8 G o n dw an

ST 2 a
GONDWANA GEOLOGICAL MAP - PRE-1 EDITION - November, 2017. C P-6 Pr
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IG

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Reconstructed to 183 Ma SCALE 1:5.000.000 Geographic Coordinate System - Datum: WGS 84
Bangkok, Thailand.
We present the Gondwana Geological Map Pre-1 Edition in order to discuss with the geological scientific community whether it contemplates at
st

its present form the main issues of the Gondwana evolution.

The first edition of the map will be delivered in October, 2018, which means that we have one year ahead to correct and improve the version
presented here in Bangkok. We invite everyone interested to join this enterprise and collaborate with the map, through the IGCP-628.
th
This version is a better update of the version 2.0 presented in August of 2016 during the 35 IGC in Cape Town. Here we offer an updated geology of all IGCP -628 Leaders
major Gondwana-derived fragments, homogenized in a common legend. The resolution of this map is 1:5M, which is the same resolution of our Dr. Renata da Silva Schmitt (Brazil) – [email protected] - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro
Gondwana geological database, built up in ArcGIS system. The coastlines were drawn on Google Earth images, but simplified to our resolution and Dr. Maarten De Wit (South Africa) - [email protected] Earth Stewardship Science and AEON -Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University - Port Elizabeth
Dr. Alan Collins (Australia) - [email protected] School of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Adelaide - Adelaide
also according to the geological polygons of our database. Although this is a Jurassic (ca. 183 Ma) picture of Gondwana, the Cretaceous and Cenozoic Dr. Philippe Rossi (France) - [email protected] - CCGM - CGMW -Paris
geological units are still on the map. The proposal is to remove these layers and, when possible, draw geological inferred polygons based on drill core Dr. Colin Reeves (The Netherlands) – [email protected] - Earthworks BV -Delft
Dr. Edison José Milani (Brazil) - [email protected] - PETROBRAS - CENPES/PDGEO -Rio de Janeiro
and geophysical data. In this case it will be the Paleogeological Map of Gondwana. The geological lineaments represent major crustal scale structures
classified kinematic ally not chronologically. The Gondwana Map Project Dr. Umberto Giuseppe Cordani (Brazil) –[email protected] -Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Geociências - São Paulo

