JUAN C. VASQUEZ, JOSEP M.

GUERRERO,
JAUME MIRET, MIGUEL CASTILLA,
and LUIS GARCÍA DE VICUÑA

© COMSTOCK
& DIGITAL VISION

Integration of Distributed Energy

Resources into the Smart Grid

W
orldwide, electrical grids are and voltage stability, active and reactive power flow con-
expected to become smarter in trol, active power filter capabilities, and storage energy
the near future. In this sense, there management are the functionalities expected for these
is an increasing interest in intelligent small grids. This way, the energy can be generated and
and flexible microgrids, i.e., able to stored near the consumption points, thus increasing the
operate in island or in grid-connected
modes. Black start operation, frequency Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MIE.2010.938720

1932-4529/10/$26.00&2010IEEE DECEMBER 2010 n IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 23

reliability and reducing the losses to operate autonomously but also ride-through, active power filtering and
produced by the large power lines. interact with the main grid. The seam- uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
In this article, the main concepts related less transfer from grid-connected mode capabilities, black start and islanding
to the configuration, control, and energy to islanded mode is also a desirable fea- operation, synchronization with the
management of intelligent microgrids ture. These tie lines will act as inter- main grid, fully and independent active
are reviewed. change energy channels to balance the and reactive power flow control, and
energy required by each microgrid, energy management.
Microgrids as a Key Point thus the power flow of these lines will Figure 1 shows a microgrid based
to Integrate Distributed be further reduced. Moreover, micro- on small wind generators, PV sources,
Generation into the Grid grids represent a new paradigm of low- energy storage systems, and distrib-
Intelligent microgrids are required voltage distribution systems, since the uted loads. The microgrid is connected
to integrate distributed generation generation is not only based on small to the point of common coupling
(DG), distributed storage (DS), and generation machines but also on small (PCC) of the main grid through the
dispersed loads into the future smart prime movers, such as photovoltaic intelligent bypass switch (IBS). The
grid. This will be a key point to cope (PV) arrays, small wind turbines overall system consists of a number
with new functionalities, as well as to (WTs), or fuel cells, that requires for of DG and DS systems that requires
integrate renewable energy resour- power electronics interfaces such as for power electronics inverters. It is
ces into the grid. Those small grids ac–ac or dc–ac inverters. Those power worth saying that the microgrid can
should be able to generate and store electronics equipments act very fast, have several elements working like
energy near to the consumption which has full control of the transient current-source inverters (CSIs) and
points. This avoids large distribution response. However, in contrast with other working like voltage-source
lines coming from big power plants the generation machines, power elec- inverters (VSIs).
located far away from the consump- tronics do not have inherent inertia 1) CSI units are normally used for
tion areas. The impact of these distri- that ensures the stability of the system PV or WT systems that require
bution lines could result in low and the steady-state synchronization maximum power point tracker
efficiency due to the high conduction of each unit. (MPPT) algorithms. However, these
losses, voltage collapse caused by With the objective to achieve this systems can also work as VSI,
reactive power instabilities, low reli- performance, virtual inertias are often operating outside the maximum
ability due to single point failures and implemented through control loops power point if necessary.
contingencies, among other problems. known as the droop method. This 2) VSI units are used for storage
The main idea is to connect these method consists on reducing the energy systems to support the
microgrids to the main grid or inter- frequency and the amplitude of the voltage and frequency of the
connect them through tie lines form- inverter output voltage proportionally microgrid in island mode. Never-
ing microgrid clusters. A microgrid to the active and reactive powers. theless, it is necessary to add
can be defined as a part of the grid Thus, microgrids will be able to keep proper control loops when several
consisting of prime energy movers, active and reactive power balance, as units are connected in parallel.
power electronics converters, dis- well as to avoid voltage collapses.
tributed energy storage systems, and Further, microgrids should have addi- Operation Modes
local loads. Microgrids should be able tional performances such us low-voltage of a Microgrid

Grid-Connected
Mode of Operation
WT The microgrid energy management
PV UPS
Panel System
must be performed by considering
the energy storage systems and the
control of the energy flows in both
operation modes, i.e., with and with-
Inverters out connection to the public grid. In
this sense, the microgrid must be
PCC
capable of exporting/importing energy
Utility from/to the main grid to control the
Grid
Common active and reactive power flows and to
Static ac Bus supervise the energy storage [1], [2].
...
Transfer Switch In the grid-connected mode, system
(IBS) Distributed Loads Microgrid dynamics is fixed to a large extent by
the utility grid because of the small
FIGURE 1 – Typical structure of a flexible microgrid based on renewable energy resources. size of the DG units. Another problem

