Next Generation and Standards

August 2018

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

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Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

2
Mobile Usage Continues to Grow
Global mobile video traffic 2016-211 Internet of Things (IoT) connected Global monthly mobile data traffic,
(Terabytes per month) devices installed base worldwide by type (in exabytes)3
45M
from 2015 to 2025 (in billions)2
50
49
100 45
40M

Connected devices in billions

90 40
35M 80 75.44
35
34
Traffic in TB per month

70 30
23
62.12
30M
60 51.11 25
25M 50 42.62 20 16
40 35.82
15 11
20M
30 20.35
23.14
26.66
30.73

10 7
17.68
15M 20 15.41
5
10 0
10M
0 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
5M

2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Mobile Video Mobile Web/Data/VoIP
0M
2016 2017 e2018 e2019 e2020 e2021 Connected Devices Mobile Audio Mobile File Sharing

In terms of overall larger …By volume of connected …By mobile data

app traffic – video… devices… consumption
1 Source: Cisco Systems © Statistica 2018; Additional Information: Worldwide Cisco Systems, 2016
2 Source: HIS © Statista 2018; Additional information: Worldwide; IHS:; 2015 to 2016
3 Source: Cisco, BI Intelligence calculations, 2017
Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards
New Applications Stress Existing Wireless Services
Low-power
connected device
growth via IoT
Billions of connected devices by 20201

Enhanced
Mobile >1B 5G subscriptions of enhanced mobile
Broadband broadband by 20232

Ultra-Low
Latency and 1M autonomous cars on the road by 2025;
Reliability Internet apps with sub-10 millisecond latency3

1. Cisco
2. Ericsson Mobile Report 2018
3. 1M autonomous cars by 2025 via HIS Markit; Ericsson and Huawei news releases
*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards
5G USE CASES, Spectrum and Deployments
Ultra Reliability
and Low Latency
Autonomous Emergency
Vehicles Healthcare Services Instant Translation

Massive M2M
Connectivity
Supply Chain/
Smart Cities Smart Agriculture Manufacturing Logistics

Enhanced
Mobile
Broadband Virtual and Broadband to
Merged Reality Mobile Office Home Entertainment

1GHz 3GHz 10GHz 30GHz 100GHz

Pico sites

Micro / Pico sites

Macro / Micro sites

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

Enter 5G NR – A Truly Unified Air Interface
Subcarrier spacing,
Sub-1 millisecond
scalable numerology
delay end-to-end Responsive Flexible enable deployment
for low latency apps
in new scenarios

10-5 packet error

rate for ultra reliable
apps
Reliable
5G NR Scalable
Supports new bands
up to 52.6GHz1

Up to 10Gbps DL
Dynamic TDD
via mmWave for
extreme mobile Powerful Efficient delivers better
resource utilization
broadband

1 5G-NR in Rel-17 is expected to support up to 100 GHz

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards
Differentiating
5G NR from LTE simultaneous
HARQ and other
schemes enable 10-5
packet error
rate/Block Error
Ration of .00001
connections between Utilizing mmWave
LTE and 5G PROVIDING spectrum
superior coverage

resource allocation for

future applications, Up to 400MHz
network slicing, and more

macro cell, micro support for mission

cell, and hybrid critical services
environments capable

LDPC code and

other techniques

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

5G Architecture Options 5G Next
Gen Core

5G sub-6GHz 5G mmWave
Control and Radio Network Radio Network
User Plane

Data and Control

LTE RAN over 5G NR Link
NSA Dual Connectivity
LTE EPC UE across LTE and NR Carrier
Aggregation
User Plane

Network Slicing | New Services |

5G NR RAN
VoNR & 4G Fallback

Non-Standalone (NSA) Standalone (SA)

First wave of 5G service deployments Standard approved in June 2018
Uses 5G frequencies for improved data throughput Simplified network infrastructure
Leverages existing 4G deployments; Smoother migration to 5G Lower cost
Ideal for use cases such as URLLC

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

 5G NR Supports higher and diverse Frequency Bands
with far Greater Bandwidth
20 times wider bandwidth per component
carrier (400MHz for 5G NR vs. 20MHz for LTE)
1. Reduce overhead to support wide band operation 5G NR mmWave DL UL DL UL High-bands
Above 24 GHz
e.g., TDD 28 GHz
2. Facilitates efficient implementation (mmWave)

5G Radio Access

LTE Evolution
Tight interworking
“NR”
No compatibility constraints
5G NR mid-band DL UL Mid-bands
e.g., TDD 2.5 GHz 1 GHz to 6 GHz