In this version, we were able to present the age of the tectonic event represented in all metamorphic units. This information enhance the Pre- “The Gondwana Map Project” aims to update the Gondwana Map of de Wit´s 1988 with an approach of the 21st century. In order to do so, the Gondwana concept will be revised with new interpretations and research approaches using the vast new
Neoproterozoic cratons, the Neoproterozoic belts, Lower Paleozoic belts, Upper Paleozoic belts and Mesozoic belts. It gives to this geological map a IGCP-628 geological data produced in the last 30 years and also the new computer technologies. The goal is also to create a reference center in South America to locate all data base from Gondwana Paleocontinent and generate the new Gondwana map integrating
data from the five actual continents. This data and the results of the project will be exposed at a Gondwana Memory Center (GMC).
The Gondwana Digital
more geodynamic aspect. This Project was first discussed five years ago. Dr. Renata da Silva Schmitt (UFRJ) and Dr. Edison Milani (PETROBRAS) are members of the International Gondwana Committee, since 2005, coordinated at that time by Dr. Bryan Storey (University of
The map is on Geographic Coordinate System datum WGS 84, since it is product from G-Plates (software), with the African continent fixed. The final Canterbury – New Zealand). This committee is responsible for the organization of the international Gondwana Conferences. In 2008, Milani and Schmitt proposed Brazil as the venue for the next Gondwana Conference, during the Gondwana 13 Conference
in Dali (Yunnan Province – China). During this meeting the International Gondwana Committee discussed and approved Brazil as the next venue. In addition, the committee suggested that a project to build a new Gondwana Map should be proposed by a
Center of Geoprocessing
map will be projected in the best projection system for Gondwana, with less distortion of the fragments, still to be selected. The reconstruction used
for this version is a hybrid model using some author's proposals for different Gondwana segments (explained below). The fit is very tight since it
group of scientists. At that time, the main argument was that this ambitious enterprise was essential for the world scientific community and for the knowledge of the continents and their margins. Back in Brazil, Schmitt and Milani discussed the possibility
to propose this Project with the financial support of PETROBRAS, the Brazilian Petroleum Company. Milani coordinated for more than a decade a group of scientists of South America and Africa that discuss regularly the correlation between these two
continents, with emphasis on the Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary basins. Schmitt coordinates two international projects of correlation between Africa and South America, with emphasis on the mobile belts of Brazil, Uruguay, Namibia and Angola.
(GDCG)
represents the initial stages of Gondwana fragmentation in the Jurassic. The South Atlantic shows a gap, in part due to hyperextended margins in
In the end of 2010, the Gondwana Map Project was proposed by the UFRJ team and approved by PETROBRAS, coordinator PhD Adriano Vianna, which gave five years to the UFRJ group to deliver the map and its additional products. A new geoprocessing
some segments. We introduced on the map the trace of the La Ventana-Cape Fold Belt orogenic front according to offshore data (Pangaro & Ramos, digital laboratory was conceived located at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and a group of four specialized professionals on cartography and geology are working at the lab since the beginning of 2011.
The GDCG is a geoprocessing laboratory focused on the project “Revision of
2012). Other portions show overlap (e.g. Arabic Peninsula and northern Africa; Madagascar and Moçambique). In these places we eliminated the The challenges to conceive this new map are:
the Geological Map of Gondwana”. It was inaugurated on October, 2011 and
Cenozoic units of one of the plates, cleaning up the view. We left on purpose the coastlines overlapping each other in order to observe the geological - The theme of the map: geological or tectonic. The original de Wit´s map is geological, whilst the one organized by Raphael Unrug (1994) is a geodynamical map. With the facilities today of the GIS data set, it is possible to generate in less time several
since then had been the home for a team of researchers, undergraduate and
graduate students. This group is working permanently on the generation of
correlation. The geological match in between the continental fragments is the ongoing phase of the project. We added the southern Gondwana thematic maps. Most of scientists agreed that a geological map is less interpretative, therefore more realistic to the data. The generation of a tectonic map is possible, but only after the building of a good geological data set.
the new Gondwana Geological Map, scale 1:5M, and its geological digital
- Legend of the map. This is one of the crucial points of the project, and everybody agreed. The scientists must have workshops and discussions about the best legend, which will make the map clear and useful. De Wit emphasized the need to expand the
smaller terranes, for a preliminary overview and discussion about this active margin. The northern terranes are not shown, and are the next step of Neoproterozoic legend, since the detailed geological data from this period of time increased vertiginously in the last three decades.
database.
this project. In this version we test the alternative to present Antarctica with subice topographic data, following a suggestion from the SCAR meeting - The fit of the continents and the paleogeography. This challenge is one of the most interesting. The last two decades are characterized by a huge amount of new data and interpretation obtained from the ocean floors and the continental margins. These Coordinator
at EGU in April 2017. This might help with the interpretation of the main sutures that are below the ice cap. sets will facilitate a better fit of the actual continents in order to restore the Gondwana. The stretched present continental margins are better known and distinct stretch factor for margin sectors would be applied. Dr. Renata da Silva Schmitt [email protected]
- Restoring the original shape of Gondwana, the Gondwana margins. The original de Wit´s map show a Gondwana made up by a collage of the five big actual continents. The best challenge of this project is to rebuild the Gondwana margins during its Tectonics
development. This restoration implies on attaching the exogenous terranes of Gondwana back to their original positions and studying the connections between the intracontinental Paleozoic and Mesozoic basins with the oceans that surrounded
General coordinators- Geology and GIS Gondwana.
- Detail of Pre-Gondwana continents. Certainly the new advance that made a great impact on geology in the last decades is the improvement of geochronological labs and metodologies. The pre-Gondwana continents (commonly referred as cratons) are
Researchers
MSc. Evânia Alves da Silva - [email protected]
Cartography and GIS database
Renata da Silva Schmitt and Evânia Alves da Silva now better known and their nature influenced on the Gondwana formation. Incorporating this knowledge to the Gondwana map and tectonic evolution is another challenge.
Rafael Fragoso [email protected]
Gondwana was the first recognized supercontinent and as such has played a pivotal role in our understanding of supercontinent cycles. It was one of the largest and long lasting supercontinents on Earth´s history, comprising five large continents (Africa, Geology of South America and Antarctica
Australia, Antarctica, South America and India) and many other smaller masses scattered today around the globe (e.g. Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Falklands, and others now embedded in Asia, Europe and USA). Amalgamation Macarena Roca [email protected]

Main collaborators- Reviewers of Gondwana complete at ca. 500 million years ago, during the Cambrian period, when marine life was flourishing evolving fast to visible organisms. For more than 350 million years, this supercontinent as an entity moved between the South Pole and the
low latitudes of the southern hemisphere. Large intracontinental basins developed and registered the evolution of life on Earth as plants and vertebrates migrated from water to terrestrial environments, culminating with the biggest reptiles in the
Geology of South America
MSc. Warren Miller - [email protected]
Geology of Africa
Mesozoic Era. The continental margins of Gondwana were very heterogeneous. From the present day location of the Andes to the Papua New Guinea, active tectonics predominated, with subduction zones, collisions and accretion of new terranes along the MSc. Gabriel Lamounier [email protected]
Each actual continental fragment derived from Gondwana was compiled and interpreted by a group of researchers. Below we present the list for Gondwanides. The northern margin of Gondwana - facing the Tethys ocean - was entirely different, with stable, wide continental shelves and shallow seas from Northern Africa to Papua New Guinea. This extensional tectonic setting allowed small Geology of Australia and North Africa
continental blocks to separate from Gondwana, drifting away to be deformed and welded onto Laurasia. Finally for about 100 million years, starting ca. 200 million years ago (Jurassic period), Gondwana started to break up into several land fragments
each continent, including the reviewers that helped to upgrade the map. MSc. Pâmela Richetti [email protected]
evolving steadily into the present-day picture of the continents and oceans on Earth. Reconstruction of Plates
Melissa Meirelles Pereira - [email protected]
Africa Reconstruction of Gondwana Gondwana research involves the understanding of the evolution of our planet, its climatic, thermal and tectonic processes and the evolution of life itself. Since 1872, when the geologist Medlicott identified the Gondwana flora in India, through the Geophysics
definition of the Gondwana Land by Suess in 1885 and the first maps by Wegener and Du Toit in the dawn of the twentieth century, this major subject has been investigated by many scientists worldwide. A new geological map of Gondwana was published MSc. Jéssica Tarine [email protected]
Warren Miller and Gabriel Lamounier Fernandes (UFRJ) Pâmela Richetti (UFRJ) in 1988 by the AAPG, conceived by Prof. Maarten de Wit and his colleagues in South Africa. Much new data, particularly based on modern geochronology has been generated since, and our proposal “The Gondwana Map Project” aims to update the Museology