24 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE n DECEMBER 2010

is the slow response at the control sig- result, DS units will support all active compensation and harmonic cur-
nals when a change of the output power power unbalances by injecting or rent sharing inside the microgrid,
occurs. The absence of synchronous absorbing active power proportion- and the second level is the reac-
machines connected to the low-voltage ally to the frequency deviation. To tive power and harmonic compen-
power grid requires for virtual inertias operate isolated from the main grid, sation at the PCC; thus, the
implemented within the control loops the IBS will be open, disconnecting microgrid can support the power
of the power electronic interfaces. the microgrid from the main grid [3]. quality of the main grid.
Further, the power balancing during Therefore, when the microgrid is in Also, when the microgrid is oper-
the transient must be provided by islanded operation mode, the DG units ating in islanded mode, all the DG
power storage devices, such as bat- that feed the system are responsible units are constant power sources,
teries, supercapacitors, or flywheels. for nominal voltage and frequency injecting the desired power toward
After a blackout, the microgrid should stability when power is shared by the the utility grid.
start correctly imposing itself the generation units. It is also important
frequency and amplitude conditions to avoid overloading the inverters Transition Between
as well as connecting progressively and to ensure that load changes are Grid-Connected and Islanded Mode
loads and DG units following a hier- controlled in a proper form. Some con- As previously commented, IBS is con-
archical order (black start opera- trol techniques are based on communi- tinuously supervising both the utility
tion). Similarly in this operation mode, cation links as a master–slave scheme, grid and the microgrid status (see
all the DG units must supply a speci- which can be adopted in systems Figure 2). When a power supply shut-
fied power, e.g., to minimize the power where neighboring DG units are con- down occurs, or a fault in the main grid
importing from the grid (peak shaving), nected through a common bus. How- has been detected by the IBS, the
whose requirements depend on the ever, a communication link through a microgrid must be disconnected and
global energy management system. In low-bandwidth system can be more the restoration process must be re-
addition, each DG unit can be con- economic, more reliable, and finally, duced as much as possible to ensure a
trolled through voltage regulation for attractive. Equally, in autonomous high reliability level. In such a case, this
active and reactive power generation mode, the microgrid must satisfy the switch can readjust the power refer-
using a communication bus. Typically, following issues: ence at nominal values, although it is
depending on the custom desire, when n Voltage and frequency management: not strictly necessary. In addition to
the microgrid is in grid-connected The system acts like a voltage this, if maximum permissible deviation
mode, the main grids, together with source, controlling power flow is not exceeded (typically, 2% for
the local DG units, send all the power through voltage and frequency frequency and 5% amplitude), the volt-
to the loads. control loops adjusted and regu- age amplitude and frequency can be
lated as reference within accepta- measured inside the microgrid, and
Islanded Mode of Operation ble limits. operation points (P  and Q ) avoid the
The microgrid can be disconnected n Supply and demand balancing: frequency deviation and amplitude of
from the grid in the following two In grid-connected mode, the fre- the droop method. When the microgrid
scenarios: quency of the DG units is fixed is in islanded mode operation, and IBS
n Preplanned islanded operation: If by the grid. Changing the setting detects main grid fault-free stability,
any events in the main grid are frequency, new active power set synchronization among voltage, ampli-
presented, such as long-time volt- points that will change the power tude, phase, and frequency must be
age dips or general faults, among angle between the main grid and realized for connecting operation. The
others, islanded operation must the microgrid can be obtained. restoration procedure aimed at the
be started. n Power quality: The power quality plant restart, system frequency syn-
n Nonplanned islanded operation: If can be established in two lev- chronization, and power generation
there is a blackout due to a discon- els. The first is reactive power of the main grid. During this stage, some
nection of the main grid, the details must be considered, such
microgrid should be able to as the reactive power balance,
detect this fact by using E=V ∗ commutation of the transient
Bypass Off
proper algorithms. P = P ∗; Q = Q ∗ ω=ω ∗ voltages, balancing power gen-
In islanded mode, the sys- Import/Export eration, starting sequence, and
P/Q Grid Islanding
tem dynamic is depicted by its coordination of DG units.
Connected Operation
own DG units, which normally
regulates frequency and ampli- E = Vg Hierarchical Control
tude voltage of the microgrid. Bypass On ω = ωg of Microgrids
Also, a small deviation from the Functionally, the microgrid, in
nominal frequency and ampli- FIGURE 2 – Operation modes and transfers of the flexible a similar way as the main grid,
tude could be noticed. As a microgrid and IBS grid status supervisory. can operate by using the

