Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol.

60, 11–20, 2015

Low Profile UHF/VHF Metamaterial Backed Circularly

Polarized Antenna Structure

Taulant Rexhepi1, * , Igor Bendoym2 , Ada-Simona Popescu1 , Andrii Golovin1 ,

Johnny Daniel3 , Kate J. Duncan3 , and David Crouse2

Abstract—In this work, a low-profile metamaterial backed planar antenna structure designed to work
in the UHF/VHF range is presented. The antenna has right-hand circular polarization. It is ideal
for satellite-based communications and radar systems. An artificial magnetic conductor was designed
using a metamaterial composed of a split ring resonators to reduce the size of the planar antenna and
ground plane system. The proposed artificial magnetic conductor has more confined surface waves at
the reflecting plane than previous designs and is suitable for circular polarization. Through numerical
simulations, performance characteristics including return-loss, and realized gain of the antenna systems
are calculated and analyzed in the VHF range. The proposed antenna system is narrowband and is
linearly scalable in the range of 100 MHz–1 GHz.

1. INTRODUCTION

Over the recent decade, a major area of interest for microwave researchers has been the replacement of
metallic electric-conducting ground planes of antennas with artificial magnetic material surfaces made
from metamaterials [1–7]. With such structures, it was demonstrated that the distance between the
antenna and the metal ground plane can be significantly reduced while maintaining the optimized
gain [2].
The radiation emitted by a planar antenna has two components: a forward propagating component
emitted in the direction of the receiver or target, and a backwards propagating component that,
unless captured, would be wasted. Antennas typically use metal ground planes to capture this second
component of the signal. However, the ground plane must be placed at a particular distance away from
the antenna to ensure that the backwards propagating component after being reflected constructively
interferes with the forward propagating component, thereby increasing the gain of the system by 3 dB [8].
With the ∼ 180◦ phase change that an electromagnetic beam undergoes upon reflection from a metal,
the minimum antenna-ground plane separation distance is λ/4 when the ground plane is a metal [8].
This requirement of a λ/4 separation between the emitting element and standard metallic ground
plane becomes problematic when one needs to design compact lightweight antennas. It is also highly
desired in applications such as GPS and SATCOM communications that the antenna is circularly
polarized, hence special consideration has to be made for the ground plane to ensure that the circular
polarization of the antenna is maintained upon reflection off the ground plane.
With metamaterial ground planes that mimic Artificial Magnetic Conductors (AMCs), the phase
change of the beam upon reflection can be made ∼ 0◦ over a certain frequency bandwidth. This allows
the antenna-ground plane separation to be close to zero for that frequency band. The first generation
Received 9 September 2015, Accepted 16 November 2015, Scheduled 23 November 2015
* Corresponding author: Taulant Rexhepi ([email protected]).
1 Electrical Engineering Department, City College, The City University of New York, 160 Convent ave, New York, NY 100310,

USA. 2 Phoebus Optoelectronics LLC, New York, USA. 3 US Army, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21005, USA.
12 Rexhepi et al.

of AMC arrays described in [1–4], consisted of an array of square patches connected through via holes
to the ground plane to prevent the excitation of surface waves. This configuration came to be known
as the mushroom structure. These structures work well for circularly polarized antennas in the higher
RF spectrum, however when applied to antenna systems in the UHF/VHF band, the structures become
problematic to fabricate. The AMC presented in this work is easier to fabricate since it does not require
any via-holes and shows better performance, in terms of surface wave excitation.