ent
Gondwana Map of de Wit with an approach of the 21st century. Since 1988, the geological data for the regions concerned have improved incredibly in the wake of new geochronological laboratories and investigative methodologies. Thorough airborne

eam
Alan Collins - The University of Adelaide Colin Reeves - Earthworks Graduate Students
geophysical reconnaissance has been extended across most parts of the constituent continents. A new GIS data-base is planned, with a dynamic digital process that will allow the construction not just an improved Gondwana Map but also a wide variety of

i Lin
André Assis - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Dietmar Muller - The University of Sidney André Assis - [email protected]
maps showing the evolution of this supercontinent. Geophysical advances at continental margins and oceanic floors, the modelling of the restoration with new software and the analysis of satellite imagery permits scientifically rigorous reconstruction of

d
Bastien Linol - Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Nick Barnett-Moore - The University of Sydney Geology of South Africa and Paleozoic Gondwanan basins

Kan
Gondwana. The main products will be: (a) a new Gondwana Map and sets of thematic maps showing its evolution through time; (b) a website providing to all the geological data taken into the project at the Gondwana Digital Center of Geoprocessing Raisa Costa [email protected]
Carlos E. Ganade de Araujo - Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais CPRM
Colin Reeves - Earthworks (GDCG); (c) three complete book volumes about Gondwana; (d) new detailed geology of key areas for correlation; (e) an interactive 4-D GIS of Gondwana (f) creation of a permanent exposition at the Gondwana Memory Center (GMC), in South America, Geology of Madagascar
Daniel Silva - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro with specimens representative of all parts of Gondwana. Fernando Nascimento [email protected]
Débora Barros Nascimento - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Madagascar Technology of Information
Hartwig Frimmel - University of Wuerzburg This project includes vast international collaboration between scientists and students, universities, surveys and global institutions. This is the only way to integrate scientific thinking about Gondwana. In order to promote this integration it is essential to
Max Fernandez-Alonso - Africa Museum have undergraduate and graduate students from many fields, making their dissertation and thesis on subjects within the project. The main issue is to get students from developing countries to access developed countries laboratories and universities. This Undergraduate Students
Raisa Lopes Costa (UFRJ) integration is fundamental for the achievement of this project. It is important to stress here that Gondwana was formed mostly by the territory of actual developing countries. Africa is the key continent to be mostly included scientifically during this Igor Vasconcelos Gomes - [email protected]
Michael Daly- Oxford University
Peter R. Johnson - Geological Society of America process of the Gondwana Map. All these digital tools, allied with the essential basic geological data will help scientists to review and improve the knowledge about this supercontinent that played a major role in the evolution of the Earth. These conclusions Geology of India
Alan Collins - The University of Adelaide Daniel Silva - [email protected]
Taufeeq Dhansay - Nelson Mandela University allow a better understanding of the global geological processes that today affect our lives. This is one alternative to harmonize a sustainable future on the planet.
Renata da Silva Schmitt - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Structures of Africa
Thelson Julius dos S. Silva - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Sheree Ellen Armstead - The University of Adelaide Dolapo Azzez - [email protected]
Structural correlation Brazil-Africa
Arabic Peninsula COORDINATORS
Evaldina Raimundo - [email protected]
Seychelles Correlation Angola-Rio de Janeiro
Dr. Renata da Silva Schmitt (Brazil) – [email protected] - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro
Pâmela Richetti (UFRJ) Julyanna Cristina Wermelinger Santos - [email protected]
Peter Johnson (GSA) Structures of Australia
Msc. Marco Antonio Thoaldo Romeiro [email protected] - Petrobras/CENPES - Rio de Janeiro
High School Students
Laura Corrêa Machareth - [email protected]
Greater India
Antarctica (Ali & Aitchison, 2014)
Luis Eduardo Ortega - [email protected]

nt
eame
Rafael de Araújo Fragoso (UFRJ) ADDRESS

o Lin
Alan Collins - The University of Adelaide Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

n
Ian C. W. Fitzsimmons - Curtin University

silia
CCMN- IGEO
Joachim Jacobs - University of Bergen Departamento de Geologia

sbra
John Bradshaw - CO2 Geological Store Solutions Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 274 – sala J2-020