“Existing” spectrum “New” spectrum

1 GHz 6 GHz 100 GHz 1 GHz 6 GHz 100 GHz Low-band DL

UL
Low-bands
Below 1 GHz
Above 6 GHz e.g., FDD 700 MHz
Below 6 GHz
New spectrum below 6 GHz

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

Efficient 5G NR TDD self-contained slot structure
Modular Slot Structure with no static timing relationships across slots
 Faster TDD switching enabling Adaptive UL/DL
For faster TDD switching
adaptive UL/DL capacity allocation
Flexible capacity allocation
 Significantly low latency with fast
TDD turnaround
– e.g., 125 to 1 ms slot duration DL UL
Guard UL Data TDD UL
Ctrl Ctrl
 Opportunity for better UL/UL
DL

ACK
SRS
scheduling Ctrl
DL Data Guard TDD DL

 Data and ACK in the same slot

 Advanced reciprocity-based
Low-latency
massive antenna techniques Faster TDD turn-around
– With SRS every slot for an optimal TDD Efficient Massive MIMO
Data and ACK in the same slot
channel reciprocity Optimized TDD channel
Opportunity for SRS every slot
 Channel reservation using
additional headers

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

5G NR Physical Layer: Scalable Numerology
5G NR Modulations Schemes Subcarrier
15kHz
30kHz 60kHz 15 x 2nkHz,
spacing (2 x 15 kHz) (4 x 15 kHz) (n = 3, 4, …)
 Supports QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM similar to
OFDM symbol
LTE 66.67 µs 33.33 µs 16.67 µs 66.67/2n µs
duration
 UL includes p/2-BPSK Cyclic prefix
4.69 µs 2.34 µs 1.17 µs 4.69/2n µs
– For reduced PAPR & high power efficiency at lower duration
data rates
OFDM symbol
71.35 µs 35.68 µs 17.84 µs 71.35/2n µs
 5G NR Waveform including CP

 Waveform (for eMMB/URLLC and < 52.6 GHz) Number of OFDM

14 14 12 or 14 14
– DL Waveform: CP-OFDM symbols per slot
– UL Waveform: CP-OFDM + DFT-s-OFDM
– CP-OFDM targeted at high throughput scenarios Slot duration 1000 µs 500 µs 250 µs 1000/2n µs
– DFT-s-OFDM targeted at power limited scenarios

 Bandwidth
– Maximum CC bandwidth is 400 MHz
– Maximum number of subcarriers is 3300
– 4096-FFT is needed
– Maximum number of CCs is 16

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

Frame Structure
Subframe
Frame: 10 ms 1 ms

Subframe: Reference period of 1 ms

SLOT
15 kHz
Slot (slot based scheduling) 14 symbols

 14 OFDM symbols 1 ms
 One possible scheduling unit
SLOT
– Slot aggregation allowed 30 kHz 14 symbols
 Slot length scales with the subcarrier spacing 500 µs
– Slot length = 1ms/2µ
SLOT
60 kHz
Mini Slot (non slot based scheduling) 14 sym

 These are Type B PDSCH/PUSCH Slots 250 µs

 7, 4 or 2 OFDM symbols
SLOT
 Minimum scheduling unit 120 kHz 14 s

125 µs

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

5G NR Can Evolve to Meet Future Market Needs
without sacrificing efficiency
 Allow future evolution while minimally sacrificing efficiency
 Support of reserved resources
 Built-in forward compatibility allows for future support
 Resource allocation for a variety of uses
 Allows network slicing

Capabilities Per Interface

Reserved resource

freq

time R15 UE will skip this part when indicated by gNB in the future
for a special purpose (but does not understand the content)

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

 SUMMARY OF LTE vs. NR Comparison
LTE 5G-NR
Maximum Bandwidth (per CC) 20 MHz 50 MHz (@ 15 kHz), 100 MHz (@ 30 kHz),
200 MHz (@ 60 kHz), 400 MHz (@ 120 kHz)
Subcarrier Spacing 15 kHz 2n • 15 kHz TDM and FDM multiplexing
Waveform CP-OFDM for DL; SC-FDMA for UL CP-OFDM for DL; CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM for UL
Maximum Number of Subcarriers 1200 3300
Subframe Length 1 ms (moving to 0.5 ms) 1 ms
Latency (Air Interface) 0.5 ms 0.5 ms
Slot Length 7 symbols in 500 µs 14 symbols (duration depends on subcarrier spacing)
2, 4 and 7 symbols for mini-slots
Channel Coding2 Turbo Code (data); TBCC (control) Polar Codes (control); LDPC (data)
Initial Access PVS1 Beamforming in Digital Domain Beamforming
MIMO 8x8 8x8
Reference Signals UE Specific DMRS and Cell Specific RS Front-loaded DMRS (UE-specific)
Duplexing FDD, Semi-Static TDD, Half-Duplex FDD, Semi-Static TDD, Half-Duplex FDD, Dynamic TDD
FDD, Dynamic TDD

