fteneratmr Protectinn

5.'! lntrodu+tlon
'Ih+ g+*ct*t.yrE ir*d irr t[t+
f(rttrEr :;l'$tr'flr ars' E[rL, altt.nu.Errrs t,hich pnirll:rr. tt.n
h.rgh ;r.c volLagm,. Thr pr-c{ectir:n nl gr.n*r.}tr,E i-c uerv melrh .omp[elt duc (r'r thr,
i+'lltrt+ ilrg rr'.rrrmrts.

I ['hr 6*nt'r*turrt arq, 1'trit"i+rrgr nn.rrlrallrtr prrrJurtng, t,t'n'lrtS[r t'..rltnH,r't.!r]d rr,,

q'{}tilll5i]te.J to tirr+h"r r.*.

I fu'.trirlus +tlu:r e"quiprtr,r.:irts i*rl- rl*',rr's a+srr,t-i.itttl rr'iltr tl-** ge*er*t*r5.Sllttr

ei.-lulpmi-'nl-+ .rru Frris'ne rnEtteus, Eltrfrtatrcrtrt srislLam-r. r-#iErge regul,.ttnrs., c+Lriing
svr[ttns r.'tc. Tlrltr prcrtecti,rrn o[ pTrnrr.riurr rnnst cfiFtirr.irE th< prrs+nce uf thffi(
t'{hpr r"i1r-lipatt*rrH'. a lsrr.
.1. i.r[r]'trusllt', trTr(.rtri ur.,tfiEl t'('r]'rrfi$.'{rrtJrit i.tr"brlf tli.t l.}rrr\*r"f
!'h5r pqtrr'ttlri[t:rr JrH
lv:fl.rn, TEr* pru:rtrtlirrtr s*-'ht:rrrt| lTrrFst lft: sq.lrl't tli;rt ll shu:u[r.] rrtrt slrr.r! t:if lhu-,
Erttur&tirfl iL\ i.'sJ r1! ptrrrE[rlt'.'Fhr shut u{l gt:rlur.ltlrr> rt:r:h. irr .1 [:r(rturr
sh*r[age..
r\[l thesdr firctr:-rrs irutke tI-le d+*tgn m[ prri:Eerilmn sr-'hunne [t,rr thr gener"]itrr- -..r.rtr'

rrrur[t (rl]flF[pr-
[hr],ort'ytq[df it?]{ ttti' l,lr Eirlrl'i PI'trtl't'lirrrl .*'}tt,lfir"t irrr ![it'lirftr.rfitr]rx, [n't trs i-Jlc{.'arqr
L''!ft{ittl htlttrl* r+ hir[r tit[t *iq1gy ,]s3.iri.rftt{ re'tth tlrr.. fieErL'I.ll* rrc.

5.2 Gcneratsr Fault*

T'lr*r tariuus fmnlts u'hirh Eiln E{Eur rsrcrriatrci lvith .r Hsner&Er}r rfifl hH cli-w+rfierl +=,

l- Shutnr tau] L* : Thro,[*ul E+ s+sncialcd r+-rth tl-re stater *[ th+ gr.ru,r;rbr,r-

J Fltrirrr t''rtt[{s lteq faults trsstxi,rtttl ilIt(]r uf thr fi{ru:F.tiut.
ln.'rth th+,
1 rtt:t:trtEEit! rtr*niEiH filnditttxlr;'fhr:, rr\rltrrlrrh ttiitlttrt,r r{ *hrurrffritl lunrtilr+rlr
whith tn.tv i-H1-ttr in practire. lrq-rrtr ruhirh Ehu g,rnrr.ltrrr mr.r]t be pr,.rt*rted
L+t us discr,css ther;e f*ults in dL.tail,

(5-rI
Prcurt&an and S,,*ritshgrar 5.2 Gonrratsr Prol,eetirm

5.X.1 Stster Faults

l'trr: st;rtor farilts rftL'EftE faullq asscr6:gtgti l.;ith the thr44 ]rh.*s." ftrr?tiltrrr+ ryindings
n[ thr genen.rtor, Th*r f*u]ts are rnadrih- due [o [he Ensu]atiolt fai],ss-cr *f the .trrfi-erErr{
rsrnriirgs. Tlre mair ryp** erf sbatorfaults are.
[ ['lr.rsr f<r s'drth f.:uiir
f. I'h.rst'h.r pharc f;uii+
-i. lnrer-tr.rm [*ri]rs rn"'u[t'ing lurnE *f ssrne phase r+,rnding.
The trTnst inrlNnrt*nt and r*srnncn tautrt r* phase fa *prth faulr" '[h+ oihcr f,+'tr sre
nol !'er)'{oErtmr}ir rEhrls isrien-turn f*uli zs r.ert rlifficrrlt to drtect.

5"E,t"I Plra+,e to Ewilr Fa{dlr

l'ht*q, l.-nrttr tn+rnl1- u{i$r irrr lhg srtrrtslur{'sl+ts.'Tlre laulLx *n" d*r16r"r[]uti *F*,,J {":jln
r.!irir'\nir.'{rrt} ii;rr,n$g+* tr: ih* *rpqtrgjl,q+ rrrsAhire- ThU faUlt flt!.fafrls h.s* thart Jt} A far,rse
:rrglrgi.hl+ hurrrrr:g +f r:.rr+ it nraehins ir trtppd q*iekl1', But if tlm {atrtt rnrr*fit= *rr
Eligh. wtlrlrE burmingl Ert Etatsr ccft: cirn ra-ke phce, mft mm.y le+d to Ehe requlren:lrnt r.rt
nplaltng ths ]affi[nrtrnns svhEch is ue!'I rmtly and tdme r'xrs*rnin6. 5o to artrEd ttrr+
d*rrogr due tn phar* to earth fauEts. a s€p€rdte, seflsitiue rarth fauLi pruteri"rugl ts
nrcrs'urry {'+r tht ESrIst.ttrxr$ *tltrrtgt+'irh tlre esrthirll4 rc'sistxrtrr:.

to Plrass Fru{ts
LE,f ,E Filnars
ftre g.hase tr phas+ tau[ls ahsrt *r,cuil behr,e*n ir+'+ ph.*se rt.indings. S;rch
ffredl-Ls
i.rults *rs ustt=t'!ftrnrrtt btuntr*+c Lhs irlsulatiso u-+sd hefn'e€n th# cvils pf diffgrerrt phas*s
in * slot is large, Eut snce phase bo ear*r faulP cmcur=, due to the rlr.r"r heating phase
trr pLr.r+e [.ru]t ul-cr] :.l,l*,i' (rcrEir- Thte fsult ia llkelv tfi t:{,cur at thc ctrd rtnn*criryrrs oi
tFrt armnlure *'irrr,tittps tr'hi{h are truenheaftng Fertt. rutsidr th* sltrts, Such .r fault
(strq*+ !*{rvrFtrH arring t.+'rth vcrt.'lrlgh fernp{rt$ture*. This frr*l. l*.rd rrr rrlrttlng r:f rt4lp51*r
arrd lrrr il tlre i*sulatirrn Ls nrii fir* resist*nt.