Tran
Rudolph A. Y. Trouw - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro s t ra l i a
COB Au Ilha do Fundão – Rio de Janeiro – RJ – BRAZIL
Victor A. Ramos - Universidad de Buenos Aires CEP: 21949-900
Phone: +55-21-39389482
Website: www.gondwana.geologia.ufrj.br
Australia and New Zealand

Gabriel Lamounier Fernandes, Pamêla Richetti and Ian Fortes (UFRJ)

Alan Collins - The University of Adelaide

Chris Clark - Curtin University
Gideon Rosenbaum - The University of Queensland
Ian Fitzsimmons - Curtin Univeristy
John Foden - The University of Adelaide
Julyanna Cristina Wermelinger Santos – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Victor A. Ramos, Universidad de Buenos Aires
Naturaliste Plateau

Greater India

Igor V. Gomes (UFRJ)

Alan Collins - The University of Adelaide

Alfred Kröner - Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
Arvind Kumar Jain - Central Building Research Institute
Chris Clark - Curtin University
Debapriya Adhikary - Geological Survey of India
Ian Fitzsimons - Curtin University
Letícia Moura - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Madhava Santosh - International Association For Gondwana Research
Manoj K. Pandit - University of Rajasthan
Parampreet Kaur - Panjab University
Raisa Costa - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Rajesh Attukal - Geological Survey of India (GSI)
Renata S. Schmitt - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Sama Ananda Murthy - Geological Survey of India
Sankar Chatterjee - Texas Tech University
Shahid Iqbal - Quaid-i- Azam University
Wilbert Kehelpannala - University of Botswana

South America

Macarena Roca Benedek and Rafael de Araújo Fragoso (UFRJ)

André Ribeiro - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

Carlos E. Ganade de Araujo - Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais
Claudio Gaucher - Universidad de La República de Uruguay
Fernando A. Gutiérrez - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México * East Antarctica
Francisco Hervé - Universidad de Chile
Ginaldo Ademar da Cruz Campanha - Universidade de São Paulo
Jorge Bossi - Universidad de La República de Uruguay
Jorge G. Tapias - Serviço Geológico Colombiano
Lêda Maria Fraga - Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais
Leonardo Cury - Universidade Federal do Paraná
Mauricio Calderon - Universidad de Chile
Mauricio Ibanez-Mejia - University of Rochester
Miguel Basei - Universidade de São Paulo
Nohora M. Ramírez - Serviço Geológico Colombiano
Renata Tomezzoli - Universidad de Buenos Aires Complete reference list and sources for the Gondwana map at
Rudolph Trouw - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Stefano Zincone - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto www.gondwana.geologia.ufrj.br
Umberto Cordani - Universidade de São Paulo
Victor A. Ramos - Universidad de Buenos Aires

LEGEND La Ventana - Cape Fold belt

0 Ma
CENOZOIC Cz
K-Cz

66.0 Ma
Upper Cretaceous K2
J-Cz

Cretaceous K Falklands/Malvinas
Mz-Cz

Lower Cretaceous K1 Plateau

~145.0 Ma
J-K

Upper Jurassic J3
J2-J3

MESOZOIC Mz Jurassic J Middle Jurassic J2

J1-J2

Lower Jurassic J1
201.3 ± 0.2 Ma
T-J
T2-T3

Upper Triassic T3
T1-T2

P-J
C-K

Triassic T Middle Triassic T2

Ellsworth Block
Lower Triassic T1
P-T

251.902 ± 0.024 Ma
C-J
P2-P3

Lopingian P3
PHANEROZOIC

P1-P2

D-J
C-T

Permian P Guadalupian P2
Cisuralian P1
D-T
C-P

298.9 ± 0.15 Ma
Pennsylvanian C2 Falklands/Malvinas
Pz-Mz

Pz2

Carboniferous C Island 100 50 0 100 200 300

Mississippian C1 km
D-C

358.9 ± 0.4 Ma
D2-D3

Upper Devonian D3
D1-D2

S-C

Devonian D Middle Devonian D2 Marie Byrd Land Block

Lower Devonian D1 New
PALEOZOIC Pz 419.2 ± 3.2 Ma
S-D

Caledonia
S3-S4

Pridoli S4
S2-S4
S2-S3

Ludlow S3
O-D
O2-O3 S1-S3

Silurian S
S1-S2

Wenlock S2
NP3-C

Llandovery S1
O-S

ε-D

443.8 ± 1.5 Ma
NP3-D

Upper Ordovician O3
Pz1
O1-O2

Ordovician O Middle Ordovician O2

NP3-S

Lower Ordovician O1
ε-O

485.4 ± 1.9 Ma
ε3-ε4

NP3-O

Furongian ε4
ε2-ε4
ε2-ε3

NP1-S

Series 3 ε3
ε1-ε3

Cambrian ε
ε1-ε2

NP1-O

Series 2 ε2
NP3-ε

Terreneuvian ε1
NP2-ε

541.0 ± 1.0 Ma
NP1-ε

Reconstruction of Gondwana
NP2-NP3

Ediacaran NP3 Antarctica Peninsula Thurston Island

MP3-ε

~635 Ma
NEOPROTEROZOIC
NP1-NP2

Cryogenian NP2
MP1-ε

NP
MP3-NP2

~720 Ma New Zealand

MP3-NP1

Tonian NP1
MP-NP

at ca. 183 Ma - methodology

PROTEROZOIC PT

MP2-NP1

1000 Ma
PP1-ε
MP2-MP3

A B
Stenian MP3
1200 Ma
MESOPROTEROZOIC
PP4-MP3
MP1-MP2

AR4-NP

Ectasian MP2
PP3-MP3

MP
PP4-MP2

1400 Ma
PP2-MP3

PP4-MP1

Calymmian MP1
PP2-MP2

The Gondwana map reconstruction model was built using GPlates software (www.gplates.org). The continental fragments are re-assembled at 183 Ma from compiled
PP-MP
PP1-MP2