1. Precoding Vector Switching

2. LTE: Turbo coding for PDSCH/PUSCH, TBCC for PDCCH/PBCH, simplex coding for PHICH, RM/dual-RM for PUCCH
NR: Polar coding for PDCCH UL UCI (DL; CA Polar, UL; PC Polar), LDPC for PDSCH/PUSCH, RM for small size of data for PUCCH
Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards
DUAL Connectivity leverages existing ltedeployments
5G NR makes use of LTE coverage foundation via Dual Connectivity
Existing Deployments 5G Augmented Deployments
Gigabit LTE, VoLTE

5G NR below 10GHz
5G NR mmWave
Gigabit LTE, VoLTE
5G NR above 10GHz

Ubiquitous LTE Coverage Seamless mobility 5G NR & low/mid-

640+ 9,500 2.3B+ across 5G NR and 4G LTE band coverage
commercial commercial LTE/LTE-A
networks devices subscriptions

Simultaneously connected to LTE & NR base stations

Quick fallback to LTE if blockage in NR link or if UE moves out of NR range

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

5G NR Support for Dynamic TDD
Improves performance in small cell deployments

Cross Link interference in dynamic TDD1  Support for dynamic change of

DL/UL direction
Cell 1 Cell 2
BS1 BS-to-BS BS2  Flexible and efficient usage of time
interference & frequency resources
 Cross-link interference handling
Uplink Downlink
between DL and UL is critical
MS1 MS2  Allows adjustments of DL/UL under
MS-to-MS
interference instantaneous loads
– DL/UL direction can change every slot (e.g.,
0.5 ms or 1 ms)

1. Cross Link Interference (CLI) is not specified in Rel-15 but can be enabled by network implementation; specification is planned to be introduced n Rel-16
Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards
 5G NR Reduces Power Consumption
Various techniques are used for power savings
For Base Stations For UEs
Base stations will remove 5G NR–based end points
always-on reference signal deliver smaller BW for control
than data
5G-NR uses a new BW Part
(BWP) concept to let UE 5-NR design allows reduced
monitor PDCCH only a narrow configurable search space for
BW of CC increased UE power savings
3GPP Rel-16 working on new UE will feature reduced control
concepts for power savings channel decoding attempts
– (In LTE, UE monitors control every slot)

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

5G NR Delivers Advanced Channel Coding Schemes
for Greater Bandwidth
Turbo code is suitable for LTE speeds
Throughput/ 3.70
but not effective for 5G demands Area 0.81
 LDPC for data plane and Polar code
schemes for control provide … 0.81 mm2 @45nm
Area
2.004 mm2 @45nm
 Support for very high peak rates
and lower latency
3 Gbps
 Better performance in small packet Data Rate
1.67 Gbps
transmissions
0 2 4

802.11n LDPC Code LTE Turbo Code

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

5G NR Uses Massive MIMO & multi-antenna techniques
for enhanced network capacity and coverage
 For lower frequencies, moderate
number of active antennas are used Current (4G)
Antenna for 4th-generation base stations
New (5G)
Massive APAA for
(around 32 Tx chains)
5th-generation base stations
– Robust CSI-RS transmission DL
and UL CSI reporting are critical
 For high frequencies, 5G NR uses a
large number of antennas capable of
beamforming with
 More spatial data streams for very Terminal Terminal
Beam
high spectral efficiency
 Timely & enhanced channel status
feedback, MIMO layer precoding
 Innovative New beam
management\tracking, decoupled DL
& UL antenna techniques

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

5G NR Delivers Low Latency and High Reliability
 Support 1ms end-to-end delay, e.g., via 1-symbol Tx time interval
 Support for ultra-reliable transmission, e.g., 10-5 packet error rate via packet duplication
from multiple transmission points

Tx time interval for eMBB, e.g., 1ms

URLLC

freq

time

Remote Surgery image source: ©[2016] Intuitive Surgical, Inc.