2. GEOMETRY OF THE ANTENNA

Planar antennas have attracted the attention of many researchers and industry engineers in the recent
years due to the ease of the fabrication. There is an increasing demand for both military and industry
applications for low profile, compact size, conformal and circularly polarized antennas. Another
attractive feature of planar antennas is the fact that they can be fabricated with standard printed circuit
board (PCB) manufacturing methods that allow for a wide variety of geometric shapes [5–8]. Together
with a ground plane, these planar antennas can provide very good directivity [9]. For applications in
the higher RF spectrum, namely the S-X bands, they are also very compact in size, however for the
lower frequencies they are bulkier, which depending on the application can be problematic. The main
focus of this work is the design and performance of the AMC surface and not the primary radiator. In
spite of this, care was taken to optimize the geometry of the antenna such that it has a well-defined
gain in the frequency range of interest.
The antenna described here is a four clover shaped planar antenna, (Figure 1(a)). The
clover or teardrop shape has been widely used, particularly for broadband technologies in wireless
communications [7, 8]. Concerning the physical dimensions of the structures in this work (i.e., antenna
and metamaterial ground plane), all results are normalized relative to the lowest frequency f0 .
Depending on the desired operating frequency, all structural dimensions of the primary radiator are
given in terms of the operating wavelength, λC and can be scaled identically using the same scale factor
that scales the operating frequency, fC . Good performance of the antenna is maintained for scaling
factors that yield fC values in the range of 100 MHz–1 GHz. The bandwidth of the antenna system
is primarily dictated by the bandwidth of the AMC structure which also scales well with frequency.
The substrate for the antenna is λ/1000 thick with a dielectric constant value of 2.17 and loss tangent
of 0.0008. Being that the antenna is a cross-dipole, its gain in free space (i.e., no ground plane) is

L
A B

W
G S

(a) (b)

Figure 1. (a) Geometry of the four clover shaped planar antenna: dimensions A = λ/5 and B = λ/7.
The feed of the antenna is the small crisscrossing structure in the middle, all four clovers are same
dimensions and rotated 90◦ . (b) The geometry of the SRR unit cell, the dimensions are based on the
wavelength, λ of the resonant frequency, fR as follows: L = λ/6.25, S = G = λ/2000, T = λ/48, and
W = λ/110. The dielectric thickness is on the order of λ/315. The separation between adjacent rings
is λ/2000 on all four sides.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 60, 2015 13

around 2.5 dB. The metal reflector adds another 3 dB in the direction of desired gain increase. Further
optimizations techniques, such as employing the clover design and rounding sharp edges add another
2 dB making the total gain at boresight roughly 7 dB.