DECEMBER 2010 n IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 25

following three main hier- In transmission systems, the
archical control levels (see grid impedance is mainly in-
Figure 3): Tertiary ductive; this is the reason why
n Primary control is the droop B Control it is used to adopt P  x and
W Secondary Control
control used to share load Q  E slopes. Hence, the inverter
between converters. Primary Control can inject desired active and
n Secondary control is re- reactive power to the main
sponsible for removing any FIGURE 3 – Hierarchical operation modes of the flexible grid, regulating the output volt-
steady-state error introduced microgrid. age and responding to linear
by the droop control. load changes. However, when
n Tertiary control concerning more respectively, and m and n coefficients using power electronics converters
global responsibilities decides the define the corresponding slopes. P  and low-voltage microgrids, the imped-
import or export of energy for the and Q are the active and reactive ance is too far away to be inductive.
microgrid. power references, which are commonly The multiloop droop control
These three levels are described set to zero when we connect UPS units scheme shown in Figure 6 is composed
in detail below. in parallel autonomously, forming the of an external loop whose function is
energetic island (see the control dia- to regulate the output voltage, whereas
Primary Control: gram in Figure 5). However, if we want the inner loop supervises the inductor
P=Q Droop Control to share power with constant power current [12], [13] or the capacitor cur-
Each inverter will have an external sources, the utility grid is necessary to rent [14], [15] of the output filter to
power loop based on droop control fix both active and reactive power sour- reach a fast dynamic response. This
[4]–[6], also called autonomous or ces to be drawn from the unit. This control diagram provides a high viabil-
decentralized control, whose purpose droop method increases the system ity in parameters design and a low total
is to share active and reactive power performance because it is allowing the harmonic distortion, but it requires
among DG units and to improve the autonomous operation among the mod- both complex analysis and a parameter
system performance and stability, ules. This way, the amplitude and synchronization algorithm. Similarly,
adjusting at the same time both the frequency output voltage can be influ- another relevant aspect to provide
frequency and the magnitude of the out- enced by the P=Q sharing through a proper output impedance is the virtual
put voltage. The droop control scheme self-regulation mechanism that uses output impedance loop.
can be expressed as (see Figure 4) both the active and reactive local
power from each unit [7]. Virtual Impedance Loop
x ¼ x  mðP  P  Þ ð1Þ To obtain good power sharing, The output impedance of the closed-

E ¼ E  nðQ  Q Þ; 
ð2Þ the frequency and amplitude output loop inverter affects the power shar-
voltage must be fine-tuned in the ing accuracy and determines the
where x and E  are the frequency control loop, with the aim of com- droop control strategy. Furthermore,
and the amplitude of the output voltage, pensating the active and reactive the proper design of this output
power imbalance [8], [9]. This concept impedance can reduce the impact of
is derived from the classic high-power the line impedance unbalance. To
system theory, in which generator program a stable output impedance,
ω = ω – m(P – P ∗)
frequency decreases when the grid the output voltage reference propor-
ω utility power is increased [10], [11]. tionally to the output current can be

ω∗

P Q −
P∗
−
Io n
(a) + +

E = E ∗ – n(Q – Q ∗) Q∗ E∗
E Transformations E φ
and Power
E∗ Calculation

P Vo∗
Q −
Vo m
Q∗ + Vo∗ = E sin(ω ⋅ t – φ)
(b)
P∗
FIGURE 4 – P  x and Q  E grid scheme
using P and Q as set points. FIGURE 5 – Droop control using P=Q.