5l-1"3 St#sn lnter-Tum Faulhs

'l'hr' rr.r,[!* u-..trd i]1 the aliertr+toat ere generallv nrulEifum ct'*ils.
$o short rircr*it
l-*trurun the hirn= uf ufie ur]il ina1. scflJr n'hich is r.x[]ed en inier-turn fdulr, This frull
(r-r'rlr\ rlue' tt) currrnl Fllr$r-he wirh hrgh vnlue of {L di/d+} v+lt*gtl s{rffs* thr. tr.}ffi$. Eut
tl thr. trrrls rts+d lt' *tngh' tumr thr'n thr+ Ixult can nnt friTur. Hqn{$ (lrr th. la.rge
nnar:hln*.i uf rhe trrdsr o[ 5O hl\''A and m+re, it [s a nunns:l pr*dicu to usc r+rngle tum
rtriE. Bui [n Hdrne ctunHe$, rrruttitum cmls are t'sry csmrnorrly rr$e{i r&h+re pnrhdioit
agairt+t intrt-turn faults is nrust,
Pr@*ction eft d Builtt*hg*iir s,3 Gaderater Frctefttsn

5-E"E Eotor Faufits

The t'utor tlf ,rn ,+lg+r-n:tr.rr is geirrraih- :r litl+t r'r,isrrli:u +i- Fnrt"t ,rt t]te alter:.atirn,
.!lt'L':i nrtatirts tield t+6'e The fictd t.iltrdtit{ is nr.rtle LIF r}l'nrrrnLrr:r of turnr. St- [h.'
cr'rn,JisLir:r tc t'nrth f*u[ts -rnd shnrl rirrrr;t hdilrrr-n thg hrrns rrf th,e fielrl ru[ndlnE, ,lre
Ihr' < c,tTllttrrttl]' rt'r-ttff[rti{ [*irlts ft'Etlt lt+prt.r t trr ,r rq.rtr]r. 'l hrrt. !*tulf* {trr i'i}H}r:r{ rlrrt, trr
;|1;' 4'vgpq' tn(.,:l'u-rniCFI *nqj lFrt'rmnI rtI\.tr,r"h, *cl:11]i rrrt tlrt, ilr'[,.t r,,, lnrtrlnH irfstr] +ti,frn.
T'hi'ir+lrl win+iing t'-t;,ierrd'firll5'nnt Srtirrrrrtrtd +rr,,i lrrrr,.* rtn[4[r-. lrru'trr Urrr[rru{ l.!ult
Jr"+ nn-tr give anr,' [autt cur-nenf. A rnrqpnd ktrlr ts eartlr tt'rll rhr;rt crrrr.rit the p,rr* i:i
!Jrt'lleld itdnct,klg and nra,*'there bv p4nitrt-e *tn i;ns1'mnltih'j(.rl fiei,.i s1'st*m,5u;h.en
tnlt-rnrnrtrjc*l Et'rterri pivm rlse tr:r thr ernhalsnred furrrs un the rirtrlr *rnd rg':t^r]kr in
r'\{r'\\ JirL'rhufr,'r*st iht Er*:.li'ings *fi+i !!ti. ,;haft c.'tIstr::r!:xrtr, il +Lrr'h.t f;rirlt is rr*l rt!r,rrijd
t t'fl l,'.r rlt', Hr.t i1 [v \'t'r'" grtu*tt ilgi'Lt.\liitf \' irr Lririir lEtE t'rls!t,llr u r.[ lltc Iitsl tr({'t}rI'r-.Eu-Lr
trf ;f11' *.rrth hlrrll .*, th*l tnrri.rt[],e mtl"riirg:i r.',!J1 h.. tAkr'll tr{l'uft.:ith..rirlrt l,gltlI r.X.e-rr*.
llrc rrnhirrl+nc+d lr.r-r'.[lng i-,n the ge**rat*r ir responrihle tu pr,.rrlrr,:* the nrgtilrr.
-\rrtluerl{E currerks, Th** r.-le[T LrfttE prrduce a rmrating magricftr fiel.] lvh[r-'h r+[etrs in
tSf+r$ite rlir(.nqtirul ttr xhat qr$ r+trl.r ffi;rEstriir fiei<r. DrrL" t(r this $irtd, there is indur*q-l
e m f rn th,e rntsr *'rnrllng. This rnus+s *vrrhe+tlng +f th* F+tq.lr.

Rcrttrg C.trth [**lt trrErl6rVtirrn and rnlrur tt'rtil](rfrrtUI(, tlttirr-ittr]Ff,. eIF!, tttq, +$rr,nl i,ti .ttrtl
rrrtr Jr.otulUt,r,I til lilrli# r.tllnp; ${'[rt'p.l[41;5.