3. ARTIFICIAL MAGNETIC CONDUCTOR SURFACE

AMCs can be of various configurations. The most widely used is the mushroom structure which consists
of square patches interconnected to a metallic ground plane. Another way of implementing such a system
is by using two layers; the top layer consisting of a capacitive array which would not be connected to
the ground plane. In this form the top layer consists of an array of periodic elements with lateral
dimensions on the order of λ/10 [10, 11]. The characteristics of AMCs are dictated by the geometries,
orientations and configurations of the metal and dielectric structures of which they are composed; such
characteristics and their dependencies have been the focus of many research efforts in the microwave
field in recent years [1–4, 10, 11]. In this work, the Split Ring Resonator (SRR) was chosen as the unit
cell of the AMC. While different in important ways than previously reported AMCs based on split-
ring resonators (SRRs) [10–15], the resulting AMC described in this work (Figure 1(b)) still uses this
important structure as its key component. AMCs based on SRRs have been used as an innovative
method for reducing the overall thickness of planar antennas [11–14]. In [16], Ayed et al. demonstrated
that this method can be used to reduce the profile of a simple linearly polarized dipole antenna. In
their work, SRRs were also chosen over the conventional square patches. It is important to note that in
this configuration the magnetic moment of the SRR is not being excited, the geometry serves to provide
mainly capacitance. Other similar works have also used SRRs for antenna systems [12, 14, 16], however
the applications were limited to linearly polarized antennas. Mushroom structures have been shown to
work well with circularly polarized antennas for GPS applications in the L band [17, 18]. To the best
of our knowledge, no previous research has been reported describing SRR AMCs operating in the VHF
band for circularly polarized antennas. Our work described in his paper verifies that such structures
work well in VHF and UHF antenna systems.
The unit cell of the AMC given in Figure 1(b) was based on the work done by [19]. The dimensions
of the unit cell are presented in terms of the wavelength, λ corresponding to the resonant frequency, fR
of the AMC. Good performance of the AMC is maintained for scaling factors that yield fR values in
the range of 100 MHz–1 GHz. The fractional bandwidth of the AMC is maintained through this given
range. In this design the substrate that was used was the Rogers TTM13i dielectric (εR = 12.2).
The behavior of AMCs is analogous to an RLC transmission line, in which the three lumped
elements are in parallel. The capacitance and inductance of the AMC are dependent on geometric
shape and size of the unit cell. Capacitance is produced by the gaps in the pattern as can be seen
in Figure 2(a) by the concentration of the electric fields between the metal strips. The high electric
field intensities (which yield a high capacitance) are mainly concentrated in the splits of the outer most
rings. Thus, the four outer-most rings have the most influence in the capacitance of the AMC. The
inner four rings have only a slight impact in the resonant frequency, with the rings providing additional
capacitance and inductance such that the resonant frequency can be achieved with the smallest possible
dimensions. Capacitance can be further increased by decreasing the spacing between adjacent unit cells,
which would further decrease the lateral dimensions; however it would make tuning the structure more
complex.
The inductance of the system is primarily created from the capacitive array and ground plane
combination as in the case of the classical AMC [1]. The incident radiation drives current along the
copper strips, which creates a magnetic field around them, as shown in Figure 2(b). This also contributes
to the inductance of the AMC; however, the contribution is very small and can be neglected. The
inductance and capacitance create resonant conditions from which the useful properties of the AMC are
drawn. Values of the capacitance of the structure can be approximated by using the method presented
in [19]. The equivalent capacitance of the unit cell for the circuit model is given by [19]:
7
C= [2L − (15) (W + S)] C0 (1)
4
where C0 is the per-unit-length capacitance between two parallel strips having width W and separation
14 Rexhepi et al.

(a) (b)

Figure 2. (a) Top view of SRR showing electric field magnitude on the plane of the SRR demonstrating
the capacitance. (b) Side view of the SRR unit cell illustrating the intensified magnetic field region
around the rings induced by the current given a normally incident plane wave with TE polarization.

S, given by: √
K( 1 − k2 )
C0 = ε0 (2)
K(k)
with K(k) being the elliptic integral of the first kind and
S
k= W (3)
S
W+
W
The equivalent inductance which depends mainly on the distance from the SRR array and the
groundplane is approximated by:
L = T μ0 (4)
The capacitance and inductance are also dependent on the polarization of the incident radiation.
The unit cell of the array has to be properly designed such that the capacitance and inductance values
are identical for both polarizations. Conventionally, this is achieved by making the structure four-fold
symmetric [20], as done in the structure shown in Figure 1(b). The resonant frequency of the AMC is
related to the capacitance and inductance of the system, as per the very well-known equation:
1
fR = √ (5)
2π LC
From this relation it can be seen that if the AMC is designed such that L and C are polarization
independent, then the structure will resonate at the same frequency regardless of polarization. Since
the AMC structure is backed by a metal conductor, the transmission line equivalent is a terminated
line. The reactance of the equivalent parallel RLC circuit approximates the surface impedance of the
AMC and is given by:  
j
(RL + jωL) RC −
ωC
ZSRR =   (6)
1
RL + RC + j ωL −
ωC
where the R’s encompasses the losses occurring in the resistive metal (RL ) and the absorbing dielectric
(RC ). These values can be found analytically using the method described in [21]. The reflection
coefficient is given by:
Zim − Zre
Γ= (7)
Zim + Zre
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 60, 2015 15

where Zre and Zim are the real and imaginary parts of the ZSRR , respectively. The reflection phase of
the system is dependent on the resistance and reactance of the line by the following equation:
 
