT

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4. At the dialog box opened, fill in the required values from the gas gravity down

to the mole percent N2. At the right side, the gas viscosity is set to be Lee et al

but there are some other choices present. After filling in the values, click “DONE”.

Figure 3.62 Gas- Black Oil Data Input

5. From the upper menu, click “INPUT” then click “TASK DATA”.

Figure 3.63 Selecting Task Data under Input

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6. At the box shown, enter the required values for the tank parameters.

Figure 3.64 Task Input Data – Tank Parameters

7. After entering the required values for the tank parameters, go to “RELATIVE

PERMEABILITY” and fill in the required values for residual saturation, end point

and exponent. After having the required values entered, click “DONE”.

Figure 3.64 Task Input Data – Tank Parameters

Figure 3.65 Task Input Data – Relative Permeability

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8. Select “PRODUCTION PREDICTION” from the upper menu and the click

“PREDICTION SETUP”.

Figure 3.66 Selecting Prediction Setup under Production Prediction

9. At the dialog box shown, select “WATER PRODUCTION” and then enter the

needed “PREDICTION START” and “PREDICTION END”. Click “DONE”

afterwards.

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 Figure 3.67 Production Calculation Setup

10. Again, choose “PRODUCTION PREDICTION” and then click “PRODUCTION

AND CONSTRAINTS”.

Figure 3.68 Selecting Production and Constraints

under Production Prediction

11. Enter the required values for the “AVG GAS RATE”. Click “VALIDATE” and

then click “DONE”.

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 Figure 3.69 Tank Production Data – Production and
Constraints
12. Select “PRODUCTION PREDICTION” and choose “REPORTING

SCHEDULE”.

Figure 3.70 Selecting Reporting Schedule

under Production Prediction

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13. In order to run the prediction, we should first open the “REPORTING

SCHEDULE” and click “AUTOMATIC”. Click “DONE” afterwards.

Figure 3.71 Reporting Schedule

14. Now go back to the “PRODUCTION PREDICTION” menu and click “RUN

PREDICTION”.

Figure 3.72 Run Prediction under

Production Prediction

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15. A blank table will appear, click “CALC” on the upper part of the run production

prediction box. Click “OK” after the calculations is done.

Figure 3.73 Run Production Prediction - Calculations

16. Beside calc, click “PLOT”. At the top bar, click “VARIABLES…” and then click
“PREDICTION”. We could see the different parameters that have their own plot.

Figure 3.74 Plot Variables

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17. After choosing parameters needed, a plot will appear as shown below. The

parameters chosen were Tank Pressure vs Time.

Figure 3.75 Plot of Tank Pressure vs Time

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