1600 Ma finite rotation parameters and establishing continental piercing points connecting geological data from the Gondwana map. The two largest continental fragments are
*
PP1-MP1
PP3-PP4

Statherian PP4
PP2-PP4

1800 Ma subdivided into smaller rigid blocks to minimize gaps and overlaps caused by intraplate deformation since the Gondwana break-up process. All the fragments are
PP2-PP3

PALEOPROTEROZOIC Orosirian PP3

PP1-PP3

<
reconstructed with respect to a fixed West African plate. African plate is rotated and subdivided into 5 blocks modified from Moulin et al. (2010) and Reeves et al. (2016).
PP1-PP2

(m)
2050 Ma
PP Rhyacian PP2 Color legend for Antarctica subice topographic map (BEDMAP2)
The South American plate is rotated and subdivided into 7 blocks according to Richetti et al. (submitted). Eastern Gondwana blocks (Madagascar, Seychelles, Greater
AR4-PP

2300 Ma
AR4-PP3
AR4-PP2

Siderian PP1
AR3-PP

India, Sri Lanka, East Antarctica, Australia) are reconstructed and rotated to a fit position after Reeves et al. (2016). Madagascar and Sri Lanka are positioned according to
AR4-PP1

2500 Ma
AR3-PP3

Ishwar-Kumar et al. (2013) and also Gondwana Project geological database. The Arabian plate is reconstructed following finite rotation parameters from Seton et al.
AR2-PP

NEOARCHEAN
(2012). Malvinas/Falklands plateau is fixed to the Patagonian block. Papua New Guinea is fixed to the Australian plate, therefore, the rotation parameters are the same as Rotation Parameters
AR3-AR4

AR1-PP

AR4
2800 Ma the respective plates. The fit position for the Antarctic Peninsula, Marie Byrd, Thurston and Ellsworth blocks is based on Dalziel et al. (2013). North and South New Zealand Plate Plate ID Comment
Latitude Longitude Angle
AR2-AR4
ARCHEAN AR

MESOARCHEAN block rotations are based on Mortimer and Campbell (2014). New Caledonia is fixed to North New Zealand block, therefore its rotation parameters are the same. The
AR2-AR3

AR3 present-day COB lines, represented in different colors, were used to constraint the fragments reconstruction.
3200 Ma Amazonia 32 49.720 -33.523 53.721 Richetti et al., submitted
AR1-AR3

PALEOARCHEAN
AR1-AR2

AR2 Tucano 36 55.402 -38.504 51.022 Richetti et al., submitted

3600 Ma
EOARCHEAN São Francisco 37 50.189 -34.077 53.812 Richetti et al., submitted
AR1
4000 Ma Paraná 40 48.988 -34.382 54.212 Richetti et al., submitted

HADEAN
Rio de la Plata 41 47.786 -34.382 54.550 Richetti et al., submitted General Methodology
Pampean 42 48.513 -35.061 54.406 Richetti et al., submitted
~ 4600 Ma
Patagonia 43 50.968 -36.163 54.749 Richetti et al., submitted
International Chronostratigraphic Chart - IUGS/ICS - v. 2016/12
West Africa 15 90.000 0.000 0.000 Moulin et al., 2010