−1 ZL − ZC
θ = tan (8)
R
At resonance, the reactance caused by the inductance (ZL ) and capacitance (ZC ) equal each other
(Figure 4(a)). From Equation (8) we see that this (i.e., resonance) causes the phase of the reflected
wave to pass through zero (Figure 4(b)). The surface impedance and phase of reflection are frequency
dependent, as predicted by both the transmission line model and the full wave finite element method
simulations. The design equations for the equivalent capacitance and inductance are accurate with a
6% variation at most, which occurs at the higher-end of the scaling band.
To characterize the surface wave excitation of the structure we plotted the Z-component of the
electric field on a cut-plane near the reflecting surface of the AMC (Figure 3). The baseline for the
comparison is the ‘mushroom’ variation of the AMC. Geometrical differences between the compared
structures means that the two structures need to have different lateral dimensions to resonate at the
same frequency. In order to have a valid comparison the spacing between the square patches and the
ground plane was kept the same as the spacing between the SRR and the ground plane. Also the distance
between two adjacent square patches was kept the same as the distance between two adjacent SRRs.
Magnitude of the z-component of the electric field is shown in Figure 4. From visual inspection one
can see that the surface waves in the mushroom array extend significantly further than that of the SRR
array. Hence the surface waves are more confined in the SRR and they will not impede the radiation
emitted from the cross-dipole as much as those emitted from the mushroom structure. Additionally the
suspended transmission line model [22, 23] is used to determine the surface wave propagation across the
two AMC structures. In this method the capacitive array of the AMC is inserted between an optimized
microstrip and the groundplane. The microstrip is then excited by two 50-ohm ports at the ends which
allows one to efficiently characterize the AMC surfaces in terms of surface wave propagation [23]. Surface
wave suppression is evident in Figure 3(b) for both of the AMC structures at the resonant frequency.
The SRR based AMC does exhibit 50% less surface wave excitation which is evident by the −3 dB
difference from the mushroom based AMC. One can also notice that the bandwidth of the mushroom
structure is slightly wider than that of the SRR which is a result of the increased inductance caused by
the vias in the middle of patch.

Surface Wave Propagation

λ/200 0
ZZ"
Y"
Y λ/48 -5
X
X"

-10
S21 [dB]

λ/6.25

-15
λ/67

-20
λ/48 SRR AMC Mushroom AMC
-25
1 1.5 2
Frequency (f0)
λ/8
(a) (b)

Figure 3. (a) Normalized surface wave excitation on SRR unit cell (top), and mushroom structure
unit cell (bottom) given a normally incident plane wave at resonant frequency and polarized in
the X direction. These results demonstrate that the SRR structure experiences less surface wave
excitation than the mushroom based AMC. (b) Plot showing surface wave propagation using suspended
transmission line method.
16 Rexhepi et al.

Surface Impedance Reflection Phase Change Refleciton Magnitude and Loss

15000 200 1
150 0.9
Surface Impedance [ohm]

10000

Reflection Phase [deg]

0.8
100
0.7
5000 50 0.6
0 0.5
0 0.4 Dielectric Loss
-50
0.3 Metal Loss
-100 Reflection Magnitude
-5000 0.2
Re (Z) -150 0.1
Im (Z)
-10000 -200 0
1 1.5 2 1 1.5 2 1 1.5 2
Frequency (f 0) Frequency (f 0 ) Frequency (f 0)
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4. (a) Simulated surface impedance of the AMC. This impedance profile is analogous to that
of a series resonant RLC. The plot can be found analytically by using Equation (6). (b) The simulated
reflection phase of the AMC structure using HFSS, the resonant frequency is slightly passed 1.5f0 . The
reflection phase is identical for both polarizations. (c) Reflection magnitude and loss of AMC unit
cell. The loss was calculated using volume loss density in the AMC dielectric substrate and surface loss
density in the all the copper in the AMC structure.