26 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE n DECEMBER 2010

dropped. This fast control loop is
able to fix the output impedance of CSI units are normally used for PV or WT
the inverter by subtracting a proc-
essed portion of the output current systems that require maximum power point
to the voltage reference of the
inverter, which is obtained from the
tracker algorithms.
voltage reference of the inner control
loops as shown in Figure 6. Moreover,
hot-swap operation, i.e., the connec-
tion of more UPS’s modules without v
causing large current disturbances, + Voltage Current PWM + UPS
Inverter i
can be achieved by using a soft-start − Loop Loop
virtual impedance by programming a
high output impedance when the UPS Zo (s)
is connected to the microgrid and then
Virtual Impedance Loop
reduce it slowly to a proper value. Q
As a control inner loop, inverters
must be programmed to act as gener- Voltage E Q∗
ators by including virtual inertias by Vo∗Reference P and Q
means of the droop method. It specif- E sin (ωt ) ω P Calculation
ically adjusts the frequency or ampli-
tude output voltage as a function of P
Droop Control
the desired active and reactive power.
Thus, active and reactive power can
FIGURE 6 – Multiloop control droop strategy with the virtual output impedance approach.
be shared equally among the inverters.
For reliability and to ensure local
stability, voltage regulation is needed. frequency and voltage restoration to references to push up the droop charac-
Without this supervision control, most their nominal values must be adjusted teristics of each DG unit (see Figure 8).
of the DG units can present reactive when a load change is realized. Origi-
power and operation voltage oscilla- nally, frequency deviation from the Tertiary Control:
tions. To avoid this fact, high circulat- nominal measured frequency grid P=Q Import and Export
ing currents among the sources must brings to an integrator implementation. In the third hierarchical control loop,
be eliminated through the voltage con- For some parallel sources, this dis- the adjustment of the inverter’s refer-
trol in such a way that reactive power placement cannot be produced equally ences connected to the microgrid, and
generation of the DG unit be more because of measured errors. In addi- even of the generator’s MPPTs, is per-
capacitive, reducing the voltage set tion, if the power sources are con- formed, so that the energy flows are
point value. In other words, while Q is nected in islanded mode through the optimized. The set points of the micro-
a high inductive value, the voltage main grid at different times, the load grid inverters can be adjusted to con-
reference value will be increased as behavior cannot be completely en- trol the power flow in global (the
shown in Figure 7. sured because all the initial conditions microgrid imports/exports energy) or
(historical) from the integrators are dif- local terms (hierarchy of spending
Secondary Control: Frequency ferent. Hence, it is necessary that an energy). Normally, power flow depends
and Voltage Restoration and external secondary control be able to on economic issues. Economic data
Synchronization measure the frequency and amplitude must be processed and used to make
To restore the microgrid voltage to deviations and send the necessary decisions in the microgrid. Each con-
nominal values, supervisor system troller must respond autonomously to
must send the corresponding signals the system changes without requiring
using low-bandwidth communication. E load data, the IBS, or other sources.
Also, this control can be used for Thus, the secondary control uses P and
E∗
microgrid synchronization to the main ΔE Q injected from the grid to control it
E = E ∗ – nQ
grid before performing the intercon- (see Figure 9). For instance, we can
nection, transiting from islanded to Capacitive Inductive adjust P-reference as a positive or nega-
grid-connected mode. The power dis- Load Load tive value to absorb or inject P to the
Q
tribution through the control stage is −Qnom Qnom grid and fix Q-reference to zero to
based on a static relationship between achieve unity power factor. The con-
x  P and E  Q, and it is imple- FIGURE 7 – Droop characteristic when troller will send the frequency and
mented as a droop scheme. Likewise, supplying capacitive or inductive loads. amplitude references to the secondary

DECEMBER 2010 n IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 27

 ω = ω∗ – m (P ∗ – P) + δω
Frequency Restoration Level E = E∗ – n (Q ∗ – Q) + δV
Current
ω ref Control
Gwr(s) δω Loop
Droop Control Inner Driver and io
ωo and Sine Generator Loops PWM
Voltage
Generator
Vref Gvr(s) δV P Q Control
Loop ν
Vo
Voltage Restoration Level Virtual
Impedance Loop

Secondary Control
Low-Bandwidth
Communications P/Q Outer
Calculation Loops
Primary Control

FIGURE 8 – Primary and secondary control based on hierarchical management strategy.