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards
5G NR An ULTRA Lean Design With enhanced ENERGY
Efficiency
5G NR Minimizes Always-on Transmissions NR
RRC Connected
 NR Reference signals are transmitted only when
necessary FFS/Connection
RRC Inactive State Conserves Network Resources inactivation

 New UE power-efficient RRC state, “RRC Inactive” that

NR
is a RAN controlled “Idle” state
RRC Inactive
Connection
 Fast transition between Inactive and Connected with
establishment/release
far less signaling
 “Paging” controlled by RAN-based notification area FFS
managed by NR RAN
NR
RRC Idle

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

Other Enhanced Features

Enhanced Initial Access Flexible scheduling and HARQ Support different QoS per packet
(not feasible in LTE)
Sharp time/freq detection of PSS, Flexible timing between PDCCH and 5G Core Network splits data into QoS
Improved cross-correlation for SSS PDSCH, between PDCCH and PUSCH, flows with a QoS flow marking (QFI)
between PDSCH and ACK based on QoS needed for the packet
Configurable sync signal periodicity

Various UL protocol enhancements On demand system information

for low latency & complexity (SIB)

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

5G NR Standards and Features
2018 2019 2020
Rel-15 Rel-16 Rel-17
NR Access Technology eMBB & URLLC enhancements eMBB & URLLC enh

eMBB & URLLC NR-Unlicensed NR V2X Enhancements

Scalable numerology NOMA (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access) NR Beyond 52.6 GHz (up to 100 GHz)

Enhanced MIMO NR-V2X NR-Unlicensed Enhancements (in 60 GHz)

Advanced coding schemes Industrial IoT Enhancement Non-3GPP integration

Support for dynamic TDD SON/MDT

Positioning

Reduced power consumption

Rel 15 Deployment – 2019 Rel 16 Deployment - 2020 Broad Commercial Launch

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

Intel’s Innovations are a major driver to 5G NR
Intel Continues to Lead the Ecosystem in Creating New Standards
Providing valuable contributions in proprietary research, reference designs, and insights from a myriad of trials

Intel Made Significant Contributions to 3GPP Rel-15 Specifications

Intel delivered contributions to the entire 5GNR specification, including those related to coding, error
correction, modulation, spatial sub-channelization, beamforming, radio link adaptation, and more

Intel’s Prototypes Set the Stage for Early 5G Deployments

Intel® 5G MTP Intel® ATP contributed key guidance on the power of 5G in dozens of early field trials

Intel’s Years of R&D Leadership Will Help Guide the 5G Ecosystem

Interoperability testing and real-world tests with industry leaders help guide deployments around the globe

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

Intel’s 5g projects around the world

50+ TRIALS WORLDWIDE

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

Intel® 5g Mobile Trial Platform (mtP)
Complete 5G Functionality in a Small Form Factor
MTP-NR is Intel’s 5G CPE prototype for pre-commercial field trial testing & research
MTP-NR Features 28 GHz Remote Radio Head
Window Mount
 Ultra-high performance  4x4 MIMO
5G architecture  16 antenna elements
Intel 5G Mobile Test Platform
 Up to 10Gbps throughput
 +11dBm power output
 2x processing capability  36 dBmi EIRP
vs. 2nd-Gen 5G MTP
 Based on state-of-the art
 28GHz and 39GHz bands Remote Umbilical
Intel® Stratix® 10 FPGAs Power, Clock
28 GHz Tx/Rx Signal
 28GHz IF and RF for sub-  3GPP NR early
6GHz interoperability Gateway Router
Wi-Fi (802.11ac), GPON
 Band support: 600-  200 MHz & 400MHz BW
900Mhz, 3.3-4.2GHz, 4.4- and up to 2Gbps Peak
4.9GHz, 5.1-5.9GHz

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

Intel® Automotive Trial Platform (ATP):
Testing 5G On the Go
Multiple Successful Trials w/ Global Leaders
 Multiple trials w/ NTT DoCoMo*, China Telecom*, BMW*,
Ferrari*, and others
 Applications range from remote bulldozer operation to
windsurfing to autonomous driving

Automotive Trial Platform (ATP) Details

 28GHz mmWave
 Intel® Core™ i7 Processor
 Powered by 5 Intel® Arria® 10 FPGAs
 ATP baseband is same as MTP 2nd gen

Technical Trial Results

 5G at 28GHz mmWave operation using Intel 5G RFIC
 Integrated sub-6GHz and 28GHz RFFE operation w/
multi-panel antenna
 DL throughput of over 1Gbps; UL of 600 Mbps
*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards
Summary
A revolutionary aspect of 5G NR is the operation range extended
from sub 1GHz to 100 GHz
5G NR brings in new innovations like beamforming to overcome
higher path losses at high frequency of operations

5G NR aims high data capacity and ultra low latencies at both

sub-6GHz and mmWave frequencies
5G NR physical layer is based on a flexible and scalable design to
support diverse use cases in widely different requirements

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards

Thank You!
[email protected]

Intel 5G – Next Generation and Standards