4. RESULTS

The surface impedance of the AMC is given in Figure 4(a), it follows the profile of its equivalent
transmission line model. The phase of the reflection of the AMC array is shown in Figure 4(b). These
results were obtained using HFSS, a full-wave finite element method (FEM) modeling program that
is commercially available. One can also calculate the reflection magnitude by using the impedance
profile and Equation (7). Likewise one can also use the impedance profile to obtain the reflection phase
change (Figure 4(b)) with Equation (8). The loss in the AMC reflector was characterized using the
volume and surface loss density. Figure 4(c) shows that the loss in the dielectric and the copper are
comparable to each other, the loss in the dielectric peaks at 6.9% meanwhile for the copper it peaks
at 5.5%. In order to ensure agreement of results, two types of simulations were performed: the unit
cell was simulated with periodic boundary conditions, and subsequently, with perfect E and perfect H
boundary conditions at the sides of the unit cells. The two methods produced identical results due to
the symmetry of the structure. The AMC surface was simulated using two orthogonal polarizations to
ensure that the structure was polarization independent.
From the results presented in Figures 4(a) and 4(b), we can see that the array will show identical
behavior regardless of polarization. The bandwidth of the AMC array is defined as the frequency range
over which the reflection phase falls between +90◦ and −90◦ [21]. The nature of resonant structures
is such that they exhibit their unique properties within a very narrow band of frequencies. This often
leads to loss of performance at frequencies outside the bandwidth of AMC. For the case of AMCs there
exists a relation between the spacing between the SRR array plane and the metal ground plane, and
the bandwidth of the structure [24]. Ideally, a large spacing would be able to achieve a high bandwidth
which is desired for antennas in this frequency range. However, achieving a high bandwidth for the
AMC structure is not limited to having a large spacing between the two planes. Varactor diodes
can also be used to tune the resonant frequency of the structure over the operational bandwidth of
the antenna [25]. The varactors add a slight complexity to the structure, requiring the use of a biasing
network. When using varactors, the AMC array should be designed to resonate at the highest operating
bandwidth. When biasing the varactors to increase capacitance, the operating frequency of the structure
will thereby decrease, allowing for an increase operational bandwidth. Work is also being done with
Negative Impedance Converter (NICs) circuits as an alternative to widen the operational bandwidth of
the AMCs [26].
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 60, 2015 17

Return Loss Realized Gain (RHCP)

0 10
-5 5

RHCP Gain [dBiC]

-10 0
-15 -5

S11 [dB]
-20 -10
-25 -15
-30 -20
-35 -25
-40 -30
1 1.5 2 1 1.5 2
Frequency (f0) Frequency (f0)

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 5. (a) Antenna backed by the AMC surface. With the AMC, the antenna can be placed at
a distance of λ/40 away from the metal reflector, thus making the system much more compact than
antenna systems that use solely metal ground planes. Details of the antenna feed. Two wave-port
excitations (shown in blue and red) are fed with a phase difference of 90◦ . (b) Return loss, (c) realized
RHCP gain at boresight as a function of frequency. The colors correspond to the following devices:
antenna with classical air cavity and metal groundplane at λ/4 (red), antenna with AMC at λ/40
(blue), and antenna with air cavity and metal grounplane at λ/40 (green).