LITHOLOGY GEOCHEMISTRY AGE OF LAST Nubian 13 27.000 -18.000 -2.360 Moulin et al., 2010
To build up a Gondwana Map with all geological information available at 1:5M scale is apparently only a
Plutonic Volcanic
TECTONIC EVENT Benue 14 13.220 1.850 -2.310 Moulin et al., 2010 technical laboring issue. But when this major task started at 2011, it demanded a vast scientific thinking to
Sedimentary Rocks * * *
* * *
~ ~ ~
Alkaline Rocks * *
* *
~ ~ Not Classified Austral 100 27.000 -18.000 -1.500 Moulin et al., 2010 construct this methodology. The aim is the reconstruction of a paleocontinent that today is dispersed in the A - Topographic Map of Gondwana-derived continents. Data was processed using Oasis Montaj 9.2.3 software, from STRM30 Plus Version 7
~ ~ ~
* * *
* * *
X X X
Igneous Rocks
present continents of South America, Africa, Australia, India, Antarctica, Arabic Peninsula as well as smaller (Becker et al., 2009) for all continental fragments. Antarctica SRTM: Data Fusion of SRTM Land Topography with Measured and Estimated
X X
X X X ~ ~ ~ Somalia 103 5.206 -130.987 -3.160 Modified from Reeves et al., 2016 land masses as Madagascar, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and others. The new Gondwana map should Seafloor Topography/Tertiary Theme/Type: Topography/Bathymetry.
Subalkaline Rocks ~ ~ Cretaceous-Cenozoic
~ ~ ~
+++ Modified from Reeves et al., 2016; represent clearly its three foremost stages of evolution through time: the amalgamation (ca.800-450 Ma),
++ Plutonic Ultrabasic Madagascar 108 3.806 91.089 -22.361 B – Interpolated Magnetometry Map of the Gondwana continent. Geophysical data (magnetic anomalies) was processed using Oasis Montaj
+++ ~ ~ ~ Ishwar-Kumar et al., 2016 development (ca.450-100 Ma), break-up (ca.180-80 Ma). Therefore it is a geological map that illustrates the
v v v v v
v v v
~ ~
~ ~ ~
Triassic-Jurassic
Seychelles 109 5.925 57.498 -72.298
Modified from Reeves et al., 2016; main tectonic entities: the Pre-Neoproterozoic cratons, Neoproterozoic-Eo-Paleozoic orogens, Phanerozoic
C 9.2.3 software, from EMAG2v3: Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid (2-arc-minute resolution) Version 3 (Meyer et al.,2017) for most of
continents, and data from ADMAP (digital magnetic anomaly map of the Antarctic - Golynsky et al., 2001) for Antarctica.
v

v v
v
v Volcanic Basic v v v v ~ ~ ~ Veevers et al., 2009 marginal orogens, Phanerozoic internal basins and the marginal terranes. We agreed that the Jurassic would
v

v v v v v v v ~ ~ Devonian-Permian
v

~ ~ ~ Arabia 300 31.812 20.211 -8.393 Modified from Reeves et al., 2016 be the best period to show the three Gondwana phases (ca.183 Ma), although the break-up history C – Free-Air Gravity Anomaly Map of the Gondwana. Geophysical data (gravity anomalies) was processed using Oasis Montaj 9.2.3 software,
v v
continues towards the Cenozoic. The first step was the preparation of a new geological map of Gondwana in
Y Y Y
v v Volcano-sedimentary Rocks Intermediate
Y Y Y ~ ~ ~ from Free Air Sandwell v23-1 (Sandwell et al., 2014) for the major continental fragments and from Antarctica free-air and complete
Ordovician-Silurian
Y Y
v v
Y Y ~ ~ India 301 29.393 41.313 -66.569 Reeves et al., 2016 GIS platform by updating and integrating geological data of the present continents in scale 1:5M using
Y Y Y
Y Y Y ~ ~ ~ Bouguer gravity anomaly grid (Scheinert et al., 2016) for Antarctica.
/ / /
Metamorphic Rocks + + + ~ ~ ~ Sri Lanka 302 22.456 48.103 -79.516 Modified from Reeves et al., 2016 software ArcGIS in the Gondwana Digital Center of Geoprocessing (GDCG) at UFRJ, Brazil. The database is
_ _ _
__ _

/ /
Acid
_
/ / / + + _ _ ~ ~ Ediacaran-Cambrian (585-485 Ma)
being built through the homogenization of heterogeneous sources: digital and analog. The available digital * - Bedrock Subice Topographic Map of Antarctica and its fragments based on our reconstruction for 183Ma to this pre-1
_ _
+ + +
_ ~ ~ ~ st
edition . The data
_