5.8.S AhRornl;ml Runr,r{rrg Conditlerrs

ln practice lhere arr numbrrr m[ siuuahixrs in r+hirh E{rlfrshr ii str[rj*rt**d lt, x::trr
*lrnrtrtn*l rurxnirtg crrnditi*ns- I[le Fruifi:-E:on n-rusi he prutidrr.l .rgrin*t the *!.rlr,.rmta]
rrur,il lti r]n*. Thr'sr. il ht nr:me i rs rnrtr liitrrrs i nrl udt,

I ilr'*nluurrl[n6
J Dvun+perdrng
l- Unbntanced luarJing
4- #tert'ult'*ge
5. Failurc u{ pnrnr rrr{-}Err
fr. l.*ps ttf r,r{ltfiti*rr {Fir[tl failurej
i. t,'sx:[irrg Hyrtr,*m failurr
5t-3.t Ovrrtotdlng
Du*r trr the r+ntinrlr:rls s\rerEo*ding, ihe ,:r*rlteating o[ r.]u statEri. rrsutts. This rnsr-
itrr'nr*ss thE n'irrrting htnperarr.lrl,, if tiris temperature ris+. crcEedr terttin }imit rhe
i.r,sttlalttrlt +f the rr'lnding mfllr Hut rJ.inragr.ci Thr' rJtgrru ul rrr'*rluading dsr-idt+ tf[.
t'ffrrB.rnrl tetflper.ttufr rLr+'. Tttr uurig('urrcnt prr-rter:linn rs 6rrrcr.rilv lr.t trr ttfr hr,{h
Ptfl+stlpn and Switichg+ar 5 -4 €eneratEr Frs{aedsn

r.rhrt.[rt.rrt'i,r,'lurti:rutrut trrr:r[rrqr.ts u{ luu+ r'*lIurs thirtt tl:u."rtting e.rnnrrt hr'*.nr*d bu

r:\ crt.urrrltlI pfcrteC!tr=n

5,?"3J &erspe+ding
hl r','rrr rtf lrudruuJit' genet*tfifiE e suddcn l*+s o[ lu"rd rmults rrr *versptr'dillg r{
!hr,' g1'n1,r.ct*rr. I[tit rr h'{$.tusr' httq' t','.ltl.r fl(rt*' hr t]lt turhilte (,Jllnt}l [r+, sfnppn.t-i trr
rr.titr.-ttl irrshrn{Et'. (lttrr,r+tJu rr Furthr.rgt:r'fft?#r * pruvk{t'11 [s prurrr'rt tht rrttti:t"t\.ti!}lq.
Itut it thery [s *rrv f*t^rlt in thq turhine S(]vrifrt#f thr*n lhu' danger*uE rlr,srrp{,tdi*g mal
t-tk(. $hi*. Hr:rre it ts netti=sarl' ffi guprrx'is+ thr,- r+orkinEi of turblne gt:t'irn*r *ru.i
:,rke seme coffc.rtirs Er$rr-r-rgrs5 if therry is s*xere 6aull in the g-iuemrr.

i.[ 3.3 Unbalaneed Lording

flltl rLrrl-r,tlitttcfd I*r*rJing *-rl tlrr;;rn{'rot*r rl"uulte jn the crrcrrl.rtrnrl uf FhH.]iivr
!rLir!r,n(r rurrurLr. [hrr,s' Lurnjilfs F]rtdrsfu* th+ rcrt'*tlrt6 Ern$nrtic fit'Erl, 'l)tlt rot,'ldrrg
!?t.tSr!r.tirt thld rc'Lrt*E ai th* svnc]rrcmui-ts ffffid nrth rmpect hr+ rutur. The dinrtio* *f
nrt,rij(Hr of t[ri* mfrBfirt;t fi+[d is appei*iE tE th.rt r.:[ rntrrr. Hefif,* i-{frrtit'clrr, lhc r+latiq'*
sp*rrl het+r'eerr the frrrr is ,joub[r= F.he srrehrsnsrrs speed.
Thrcs fhe p"rn.(- gr"la in,Juce'J, lravEng dtrubEe the nl-irmt.li *requr:rrcv, lrr ttrrc ft.*$r
lrrnrJtng Thr.: crr*rl.rt:ug {$rrrr.rttE due to the indurr-tri r,ffi,[, arf ri*F]rrsihle tn rrlerhrat
tXtr rtrtrrr tr,ilrr-ltng ,I5 tr'r'll ns ruhnr aianrpingr- Crrntinurruls unbnlorrcr-m{ lrlad rn+rs thsn
llt';, trl thr,f;!trd luaqi {"u.rgfh trt'rn+ildn*.i* hN:atlitg whi,rh ir tlrrinin.rnt in+'er* t:f
r rlurdruc.tl rmfor o[ irubturtterruaturu.

fhr* r*"rEuns f*r the unhala:rced I**d EoErd.itions are,

I Lkr'lrru*ttte +[ unsvffinrl--tnicnl frulh nrar [h+ gemer*tin$ sktiEift-
I llrt'f*rllutq t# r.'rr(r-Irt hrcalten ne*r the gmrathrg stfitirrrr in rharing ,rH tFuo: fltn+
ph.l-u'r
\eg*ttr.'r, Eri{tutfliu prtri*tiun ir lmportaril tu pnc'r'rtil d{rngi.rtr.,rs sr[Ll;rtiL}n+ el*e ts
mlf,;it:r'e leqt.nErn(tl ttrr*J"rlt:i trthifh *re b*cauc trf unh.*lanred l$ad cilrrdirEftfi$-

Le"3,4 f,verrroHag*
'fi'11' q11'r,Fuol[.rget
.lre hasic*[l,f' 'i*e tn the cuetsp*drrrg t-rf g,enerators, &"nother
rr.rtrn fnr tltr'r.]\rdrtuit.igt-* j* bhr ftultl'opryr61[ryrr nl vnll.lge rsgulut*rs. [.{tll f}nE| thr
uttr.flt.tl {}t'r,rv(rltflI+,"!.rr+ u[.rEtEi+n:u.x bui $trntxrphen[r,'su16r, r'rt[t*gr+ (*tt,l[sr: rrgch tfl
thr Huftsr,rtlrrh- Sur'h atmocplreril: Eurge udug* ilril gr-t*rabefr hy rtirun lighrim8
s,trukrs Fo the aeris"l lirrs rrJ high rr+trtage :yrtern, Induclivel-r' and capacltiveEt. ile=e
surgffi cen Eet transferrErl tri the g*neretr:r. Trr pr+tect tile EefleEators from $r.!r6t
vrrlt.rBes, t.trc sur6e arre=hr= and surge eaperrtors arc nften used.
rt! o[ resFnhrtg rr('f(n'll th.+ tflnhddt+ *f rirn:it brelkerB, thr tr.rn*rent oter
thc' tirne
rtlt.l5r"s gcl gt'turntrd Such sursr"s arr. ca]Ld *rvitthEng rurpl und qurr [:r: limirrrt bv
Frmctirn an d 3$dtchg+rr 5.5 Gsn+riltor Protectt+rt

