Contract Documents
Contract Documents
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Contract Documents
More often than not, the contract documents will form the basis of any claim. If something
has changed, the extent of the change may only be measured and evaluated by reference to
the drawings and specification upon which the Contract is based. The claimant’s entitlement
will usually be spelled out in the conditions of contract as will the procedure to be followed in
the case of a claim. If there is a disagreement between the parties as to design, quality,
responsibility, scope of works or procedures, the contract is the place to look for guidance
and resolution.
The contract documents will typically comprise of the following:
1. The agreement
2. The particular conditions of contract
3. The general conditions of contract
4. The specification
5. The drawings
6. The bills of quantities
7. Any other documents
Most contracts will provide that all the documents shall be mutually explanatory, but in the
case of ambiguity or discrepancy, they are to be read in a stated order of precedence. The
list above is fairly typical of an order of precedence.
With regard to the last point ‘Any other documents’, there is a great temptation for those
whose job it is to prepare the contract documents to dump all sorts of documents into this
section. Typically, these may consist of correspondence between the parties between the
time of tender and the letter of acceptance, minutes of meetings during the negotiation
process, the Contractor’s proposals for executing the works, or offers to complete the project
differently to that of the tender documents, possibly through some value engineering
proposals. The potential for conflict between such documents and the preceding documents
becomes high in such a situation and may, according to the order of precedence stated in the
contract, not reflect the precontract negotiations and a subsequent agreement between the
parties. If we look at a situation whereby the contractor had negotiated a reduction in the time
for interim payments to be made from 56 to 40 days and this was recorded in meeting
minutes included in ‘Any other documents’, then the 56 days in the general conditions would
still have precedence over such an agreement. The possibility for error is also increased if
important points are ‘hidden’ away in the back of the contract documents. Whilst a good
contracts person should be aware of potential hazards, would a busy site engineer ever think
to look through such a section to check whether a specification had been changed and
recorded in a letter or meeting minutes?
Disputes often arise through the interpretation of the contract and it is true to say that if the
contract documents are poorly drafted and compiled, the potential for disputes increases
tremendously. For these reasons it is infinitely preferable to keep the ‘Any other documents’
section as small as possible and to amend the tender documents to take into account any
changes that have been negotiated and agreed between the parties, within the appropriate
section of the contract documents. This also applies to tender queries and their responses,
which are usually the result of lack of clarity, ambiguity, or conflict between documents.
Rather than just including the tender queries and responses as an addendum to the Contract
as is often the practice, the contract documents should be amended to reflect the response.
The best time to complete and sign the contract is as soon as possible after the agreement
has been made. If this is not done, the people involved in the negotiations will often be
replaced by the people responsible for the construction and administration of the project,
memories will grow dim and worse, a situation could arise on site which would make the
inclusion, or not, of a particular item of negotiation extremely important, a situation which
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could encourage people to acquire a selective memory of the precontract negotiations. In
any case, the people on site need to have a set of documents to tell them what they are
supposed to be building and how they are supposed to build it. Whilst there should be
pressure to produce the contract documents for completion and signature as soon as
possible, it should always be remembered that rushing this very important task and
producing a poor set of contract documents could have drastic consequences later on.
It is essential that each of the parties and the person responsible for administering the
contract on behalf of the Employer, have a full set of contract documents for reference. A
good contract administration system would ensure that a controlled set of the contract
documents is kept on site and each individual page or sheet of the documents is clearly
marked to show that it is a contract document. This last requirement is useful to ensure that
when sections of the documents are copied at a later date when revised drawings and
specifications have been issued, these is no confusion with regard to each document’s
status.
If there are documents included within the ‘Any other documents’ section, then it is a good
idea to annotate the controlled copy of the contract documents to draw attention to the fact.
For example, a specification clause could be annotated to refer to a tender query and
response within the contract documents that includes a change or clarification to the
particular specification item. Better still, the query and response could be photocopied and
pasted into the specification at the appropriate place. This will ensure that all of the team who
need to refer to the contract documents will be aware of the true meaning of the contract and
mistakes and wasted effort will be eliminated.
It should go without saying that a person responsible for dealing with claims should have
accurate information available as to the provisions of the contract because this will be the
very basis of almost all claims. Anyone dealing with contractual matters will inevitably deal
with the conditions of contract on a regular basis. It is therefore good practice to prepare a
document that consolidates the particular conditions and the general conditions of contract.
This should consist of a copy of the general conditions of contract to which the particular
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conditions of contract have been incorporated on a clausebyclause basis, either
electronically or manually. This will ensure that no misinterpretations will occur through
someone forgetting to check if the particular conditions have amended a clause, which needs
to be referred to or relied upon.
Finally, the people responsible for administering the contract and anyone involved in
contractual letters and claims will often have cause to quote from the contract conditions or to
reproduce clauses for one reason or another. If a soft copy of the contract is available, then
this task becomes quite easy and provided that the particular conditions of contract have
been incorporated, this will prove to be a useful document throughout the life of the project,
particularly, if it becomes necessary to prepare or to respond to claims. If an editable copy is
not available, it is a good idea, each time you need to quote a clause, to first type the clause
into a separate document and thereby gradually build up a library of clauses for later use.
This paper was provided by ICCP Executive Officer, Andy Hewitt.
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