_
_

_ _ _ Australia 400 26.403 117.739 -55.352 Reeves et al., 2016 maps (GIS of Australia, South America, New Zealand and Arabia) underwent through a process of adequacy
_ _ Low Grade and Very Low Grade + +
v v v v v v
~ ~ ~
Cryogenian-Ediacaran (720-585 Ma) was processed using Oasis Montaj 9.2.3 software, from BEDMAP2 (Fretwell et al., 2013)
Bimodal
_ _
~ ~
_ _ _ deformed on Fold and Thrust Belts + + +
v v _v v _ _
~ ~ ~ of information known as cartographic generalization, as well as a compilation of the existent attribute
v v v
+ + v v v
_ _ Papua New Guinea 402 26.403 117.739 -55.352 Reeves et al., 2016
_ _ ~ ~ ~ tables. Several regions do not present available GIS data at continental scale (i.e. India, Antarctica, Africa, References
~_ ~_ _~ ~ ~ Tonian (1000-720 Ma)
~_ ~_ Medium Grade ~ ~ ~ New Zealand South 500 287.831 -63.967 96.227 Mortmer and Campbell, 2014 Madagascar, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka) so analog maps (in paper) went through a exerting process
~ ~ ~
of drawing (to the appropriate scale), scanning, georeferencing, vectorization and creation of a new Becker, J. J.; Sandwell, D. T.; Smith, W. H. F.; Braud, J.; Binder, B.; Depner, J.; Fabre, D.; Factor, J.; Ingalls, S.; Kim, S-H.; Ladner, R.; Marks, K.;
~ ~ ~ New Zealand North 501 6.047 119.355 -75.909 Mortmer and Campbell, 2014
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Pre-Neoproterozoic database. Nelson, S.; Pharaoh, A.; Sharman, G.; Trimmer, R.; VonRosenburg, J.; Wallace, G.; Weatherall, P. Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30
~ ~ High Grade ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ The major challenge was to agree on a common legend for these Gondwanan derived landmasses. The Arc Seconds Resolution: SRTM30_PLUS, Marine Geodesy, 32:4, 355-371, 2009.
New Caladeonia 502 6.047 119.355 -75.909 Mortmer and Campbell, 2014 Fig 1 – Gondwana configuration at ca. 500 Ma with cratons (pre-Gondwana continents) sutured by Gondwana mobile belts. This figure is mostly compiled from
classification adopted five attributes for each polygon: (I) age of the rock (protolith age in metamorphic Meyer, B.; Saltus R.; Chulliat, A. EMAG2: Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid (2-arc-minute resolution) Version 3. National Centers for
the new Gondwana geological map at 1:5M scale (Schmitt et al., 2016a). Also compiled from: Collins (2003); Kröner and Cordani (2003); Jacobs et al. (2008);
East Antarctica 600 11.318 149.199 -58.582 Reeves et al., 2016 Environmental Information, NOAA. Model. doi:10.7289/V5H70CVX, 2017.
Schmitt et al. (2008); Ramos (2010); Offler et al. (2011); Frimmel et al. (2011); Heilbron et al. (2004); Fritz et al. (2013); Torsvik and Cocks (2013); Ramos and rocks), (II) type of the rock, (III) chemistry of the magmatic rock, (IV) metamorphic grade, (V) age of the
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES OTHER SYMBOLS Naipauer (2014) and Richetti et al. (2016). The letters and numbers represent Gondwanan cratons and mobile belts, respectively. AA – Arequipa/Antofalla; AM
Golynsky, A. V.; Chiappini, M.; Damaske, D.; Finn, C.; Ferraccioli, F.; Ferris, J.; Ghidella, M.; Ishihara, T.; Johnson, A.; Kim, H. R.; Kovacs, L.;
main metamorphic event. The first item is represented by the filling color of the polygon, and all others are LaBrecque, J.; Masolov, V.; Nogi, Y.; Purucker, M.; Taylor, P.; Torta, M. ADMAP - A digital magnetic anomaly map of the Antarctic. 1:10.000 scale
Luanda
Ellsworth 601 47.479 -73.151 78.731 Dalziel et al., 2013 – Amazonia; RA – Río Apa; SL – São Luís; PR – Parnaíba; SF – São Francisco; PP – Paranapanema; LA – Luís Alves; RP – Río de La Plata; KH – Kalahari; B –
Geological Contact Inferred Geological Contact City recorded as fill symbols. The color follows roughly the IUGS Geological Time Scale, some important changes map. edited by P. Morris and R. von Frese, BAS (Misc.) 10, Cambridge, British Antarctic Survey, 2001.
Bangweulu Block; TZ- Tanzania; CC – Congo; WA – West Africa; SH – Sahara; DW – Dharwar; GH – Grunehogna; EA – East Antarctica; WAU – West Australia; SAU – were done. The Geological Time Chart adopted is IUGS version 2016. Only crustal-scale tectonic structures
Peninsula 602 -38.660 -21.816 82.464 Dalziel et al., 2013 Sandwell, D. T.; Müller, R. D.; Smith, W. H. F.; Garcia, E.; Francis, R. New global marine gravity model from CryoSat-2 and Jason-1 reveals
# # # Thrust fault/shear zone # # # Inferred thrust fault/shear zone Estimated Orogenic Belt Offshore References South Australia; NAU – North Australia. 1 – Pampeana; 2 – Caapucú High; 3 - Paraguai; 4 – Araguaia; 5 – Gurupi; 6 – Borborema (North and Central); 7 –
Drill Hole/Isolated Outcrop directly related to Gondwana are represented in a regular structural legend. The geological database is also buried tectonic structure, Science, Vol. 346, no. 6205, pp. 65-67, doi: 10.1126/science.1258213, 2014.