The AMC surface which is integrated in the antenna system contains an array of 4 × 4 SRRs. This
corresponds to an aperture of λ/1.5 for the ground plane. The poles of the cross-dipole antenna line
up with the diagonals of the AMC array (Figure 5(a)). The feed, as defined in the HFSS simulations,
consisted of two wave-ports with an impedance of 50 Ω, and with the two poles being fed 90◦ out of
phase relative to each other. Such a feed delivers the desired circular polarization without the need of
a balun. A detail of the antenna feed is given in Figure 5(a). To compare the system, three variations
of the system were modeled: (1) an antenna separated from a metal ground plane by a distance of λ/4
serving as the baseline, (2) an antenna separated from an AMC ground plane by a distance of λ/40,
and (3) an antenna separated from a metal ground plane by a distance of λ/40.
The simulation of the complete antenna system including the primary radiator and the AMC array
contained 5.4 million tetrahedral mesh cells and was performed using domain decomposition and a high
performance computing cluster. The results of the complete antenna system revealed that once the
unit cell of the AMC no longer has infinite boundary conditions on the sides, the resonant frequency
of the structure shifts towards a higher frequency. The change in this case is only 3% however since
the bandwidth of the system is very narrow it is important to note. It should also be noted that in
addition to the band around the resonance of the AMC, there is an additional band at a slightly higher
frequency at which the antenna achieves its optimum gain, as shown in Figure 5(c). The existence of
this higher band is caused by the finite size of the SRR array and groundplane. One can compensate
for this increase in frequency by increasing the number of unit cells in the array which provides higher
homogeneity [27]. Figure 5(b) shows the return loss measured at one of the wave-ports which fed the
antenna; the other port was not included because it had near identical results. At the higher band
which antenna performance is significantly improved, with the return loss being slightly above −10 dB.
However, because the radiation does not create highly concentrated field regions as in the case of the
resonance, and hence losses in the dielectric are minimized the realized gain is optimized. At the
designed resonant frequency, the return loss goes well below −10 dB so the antenna can still be utilized
efficiently at that band also.
We characterized the antenna performance by using numerical simulations. The realized RHCP
gain of the antenna at boresight was plotted in terms of frequency. The results which are given in
18 Rexhepi et al.

(a) (b)

Figure 6. (a) Radiation pattern (realized RHCP gain) of the AMC based antenna system for phi = 0,
the red curve corresponds to the resonance of the AMC occurs, i.e., f = fR , while the blue curve is
the frequency where the gain is maximum at boresight, f = 1.8fo . (b) Radiation pattern of the AMC
based antenna system for phi = 45◦ , the red curve corresponds to the resonance of the AMC occurs,
i.e., f = fR , while the blue curve is the frequency where the gain is maximum at boresight, f = 1.8fo .

Figure 5(c) include the antenna with a conventional metallic reflector for comparison purposes. At the
resonant frequency of the AMC the gain of the antenna is only slightly increased. The AMC attains its
characteristic behavior mainly at normal incidence. Once incidence angles greater than normal incidence
are introduced the resonant frequency shifts significantly [28]. Having a low bandwidth then causes
destructive interference for some angles which then drives down the realized gain at that frequency.
Additionally, the losses in the metal and dielectric cause some of the radiation to be absorbed further
reducing the realized gain. The optimal gain occurs at a slightly higher frequency where it slightly
surpasses the gain of the antenna with plain metal reflector at λ/4.
The radiation patterns for the RHCP gain were plotted at the resonant frequency of the AMC and
the frequency at which the maximum realized gain at boresight occurred. The patterns were calculated
for phi = 0◦ , and phi = 45◦ (Figures 6(a) and 6(b) respectively). The variation in the patterns for the
different angles is caused by the geometry of the AMC reflector not being circular. This difference is
most apparent at the side lobes of the pattern. For phi = 45◦ the pattern exhibits some deformation in
the back lobe which is caused by the ground plane being very close to the radiating element.

5. CONCLUSION

In this paper a low profile metamaterial enhanced antenna system designed to operate in the VHF/UHF
range is presented. The antenna is circularly polarized. It was demonstrated by a full-wave finite element
method computer simulations (HFSS) that the designed AMC structure is polarization independent and
works well with circular polarization. Additionally we have shown that the surface waves can be further
contained if a SRR geometry is used over the conventional square patches. The AMC allowed the overall
profile of the antenna to be reduced by a factor of ∼ 10 while maintaining the increased gain provided
by the ground plane.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was supported by the NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center for
Metamaterials (grant number IIP-1068028). The authors thank Hugh Carmichael for their help with
HFSS simulations.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 60, 2015 19

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