control, saturating them with the maxi- Conclusions The following improvements to
mum and minimum allowed values This article gives an overview about the conventional droop method
inside the microgrid. By using this con- the hierarchical control of intelligent are required to integrate micro-
trol level, extra functionalities can be microgrids. Also, it was shown that a grids to the main grid [4], [5], [14],
obtained, such as islanding detection number of interconnected DG and DS [16], [17]:
or voltage harmonic reduction of the units can perform a flexible microgrid, n improvement of not only the tran-
grid by harmonic injection. Conse- showing the different operating modes sient response of the DG and DS
quently, the microgrid can be fully of a microgrid applying the concept of units but also of the microgrid
controlled by using the multilevel hier- multilevel control loops conceived as n virtual impedance: harmonic power
archical approach, which conjugates a control hierarchical strategy. This sharing and hot-swapping of DG
distributed and decentralized control. article has shown that droop-con- and DS units
The implementation will be related to trolled microgrids can operate in both n adaptive droop control laws to
the communication infrastructure and grid-connected and islanded mode as increase the interactivity of the
the future smart-grid codes. a flexible, grid-interactive microgrid. system.
The following are the hierarchical
controls required for an ac microgrid:
n Primary control based on the
droop method allows the connec-
tion of different ac sources acting
Main ac Grid IBS like synchronous machines.
n Secondary control avoids the am-
plitude and frequency deviation
P, Q Microgrid
produced by the primary control.
PLL RMS Only low-bandwidth communica-
P/Q tions are needed to perform this
Calculation δφ control level. A synchronization
P
Q Emax loop can be added in this level to
– + –
∗ + +
transfer from islanding to grid-
Q
Gq Gse vref connected modes.
δφ Secondary
P Emin ωmax n Tertiary control allows import/
– + Control
P∗ + φref + export active and reactive power
Gp Gsw ωref to the grid, estimates the grid
ωmin
Synchronization Loop impedance, nonplanned islanding
Tertiary Control
detection, and harmonic current
injection to compensate for volt-
FIGURE 9 – Block diagram of the tertiary control and the synchronization control loop. age harmonics in the PCC.