/Dredge Sample Information Thurston 603 42.287 -48.235 66.757 Dalziel et al., 2013 Borborema (South); 8- Rio Preto; 9 – Brasília; ; 10 – Araçuaí (West), Ribeira (Paraíba/Embu); 10b - Apiaí; 11 – Araçuaí (East), Ribeira (Oriental Terrane) and
Normal fault/shear zone Inferred normal fault/shear zone Estimated Gondwana Continent-Ocean Boundary (COB) Line an outcome of this project and will be available. Scheinert, M.; Ferraccioli, F.; Schwabe, J.; Bell, R.E.; Studinger, M.; Damaske, D.; Jokat, W.; Aleshkova, N. D.; Jordan, T.A.; Leitchenkov, G.L.;
Costeiro Domain; 12 –Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain; 13 – Dom Feliciano, Kaoko (Coastal); 14 – Cuchilla Dionísio; 15 – Nico Pérez; 16- Saldania; 17 – Gariep; 18 –
(under investigation - see introduction text) Dalziel, I. W., Lawver, L. A., Norton, I. O.; Gahagan, L. M. 2013. The Scotia Arc: genesis, evolution, global significance. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 41, 767-793. Blankenship, D.D.; Damiani, T.; Young, D.A.; Cochran, J.R.; Richter, T. Antarctic free-air and complete Bouguer gravity anomaly grid.
> > Lakes Marie Byrd 604 -7.944 -31.275 63.034 Dalziel et al., 2013 Damara; 19 – Kaoko(Central-East); 20 – Angolan Belt; 21 – West Congo; 22 – Oubanguides; 23 – Dahomey; 24 – Rockelides; 25 – Anti-Atlas; 26 - Hoggar; 27 –Ad
Dextral fault/shear zone Inferred dextral fault/shear zone PANGAEA, doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.848168, 2016.
Dawadimi and Ar Rayn; 28 – Arabian/Nubian Shield (North); 29 - Arabian/Nubian Shield (South); 30 – Galana (Azania); 31 – Western Granulite; 32 – Eastern
> > Greater India Limit (Ali & Aitchison, 2014) Ishwar-Kumar, C., Windley, B. F., Horie, K., Kato, T., Hokada, T., Itaya, T., Yagi, K., Gouzu, C., Sajeev, K. 2013. A Rodinian suture in western India: New insights on India-Madagascar correlations. Precambrian Research, 236, 227-251.
> > Fretwell, P.; Pritchard, H. D.; Vaughan, D. G.; Bamber, J. L.; Barrand, N. E.; Bell, R.; Bianchi, C.; Bingham, R. G.; Blankenship, D. D.; Casassa, G.;
> Sinistral fault/shear zone > Inferred sinistral fault/shear zone Actual Coast Lines (for reference) Granulite; 33 –Zambesi; 34 – Lufilian ; 35 – Nampula Block; 36 -Dronning Maud Land (West); 37 – Dronning Maud Land ( Sor Rondane Mountains and Yamato-
Mortimer N., Campbell H. 2014. Zealandia our Continent Revealed. Penguin Group, New Zealand, 272. Catania, G.; Callens, D.; Conway, H.; Cook, A. J.; Corr, H. F. J.; Damaske, D.; Damm, V.; Ferraccioli, F.; Forsberg, R.; Fujita, S.; Gim, Y.; Gogineni, P.;
Belgica Complex); 38 – Prince Olaf Coast/Kemp Land – (Lützow-Holm Complex); 39 - Sri Lanka; 40 – Southern Granulites; 41 – Madagascar (Vohibori); 42 –
Griggs, J. A.; Hindmarsh, R. C. A.; Holmlund, P.; Holt, J. W.; Jacobel, R. W.; Jenkins, A.; Jokat, W.; Jordan, T.; King, E. C.; Kohler, J.; Krabill, W.; Riger-
Moulin, M., Aslanian, D., &amp; Unternehr, P. 2010. A new starting point for the South and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Earth-Science Reviews, 98(1), 1-37. Madagascar (Antananarivo, Androyen and Bemarivo); 43 –Seychelles; 44 – Reworked border of the Napier Complex; 45 - Eastern Ghat; 46 – Princess Elizabeth
Kusk, M.; Langley, K. A.; Leitchenkov, G.; Leuschen, C.; Luyendyk, B. P.; Matsuoka, K.; Mouginot, J.; Nitsche, F. O.; Nogi, Y.; Nost, O. A.; Popov, S. V.;
Land; 47 - Meghalaya Plateau; 48 – Pinjarra; 49 – Petermann; 50 – Delamerian; 51 – Ross (Northern and Southern Victoria Land); 52 – Ross (Pensacola
Reeves, C. V., Teasdale, J. P., Mahanjane, E. S. 2016. Insight into the Eastern Margin of Africa from a new tectonic model of the Indian Ocean.Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 431, SP431-12. Rignot, E.; Rippin, D. M.; Rivera, A.; Roberts, J.; Ross, N.; Siegert, M. J.; Smith, A. M.; Steinhage, D.; Studinger, M.; Sun, B.; Tinto, B. K.; Welch, B. C.;
Mountains). TKL stands for Transbrasiliano-Kandi Lineament.
Wilson, D.; Young, D. A.; Xiangbin, C. &Zirizzotti, A.: Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica, The

Project website: www.gondwana.geologia.ufrj.br

Richetti, P.C., Schmitt, R.S, Reeves, C. 2016. Dividing South American continent to fit Gondwana reconstruction: a model based on continental geology (Manuscript submitted for publication).
Cryosphere, 7, 375-393. doi.org/10.5194/tc-7- 375-2013, 2013
Schmitt RS, Fragoso RA, Collins AS (2018) Suturing Gondwana in the Cambrian - the Orogenic Events of the Final Amalgamation. In: Siegesmund S, Basei MAS,
Seton, M., Müller, R. D., Zahirovic, S., Gaina, C., Torsvik, T., Shephard, G., ... &amp; Chandler, M. 2012. Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma. Earth Science Reviews, 113(3), 212-270.
Oyhantçabal P, Oriolo S (Eds.), Geology of Southwest Gondwana, Springer, (In Press).