th* tr*+ ol rnod*rn itrcuEl Lrrurkers R{ surtre suppres*rrt at:+r help in re,Jurtng,
switching surge:i, An+t}ur srh.ratinn, n'hen the tr+nsient overt'+lt+ger rlre gerlcrait-l. is
ttlten tht'trf,{$ anl grr-r'*r-:<iet{. During.1Enr}H pruurrds, tht. tr*ns[.:lt vtrltagrs h+r'irrg
,ttttplitrrr]e+ fiv+'tirrr+ Fnrirs th.rn tire norrnaI Iinc t+ rrr'r[tr.]l ptrk.trnplitudr.r]fp
gcnr:r+trtl $rLrh trJn$ri.'tlI r(r[q;rBt'c irrr'drrrrfi{,F{rLrii rti}ri (rl\ l-n'rrilrrrt-d lry rrt:ng
r('ils t,HI(ri r'.rrthi tr g.

12.X.5 Fsihg€ of Fdne hl+vs

Th€ Jailure cf prmi.e nlcucr result-t in motrlriftg uF.Taii(ln r'rl s,/rrrhrrln(us
gt-:rratr-:r. The Sener,rtr.:r dre-r\'s er-'tir.e Frcrlt.er frr:m Lhc lrettr'trrL.rnd c't:ntirlLtc's lr} fuft
dt +l'nchmnous sperl .ls .I -"!'fiihfonr.-lus m(tlrlt Thi.+ irr*y [r,*t[ tr,r rlnngtrutrs fnrrhan:r.rl
tr:ltlitrutrs i[;t[]tt+e.d t* irt'nii+t frrr ntnr('lh.rn trvrlrtt sr..r(r!rrlr. Th* $r:rir-run {rtr,rhr-,tlur8
uf tht \lrrnt tUflriltr-. h[.rdr* nr.rf., It:rU]1. Til Frl'Vt'nt tliir !ht' rl:t'{..rr.. Frrwt'r trrr.rlrgttrtr
s{hrr.r+J hl .jlrerhlorur! piur+rr rtt;rus is usrd.

12.3.6 Lms of Ercftation

Th* loq,"+ r:f ercitatir'r* r:r reduced ercit+tirrn is pr.rssihle dr:+ tr.r thr F[e]t1 f.titrur+ r.e
ry1fllnE ui iictrt rrintling fir ttlr- [o *tttrrt eircuit in lilld nr t{ut' hr :i{tnlr [:ru]i rn
t'\t t ltf I!'\ft'ln .

Srr.h [tn's r'rf ('riiLrtitr:t ri.rltlts irt luls ol il']l','l]Frrrtihr!] ]\-tllrtn .r ]*r't:11{l +lrd thrr
c-rlrr,$l the Incret!'t !n sp^ml rrf the gensr*tor. Su'rcc -l-lr.*i'm inFul irt thr.' iltirtlurrE
rt'r'fi.ritts Silrn*, ihe gener.tEl.rf SiSrtS uttr$*ing iL\ "1n lndrrctirrn gcnerahtrr,, drar"r'inE the
re+r--hre Ex-lr+'er from tlre hu+. The rn+rhlnr itar$ dra'n irrg an sxriting current fmnr the
r;*':tem- whjcl'i is eqtr*l tct tE-re full lrrr,l rr,terj ualur'. Thi-c !r:+di trr thr: *r,'erhr.rting t'f
ilrr rtalc'r t+itrt'ling itnt{ th+ rotrrr [trd1- r{rrt' ttr intluteri rurrenti Thc lurs uf trcii.rtrorr
nr.rl'Jlr+r lu.rd trr tht pxrlr slrpping crtttdrlirrn wltrrlt rusultr irr llrr vt*lt.riir rtulrrrfirrrr frrr
!itr. r*ttput .thrrt.'(, h.l[t th+ r,tt;.rl lttttl
LtEs o{ cxritrttirrrr +ltrtul.l flflf perrrsi ftr llrng and rLrrrLrttr'* tttecrsLtrtli lrlu-.
dr-*crmnt-iion oI altenrator Eh+uld tre takr-'rr inrmr:dlatcly. Rrr ihis a tripping *Jresre
(iln h( us+(,i which ,.-*n irip the generat,ar cirscut bre;tku-r inrtn*dletelt' whrtr fhen' L* +
{ield i.rilrrre.

iLLI Cooltng Syetarn Fsiiurr

l'lrt'i.r[ltrrt u[ crrtrling tur[r'nt alxr (f,t!rt'i EEt,tiri-r tlr'rrhc.ltttlg !t) rix. thr.
Irrnp€r"rtrtre aboue Eafr. limit- 'fhi.s nrsl, I$ad to insrrl+hrn faih.rr+ r.1u$lng sonle othrr
faulE t(1 ocfur. Ttre thermxuuples $r rcsrsiinrE therrnoffit:tgrs Jr(. uscd in lrrge
m;rchlne= to sense thu- temperitture- Th+ tt'rrrrtrtivg rne.lsLrfi=i ar\J taken r,t'heneter the
ftefhprraturr exferds the Iirnlt
Apart lrlm tht'+ttr(rr(r rlnminant *t:nps*l1 cunditrrrnr, !i.lrn{i r(}itdtti0fili,nfil r:\Lrt
u'lrtth .tFLr rilt'ri t!1 I'tt.lcti(r'. Suctr rrrflrlrtiun-r Jrr', \+'rurll tt rtlrrottl/.;ltl+n, ltx.ll
 -'1

Fr*tnstlon an d S,,xttqhg+sr 5"6 E+norulEr Frctacl*on

ri\crtlLa\tutg, .k:.rhapr in hUtirrrgrrl ctr(airt, rncristure in the Efl-ler.tlEr rvindilrg, ol!'Een w'
F1:re iufrter circutt. r'ihiahrtris, bearing
rurreuts. etreutite t.le+ring teffiper.lture rtr'