28 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE n DECEMBER 2010

 Additional features are also re- energy conversion, UPSs, storage [2] N. Pogaku, M. Prodanovic, and T. C.
Green, ‘‘Modeling, analysis and testing of
quired to the flexible microgrids: energy systems, and microgrids. He autonomous operation of an inverter-
n voltage ride-through and power is a Senior Member of the IEEE. based microgrid,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Elec-
tron., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 613–625, Mar.
quality in the PCC Jaume Miret received his B.S. 2007.
n black start operation degree in telecommunications and [3] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Con-
trol. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
n grid impedance estimation and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in elec- [4] J. C. Vasquez, R. A. Mastromauro, J. M.
islanding detection tronics from the Technical Univer- Guerrero, and M. Liserre, ‘‘Voltage sup-
port provided by a droop-controlled mul-
n storage energy management and sity of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, tifunctional inverter,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind.
control. in 1992, 1999, and 2005, respectively. Electron., vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 4510–4519,
Nov. 2009.
These new features will allow Since 1993, he has been an assistant [5] J. C. Vasquez, J. M. Guerrero, A. Luna, P.
microgrids more intelligence and flexi- professor with the Department of Rodriguez, and R. Teodorescu, ‘‘Adaptive
droop control applied to voltage-source
bility to integrate DG and DS resources Electronic Engineering, Technical Uni- inverters operating in grid-connected and
into the future smart grid. This concept versity of Catalonia, Vilanova i la Gel- islanded modes,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 4088–4096, Oct. 2009.
will be an impulse for the integration trú, Spain, where he teaches courses [6] E. A. Coelho, P. C. Cortizo, and P. F.
of clean energy resources, allowing a on digital design and circuit theory. Garcia, ‘‘Small signal stability for parallel
connected inverters in stand alone ac sup-
more sustainable electrical grid sys- His research interests include dc–ac ply systems,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,
tem in global terms. converters, active power filters, and vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 533–541, 2002.
[7] A. Tuladhar, H. Jin, T. Unger, and K.
digital control. He is a Member of Mauch, ‘‘Control of parallel inverters in
the IEEE. distributed ac power systems with consid-
eration of line impedance effect,’’ IEEE
Biographies Miguel Castilla received his B.S., Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 131–
Juan C. Vasquez received his B.S. M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in telecommu- 138, Jan. 2000.
[8] H. Oshima, Y. Miyazawa, and A. Hirata,
degree in electronics engineering from nication engineering from the Techni- ‘‘Parallel redundant UPS with instantane-
the Universidad Autonoma de Mani- cal University of Catalonia, Barcelona, ous PWM control,’’ in Proc. IEEE 13th Int.
Telecommunications Energy Conf. (INTE-
zales, Colombia, and his Ph.D. degree Spain, in 1988, 1995, and 1998, respec- LEC), 1991, pp. 436–442.
in automatics, robotics, and vision tively. Since 2002, he has been an [9] W. Liu, R. Ding, and Z. Wang, ‘‘Investigated
from the Technical University of Cat- associate professor with the De- optimal control of speed, excitation of load
sharing of parallel operation diesel genera-
alonia, Barcelona, Spain, in 2004 and partment of Electronic Engineering, tor sets,’’ in Proc. IEE 2nd Int. Conf. Advan-
2009, respectively. He has been an Technical University of Catalonia, ces in Power System Control, Operation and
Management, Dec. 1993, pp. 142–146.
assistant professor teaching courses Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain, where he [10] O. I. Elgerd, Electric Energy Systems Theory,
on digital circuits, servo systems, and teaches courses on analog circuits An Introduction, 2nd ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1982.
flexible manufacturing systems. His and power electronics. His research [11] A. R. Bergen, Power System Analysis. Engle-
research interests include modeling, interests include power electronics, wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986.
[12] T. F. Wu, Y. K. Chen, and Y. H. Huang,
simulation, and management applied nonlinear control, and renewable ‘‘3C strategy for inverters in parallel oper-
to the DG in microgrids. energy systems. ation achieving an equal current distribu-
tion,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 47,
Josep M. Guerrero (josep.m. Luis Garcı́a de Vicuña received no. 2, pp. 273–281, 2000.
[email protected]) received his B.S. his Ingeniero de Telecomunicación [13] H. Wu, D. Lin, Z. Zhang, K. Yao, and J.
Zhang, ‘‘A current-mode control technique
degree in telecommunications engi- and Dr.Ing. degrees from the Techni- with instantaneous inductor-current feed-
neering, his M.S. degree in electron- cal University of Catalonia, Barcelona, back for UPS inverters,’’ in Proc. IEEE
Applied Power Electronics Conf. and Exposi-
ics engineering, and his Ph.D. degree Spain, in 1980 and 1990, respectively, tion, 1999, pp. 951–957.
in power electronics from the Techni- and his Dr.Sci. degree from the [14] J. M. Guerrero, L. Garcia de Vicuna, J.
Matas, M. Castilla, and J. Miret, ‘‘A wire-
cal University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Universite  Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, less controller to enhance dynamic
Spain, in 1997, 2000, and 2003, respec- France, in 1992. He is currently an performance of parallel inverters in dis-
tributed generation systems,’’ IEEE Trans.
tively. He is an associate professor associate professor with the Depart- Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1551–
with the Department of Automatic ment of Electronic Engineering, Techni- 1561, 2004.
[15] Y. K. Chen, Y. E. Wu, T. F. Wu, and C. P.
Control Systems and Computer Engi- cal University of Catalonia, Vilanova Ku, ‘‘Cwdc strategy for paralleled multi-
neering, Technical University of Cata- i la Geltrú, Spain, where he teaches nverter systems achieving a weighted out-
put current distribution,’’ in Proc. IEEE
lonia, Barcelona, where he currently courses on power electronics. His Applied Power Electronics Conf. and Exposi-
teaches courses on digital signal pro- research interests include power tion, 2002, pp. 1018–1023.
[16] J. M. Guerrero, L. Garcia de Vicuna, J.
cessing, control theory, microproces- electronics modeling, simulation and Matas, M. Castilla, and J. Miret, ‘‘Output
sors, and renewable energy. Since control, active power filtering, and impedance design of parallel-connected
UPS inverters with wireless load-sharing
2004, he has been responsible for the high-power-factor ac/dc conversion. control,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 52,
Renewable Energy Laboratory, Escola no. 4, pp. 1126–1135, 2005.
[17] J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, J. Matas, J.
Industrial de Barcelona. He is the References L. Sosa, and L. G. de Vicuna, ‘‘Parallel
editor-in-chief of International Journal [1] P. Piagi and R. H. Lasseter, ‘‘Autonomous operation of uninterruptible power supply
control of microgrids,’’ in Proc. IEEE Power systems in microgrids,’’ in Proc. 12th Euro-
of Integrated Energy Systems. His re- Engineering Society General Meeting (PES), pean Conf. Power Electronics and Applica-
search interests include PVs, wind June 2006, p. 8. tions (EPE’07), 2007, pp. 1–9.

DECEMBER 2010 n IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 29