5"$ Eesflc Eifler,ential Froteetifin SchBHIe for Generators

.\ p,1rir. rllIft'rt,rrti..rl Frqrltttintr sr'hr"tTr(r tt:i(ntl irrr tlw Ht'ft'rJtt]rs i$ l!tullrIn In th+
l.r* i I [t is LrHrwn tlr.rt the r]ifierrrnti*l rulav r]peF$|f,-* rvhrn rh+ phasnr r{ittcrrnr-:r tif
Ir\rr rlr tlr{rJ,r rltttil.lr rlettrtr.rE qristltltif* erct'tttrc u predt'tr'rnrtnel t'.rIue,
&anarrs

I r_=-_ --- Dt'flegBntra"g{5'y

Flg. 5.1
Suppr1,*q, k[rr., trrrrl.lrt I flt:lv$ lhnrrr$h the prirn,rrl' fti {-.T
s ttr thu txturn*l {nult lr
lJt(. f'ru i-.'!".t hJr,., +.lrnr r.rt[lr. thert nrr currrttt wlil [nt,t*'thrrricFlt
lhc fr'1.t1'*:g! if
frllTt.l t Il! Intrl:t-'fft ti t' r.'.
SuE.trq, [{ ern inierrral iar-rlt offErrs at FaEflt X as shrrt+n in ttrul Fi5- 5.t" th* currurE'
flt,,rrs thrrtrr.rgh thr: !'eult fr+n'r herrh dre s+de*. The prirn&nr rEEITeflh;
are 11 arud [= tt'hile
tjlr" qrrrfirjflr\. lrrrgnL\ fire i, and i;. 5*-r Ehg eurre.*t ttr*wing thr,eugh the ro*lat
r+ill btl
Ir * r, [irr.lr rntn(',r-LrrrrlnE fltrwdnS4 rrr.nt cd ofie std.H r+hlle * ]*rg,r cltrr[lflt entenrg the
rrll,rt,r rrrir: rv*ll r-.IE[:,{'tht',Jifir'renlia} f,-t:rrer'tt. $uCh e fUI!'{118
it re$pttn*iblr t*' (lFtr'tEri
tltt' tri.1L

I
- -'+ I
;- tt't I
r I

ftf,ereos+l
relsy
FiS. $,8
Frst*ttlnsr rmd S,,vtt+hgtar E.r Grn+ratar Frsitoefiffir
'[hus ttr* l'elarr tEtrreil[ is;rnrp1ryll1:63! trr rlte pi-t*rrrr sliff+reficr LrHttrt'trrt the
runentr +fit+rinB aruJ lri*r'ifilE the lrr+ttr'lrqJ rircr:[t .rfi{,l i{ th{ sttft'cr+flliat turrmtt
eu'rt**s thr: prickup value, ihe ru-hv +1-rcrair=

Thir harEr diftrrtrrria! r{hsrilr, has [+lirnwing rtrsxtlv.llttsHss '

t ttris t'irriiit up\"r"Ik$ in+r.rrlr*tr.lt' rrith lE,tt'tr' r'h.trtrt.rE {,trr[tr.
I Thr: C T,u tn.Jv trhrr.tte .uut L.IUsr* i.tr"'Lrlu.rl :tt \lntifiirr' crrrrun[.s ,rFtri th..'
di({r:rurttt'rrt r*u*rrrtCItT t'ufn"'rtt.h nr,l\ a;:prtuclr tJtc prrkupr t.rlur kr trpr.'rltr tltr,'
r*i'ay unt:r'cr:s*"rr[ [','.
Th*:* rtis;rdr,.*rrt*Ei*r fir"* CIutr'{Dnrg in th+ Frrtea}tilge diffure*ntE;}[ r*[+y-

E.4 Ba+ic Forcentago Eiffar€ntiel Frr{,ostlon S+hemo {er Ganurstsrs

Thts pnrtertir:n s{hemr is .r[s+: c,rilrd blas+d rlilfrrrntial pr;-rrrttti+n schern(.. T]l*
Fig- i 3 short's thr. rr:rnre-Ecoffir o[ [[rr prr-'rr:enl,agr: +Iif{ercrrturl nlat-, in such a pro{rtti*n
sthtrn*-

[-rut
tl

rrh
**----r I

frperatiryg
r gqil
I

.-*-lL'J -.- n d4larenld nrhr/

ftqsbainin{ ++il
Flg. S,$ Ferarmtagu diff+nenttal protuctior, seherne
Thtr f*u!t flfturs at ffrint H arrd the prinna*'cuffrftts in rlre eiliEuit are l, and L.
The C-T, regnndarv currqnts ang ir atld j,. Th* tutflrnf ffrlrvirtg thruugh the opr,erating
t.oil of rhe relay i+ i, * r.. E{hilt'ftrt' r.s,lirvr:t flqrn'iftH thr+rlrffh the rrstrainirg cpil mi E}u
I t, r i, \
rei.lu is , J---J I - 'tlrtu is br"{.ruge tlr+ rrper.rhng crtil {$ \*(Hrnrgk$d trr thr ffidf{llnt cl
ilI
th+ rcstr*ining +a![.
Thr:s if tfue nunrbtr af tr,utrr of tFw r*training cojt is Fr then !1 flou,s through $
and tt flrt+,s throrrgh rrrtt*ining +o The lotat ampurc hrrrLs *.*
*Furc hrtrLs srr + +I .r r"e, ;
 Frffirtton nn d Bryltc hgra r 5't fli+nerrlor Frtr{€€t{on
I r t, 'Ehis :tftrough thc entirr
t ir lr qrntl ;s the fllutt, of flrrrenf i+ rr15trarnlrrg
: I
t. * .t

(rr; I

The *tprrurhilrg r h,t r.trturi*lir:.s

rrl +rr.'h a [rt*r"tt] ,.lr{ crs."n tial f

rt,hrt r,* rhrrrvrr nr tlrt, l'ig. 5 4, Og*il*1,6t rBg{rr

f lrr l-h:l ftlr lurt: ir r .qhe ]tt'\ tlul I
I

r'tirf1 t,il ltlrr'ctlr.rflt!. r;tta oE I t ,*g'rsrqis

.irl5t"runti"tl {.rFrr*rTLfiE Eltrreftt F{-}

trn
llonup*rstfurg r&$*rt
,rr f nrstl rr..str;tirtlrtg r'urft-'fi1 aS J _ -rt &rr$u6
1r r,trJ
f('rL'r'fi t.1*&-,- li *nrr tl"ir
f r.'-,1\ ir t',1Ill ,ii I fut'
F\e"rr-r..tl tfif;f,
rlrf tlrr.ni t.ll r., l;r1'

I his [r.l+rc I+'rfLrfttdl$Lt ---F. !r +E He5frninrn4

rl if tr:lr.rt t t.I I p rr rtrttit-rrt s+l-rcttrc trurrEnl
-- ,
rutrrn-+ thr- Lr*trt r.rf the
FBg. 5,4
pr*itit:al1t' \'L,r!' {*ETrr}lr1fl h' us$rt
p'tr"'t'1rt,I.gr' s.'tlfft'rr'trti*! p'rrotcctit-:r schesne for alteyn*tnr st.ltnr r+inttinps. 'l'h** ptryular
*.ltt'nw it kttrir*'tt nll [1:.r"+'if dill*rsilti*l piltl*,ttEi]t1 e]r lr'trrl-l'nm, prutq,rtitrrl
l,.t-l [].h L[liir lrl,r thu tlEt"tilr rri h"{q.rr.ltrrfg Fru[rt'liu:r *rhrnlr lrrr tlrr,. tlrrq.[' pfrlpir,,
,11trrm.,&[rtr it;ttttr rt':n,Jings
5"5 Mera-Price Frstestion Df Alternator Stator Wlndlngs
Tlrts ts rn+-st L-r-Tmm1L1ftl1- uu*+ld {or i}re nltem*R,*r slahn"" ltindtnp_
pn+ha-tron ssltenle
Tlu. rt'lrt.tn+ il .rEsr-r t'*[1crt h[as*r.j drifrrrntErt prrltcrtk'rrr .incl prer*+,ntirgr, rjrfi+lvrrlial

[r!-tr ttt'i it trt .

ln ![ril
rrt('t]'rrnl. thr" rurrt*tr 6t th* hr'.u e.nds rrf th+ prrrtr=led E4-4tirrtl ith...lr.'fr5,ild
lr-tln$ r:Lirrcnt tr*nrfomrters. 'Tltrlovirrs r{}ru}€rrinff relay cnrlE i!.1 the current h.ariFfi]rftter
:+r'rx':q,l.rrirg rtlr *altr.rj pELc* wires.

L'ntlutr n+nt'tsl rmnditi*ns, wFten there i,E nE fault Er: til* p;indifigs, the (urreTrtr in
rtrc piEt:i wdre,+ {ed {rnrn f.T. Ferilfideries ars eqr!frl. The differentl*l {Llrru.nt i] - iI
thrtruph tlrt'tt1-or:rtttn6 itrrlr lrf thr rt!o,r'!E Ecftr, l-{emcr the rr,l.1},is irr+p+'rttiur. l*d
a".:tr.r!r ir +alti t* [rt h.l].rmcrtl.
lThr-'rr (tult urcurs !rr-+idu ttr* prrmtr-ted rec-tiun rrI thr st+ht:r rvindings, the
difter*nhial cnnre*t i, - ir flows through *ue cperahing c*ib uf the relay. Uue trr this
rurrE'rtt, tlte rt'lav $F+raEt.$- This trip the gsner*tor eircuit trnrak+r to Lrrrlate tte fuuIn
:e':tiolt. fhr fielt'l is a[rt' qilsct:nnerFed and Lr iiisrharged through .r sl-litrblc irnpriance.
Thc Flg, 5,i shtr*c.l *hr:nirttc lrriing.ernent til lVtl'rr.Frim Protc_'r-lirur $thr:nrc f1,r a
\t.If (tlilrL'r'R1l,tl!{.fr!..t!r}F
 Pret+stion Errd Srnr[tchg+ar 5 -B G+lnrrtter Fro&ct,sfl,
d(
$I.st qfirrnff.im
slLem€LI{ rinltr,
p,ztr.llfR Jf ilEdlfl
Arfifi€ffr F------t BErftriE
-16rJtsE l-l
l#-trq

i- |
- - - - - -

I (t* -p- rJprrt{\,nl Lr:Lr

H f --+ lrl
I
4.*riire,rrnq
oc I ig+ CrcLrlbrtrrsr
I

F-(ft@'tgqjE d,f
*j - - - . . .1c- - -:
,:rfiorqerh*l rrq6 r

Fig. S.5 ttttz-Friea protcrtts'm [m $Hrr corinecia.d atrtrrnator.

The drtfete:rlir'r] rt'l*r'g1ur.-"t prt-:tr"*ti*rr ag*[nst sht-rrt rt.rrl!lE [*uir in the it.lrrFr
rrindmiS, of l gencr.lritr. Thre {.T.s rrrc ElrrlnrltrC in star and *lFr prr,}r'irted uni h<-,th, thr
r,uigr-,lng +irli.'attd milc$lrtifl'ur'urdErtg rrrruErr-'Ltrrxrs tn e+rth sitl*. The rrctrilinjrlg r--Lrtls Jrc
r'nrrgrantr {rt-:,nr t!t' ,q\tlnd,try {+ngr*rti{ln pd e .T.r in eaeh F,hose" rhrr-rugh pil*t lr.irr.r,.
litr,16r,r.rfitlH r'ni[s ilrr rnrrEi..+il tlt'tht t*5rtrrrn6r frrrnr lrilrt,rt,ng trrrl.r arrti qttt, ['[
llr"r,rtt.I! r"rrItti tt,g r'{l'll]1iTti{rt
I'hl, utrtil;t f ,tr[,rrHr.rEt['11 f 11 Hrr.rl l'r:r thc r,!r,.[tl (r rt u t*r'!ttl .r ltr'rrr.rtr rr Htrt tt rr .rrrlTrri! r'l l+.
.rr rilcrr'.'rr ur tlrr.' [-igi. 5.6.
*tt: ar!'trl glErr Bh&rrlls cf.
rlator *in{rq t.f, r'e'.rElsl
.E Se-r.thng

Rtut i+ng

O,; + ftiurarrrq r*r

EC + Hi&ElrEtrhngeFt
CE * Cu{:lribr.Esrrrr
r HE F r \.
t^,.

H:;I;1.,0,
FIg, S-fi Hem-Frie* prfitocllon fs. delta connustnd rhwrr*tor
Frrt+ctia n amtl $tPttchgtar E-tg Generater Protactiron

Ihr ['.* un thr dttia crrrtrtectt'tl m*ehrn+ wrnditlg ridr arc cututurted in d+lt^r
C.
tthrlt, tlrt C.'l .F itl l,rrtE(rlEt$ +nds fit{ t'o-rrrt(ttnl irr shar, The rstraining tuils *re plff**t
:rr *nrp F-,haxr, r-.n+.q1iz*d brl the se;finderf qr:nnechions nf C.T'-s r+rhilc tlre opr'eruEi-rtg
.rlrlr,1Er rnu=rglrtd. trsuir the restraining c*r! tappings an'J the f.T. neutr,rl earihlng.
ll rhr,t.t", rs * firu]t ,,-ltrL, [rr a rhurt rrrrui in the prrotrr-rml r*ne trf llre w'indings, lt
rri L.'l'.l+ lrn hlth
irrr+jrr,.r,r a rlrlir.rrtrtr:r'L",.*tl+'cqrt ttrt furrl"nts in t[tc prim.in't*'lnr,ling*
:i,.i.r'r rrJ tirr tr;crugr.rtr,rr rr lnrJing of rhr s*lmr phrte Thi* rt=ulfr in a r{ift*tuntr betw+rn
1lrt +..r,ilrtililr\.c.rrrr{.nt5.'iI thi'twft eurn+a[ tf&E-E5forrfi*T5, ThUS- rrrCd+'r I'ault rr*rd!ti{'ts\}'
;, J:tftren[i"r[ c{.rrrr*ni rlqrrrs fhro,ugtr i"t'se +Txrating coils nriuch is re*p+nsihle tu rnF th+
rul'rr' +nri {-,P{n the rrrtuil lrrcftker- Th+ dirfseritial relsl tr5:rtr+titrrr efepr'ntI* {ffi th*
iq,l"rt[,in t1b.t[\r{,El* th,.r1 clrrrent Ltt the rgreratimg r+il snd th+t !n t[rc rr'*trainitrg ctril.
[.r:,rrluj*tir.oii trr iErr.. tnlprprng sr{ rifi]Elit hrerhqr, thr: prfficttrt.rgr rtiftrrilntr*l rr'l"rf tmp s
'yL.t 6ti],itrl6rrt' It.lilv ttRtBrlE'trtt"trr,tnl\' irtlti.ttH+ tht'
Ir.tI:.,1 fr,rr,t ttrtrllrr r]n!i!it .rtrriIi,rn' ff,!.t3'.
hrllrlh{i Itt rl}-riti.h llr!Et},

t Triprplng i-rf thr' rn.=ru rirr-uil brea-};e'r uf gerrerakur

I Trippirr6 tf tlrr ti+ld tirr:utt bre*k*r
3 Trrppinp trl thr ntutral circtrit hrealier if it Is pres+nt
{ Shrrt ltrnrlt cii tF'.* frlH}H n"l$ver
-,. '['q.lrrr rrrr *t t l], $.]] lf fur c.rfctt' rrf gr.-:rt"rstttr unr.ll*:- iuultv strrt+iltr$rtr.
1:n'rv.ic*iri
6r. flpt"rilti*.rrr rrf l.lrrrn.irrd /'rrr Asttr&r*ri*t*r Etl i:tdicat* t*re +ilcurrr::rcr:
rlf thr" fnr:lt
3nrl the +peraii+n trt the ret*t' the f[etd mtmt be erpned immedjakel.v r:ther*'i:re
il st:ltt-r fu.etiin6 thu' iiruli-
lthr.n di[{+:runtia! rt'L*ving i:+ u*ed frrr the FfrrEt+tt;$rE. L'T.t .ri hr:th tlrr: c'lldg *[
Fr.,r'rur.,rt(rr ttrllst [rr. tif r.tqrr"li r;rti* nnd etluat .rccu.r.r{}'ffitllrrvr'js,r
rf tht'r]rrtrl'i5 r'rt-{*$[!f.
rrrrrm!+ r.Frrr.ltir:n r',f [.i*{* rul.tl'rnfly rcsult- T}rt. cnuii}i,(}f L}iILqu.l[ trtrrcnts tln hrlh the
ur.itr r:t f .'l-,+ t+rilhuUr ;lfi!' f.!Ul[ irti F&tlrt fttrillt. tltlq'Eull [r'ngth+ ill !h+ lurds, $ftl\trUl!
:+\-rtnrl.Ir\' btf f dcn* t-t*.
This srhgrntr F,rr!t'Edu.* vtrl,' fa+t pfrrt+*+l4Eift ttl the slat+rr tsindirag AgiliEt$t phase to
pnlr.t* [aults arrd ph+s< io Bru*nd fnuhs. tf the neutral b noE Sruunded fir grnrlnded
thrlugft rq,rlrtiurtr ihr'n lttc'!ititntl! se!15iHt1E e*fth f*Ulf fel,.'r1' shuuki h' ;trut'irfrd.
ft1r., advfirrtflssr erf lhn+ $cltctnu ar+,
I Verv lrrgh sptr"tl (jF+ritruEl *.ith uptratirtg iirn* uf *brrur t5 rnsl.t.
I 1t r!lur+rs lutc., i"ruLt li(,4ttiflH lrrhErh E-TrEurEE mexlrrrE-Irft Fr(rtr'{tit}n ul rr.ichlxr
wirrdings-
3 lt Hfisurr*s filmpl(}ts stal''ilit)' untdsr dTt ntmt seuetre ihrough .rnd extFtnnl ftulB-
 . .f.Er{lra

{. lt rle.+.r rrrrl rtqr.rirr. surrrlrtt tr*rr:it:rmrr: itrth +ir fI.lF+ +r sprsl*rl balancrng
frecrtrtrts.

F 5.8 Restricted Earth Fault Prote$iufl ff GenErator

L*trrr,rllt lt{t.u-l'riqr prutx:ti*n hosed crn flEulatirrg errrrnt pnnnple prntidrs tlrr
Irr{rlrrnrffi lliam*l tnk'ntsl e;trth faultr- IIut frrr hrgg Eqruirrlltr. r:\ th..:it, JrT r'ilnillt. ln
i*ldrtrrrRal prirtr{tion ic}rrrfir. r..'rrllfil rl,Ftrii1d'..{ i'.rrtlr lanlt ;,rr-rtrutrrrn h prouider{
tYh+n lhe nrutral rr >ulidlv gru.rnd+d thrn the grneral+r getr compt*tel5' prote-trr-l
agailr:t +arth faulh- But whetr n*utral is gr<rundctl tluough +ailh rwlctafioL', ttr*rn thr'
*!,rlilr ruindings get partlr prclttn-ted a*.gin*t Brfth firull*, Tlr+ pc-rc+ntagtr rrf r+rnrJirrg
;rr*rtr.t'trrl d+pend* $r! the r. olue fri e*nhhrg RtiFtanrrP tnd th+ r.€liry srttting,
Irr thi"r t{hsiltt. thr rairu ul rrrrilh rlrulintt'. rd.:T rr.ltrn-g, fur-rpnl rathrg uI t.rltlr
t*it;itd:ft.'rr nrustt he tart-lullr rr.L.r'tgl{- 'llrr.. t*tth l+ulh dtr rirLr n*ar the nr.ulrll prrurl itn
[:ht t',rltililu t:f 51*ptrul ptrrni r,r.rth respect ttr c+rth r$ vr]r1'lerr- Eut r+heu c+rrh Iault
$ci'uri rtr*.ar thr neubal p*int th.en tle itBuffi.{+rt} r.+tEge JettriB thq'hlult dri*-es rery
[qr*'- fuult ruffir'rt th** t]r* piule rrp (arffgrrt +f rrlay coil- H+rt-or th+ nrlay tqril rcltrairu
mt4reratire. Tlrus L{ m I#,, rvirtdi.ng from the nrutral EidB rernriru unpmffid in t}rie
+chtruc- Hfnr'+ it n rnlhd n+Erictrtl r:.rtth flutt Ftrh-dimr- lt is utrral prarti*+ tr

Tht rrstrigt€.d &lrth fault protectitrn schr-lrne ir rhor+n in thr'Fig. 5.7,

Gerlemlorststtr
c-T r- - - -- -l
l-'r

I li./ ;
f Eeanfruu
-tireEfiE
!
eoa

r t:\
= Rs*rtriEd Barthhrltmby

F$
SJ ReefficfisG sarfi fault plrotacfist
f.onsider that earilr fault qsurs on ptrax il due tn tireakdwlx of iE fursuhtitrl i,o
earttu as *hou'n in tlu fig. 5,?. The fault curr€nt la uritl flon' thrrugh the crrc, fnrml.
 c-n[rractrst* trr r+fih ;rRL{ r(}mplet* tfue gr*rh drrough tlt earthing rt=iiErirnrre-'ftH C-T-
*=ondan* trprrp11t [. [itr*'s throug]r ttur operating c$il utd thc reitricte.t s*r tlult
ru[-rr- coil rrf t]r,r. ditt+rrmtial prtrffctiuil The setting d rcricted mrth fuult
elat +nd
rrttrllB td trrer<rrrrr.at r.'la:f ate ind+pentent Of eUh rrther- Urrder t['ti+ g<endgrV
tYi. rr srrl&<tsFt trr
.urr.nt 1.. thr rt'l.ry rrpgrate: to trip thE Eirrtrit hr+.rhr The l'+rltlr5e
r.lriru thr., snrrlr!{h-f*un illrrerrt 11 *.turr thr fnull FHrrt t tt,twiqi Inrm tlle nt'utrul
lxrrnl
tt fnult p15i6t \ ir rr€r-rrEr trr tlr nsir€l Foing rhen ttu t'oltagr Va, s sffialtr anll
tl.rt.
rr+,t suff,iri+nt tr, tlgre en+ugh f+ull {utrmt I And ror th[= ['' retray rannrf
crxrrnte'
I'lurs prrrt rd tlrt. n rnrli*g {n'rfir tk rsuu+l poi:nt rffir**rs unFrtffid. To overtffifte
rhir. if reLrr.- r+rttrng rs rhsrcn rtn l,elr ta rnake it ssrsrtt.-t h lsw fardt rurmtts, then
1..rnn5 (rf!ffrrtltrn +t rr-l-lv fiiru nFtr*- TIte frley fin c1)trrte unrlryr the rrlnditHrtt's
of
h,..rtrl rhiuugh l*ulL+. rrrdteur.rtr t'.T.s, *rluralisr of C.T t ttc. Httue prr*.*ltelllv l5h $f
tA.urrlurf; lnnn tlh. rrutr*l pruirrl i+ ]+Tt +rnFtot{L't{El. prtrtt*fint tttts nt'marning t+5'9"
uf
the *-rndlTrE rruiilnit phase Fr earth Jaultr

5.8.1 Effect of Eerth Resisl=ncs on % sf tTirtding UnProte$ed

,Y
[-et rrr= x+ tJ:1, rfTr-rt rrf eailh ff+istf,ilce 0lr ttp *a r'l thry x'inding rttrkh rrltlililrs
urtfirr rttr't+d,
R
rrrristarxt R ust'd ttt hmit earflr
f+ult eurient as +]xrwrr i-rt th+
Fig 5-8-
The vrlue s[ tlrr n*istens+
E lilnig tte earth [auh rurrt'nt.
AIaffiGtE/ II ftt rr*l*tlncr' lt tlt t'ert'
rtrurs i.0. tlu nsusnt b .r[mo*t
rdldly Brflnd€d. tht$ thc fault
<urorr t= ve*. i$gtL Eut htgh
fault surrslE are ttrt desirable
lrelre srimtl R is n,st Preferred
Fig. $.6 frr ttre large mmhines.
lirrr lo*. r.+rrstll{ts R, the utfiu ol R L+ selOctrrl rmh that full lt]iHil (urn"rt FtEL$Eli
tlr-r'rrrrgh thr nrut'nrt. lor I iull line tu $flurnl voltngt V.
Ln nredium rerrstance IL ttre earl,tr fuult curreni is lifirit€ri tc ahout ?fllA t'or lull
hnr trr nE'rrual volagc V. for a 60 HW ma*tine,
In hif,h re=i*tanrr R, ttre e*rtlr fault surt$t fu lfuital t+ about lfl A This i* wsd
frrr distribufirm tmrucft:rrfters und gerter:atOr'trandermer Uniti-