SYNOPSIS

SELF HELP GROUPS (SHGS) AND WOMEN STATUS: A STUDY OF

THE CHARISM OF DAUGHTERS OF MARY IMMACULATE (DMI),
THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT OF TAMILNADU

SUPERVISOR

DR. PRAMODINI MAGH RENGMA

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

ST. JOSEPH UNIVERSITY, DIMAPUR, NAGALAND

SUBMITTED BY LUCAS ARUL SEELI DMI

REGISTER NO: 1803602005
DATE: 07.04.2018

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK,

ST. JOSEPH UNIVERSITY,
VIRGIN TOWN, IKISHE MODEL VILLAGE,
DIMAPUR, NAGALAND -797115.
 ABSTRACT

Empowerment of women is one of the vital issues of development and major social
phenomenon for poverty alleviation. Women Empowerment refers to an increase in the
strength of women such as psychological, mental, spiritual, political, social and
economic sphere of life i.e. enhancing awareness, improvements in health, education of
their children, standard of living, quality of life, increasing access to resources of
economic, cultural changes also SHG members gain equality of status, women as
participants, and decision makers in democratic spheres of life. SHGs play a major role
in deciding the women empowerment in the rural, urban and semi urban areas. This
working research paper attempts to understand the concept of women empowerment on
holistic basis and critically examine the effort initiated to look at how SHGs contribute to
the process of socio-economic, cultural and political empowerment of women and the role
of the Self Help Group (SHG) in women empowering with 200 respondents. Both primary
and secondary data are collected and age, family system and number of dependents in
the family, etc., are analyzed in demographic information and to analyze the role and
performance of SHGs in promoting women's empowerment. This reflects on the quality of
life which empowers them to assert the functions in their fullness with the special
Charism of DMI “Fully Human and Fully Alive”.

Key words: women empowerment, SHGs, Federation, Socio, economic, political and cultural.
 INTRODUCTION

India’s struggle to set her people free from poverty is as difficult task as
freedom movement that freed the Indians from British slavery. In India, more
poor are residing in rural area and the major chunks of them are rural women.
Achieving women’s economic empowerment requires sound public policies, a
holistic approach and long-term commitment and gender-specific perspectives
must be integrated at the design stage of policy and programming.

During pre and post independence periods, various experiments have been
made to eradicate poverty through rural development programmes. SHGs
through the network of commercial banks, co-operative banks, regional rural
banks, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), ICICI
Bank and NGO's has been largely supply driven and a recent approach in the
provision of financial services to the poor and further upgrading their status in
the society and have jointly initiated a new experiment called ‘Self-Help Group
(SHG) Programme’ in recent past for eradicating poverty, particularly rural
poverty.

Women’s economic empowerment is a prerequisite for sustainable development

and pro-poor growth. According to the International Encyclopedia (1999),
power means having the capacity and the means to direct one's life towards
desired social, political and economic goals or status. Empowerment provides a
greater access to knowledge and resources, more autonomy in decision
making, greater ability to plan lives, more control over the circumstances
which influence lives, and freedom from customs, beliefs and practices.
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA – A CHANGING SCENARIO

India with its diversity and rich heritage has an ugly side to it. If women have
been worshipped as Goddess, there has been “sati” too. A silent witness, the
oppressed women have come a long way. Though the situation has improved
some facts such as educational rate, sexual harassment are daunting. To help
women is to help society. And through this journey of women empowerment
our nation will achieve its dream that is the dream of reviving its past glory and
to become the “golden peacock” again. Since 1911, the March 8th is celebrated
around the world as International Women's Day. The UN declared an
International Women's Day theme for 2013 and it is “A promise is a promise:
Time for action to end violence against women”. And this is very crucial for
India. Women must have more equitable access to assets and services;
infrastructure programmes should be designed to benefit the poor, both men
and women, and employment opportunities must be improved while increasing
recognition of SHGs in rural, semi urban and urban areas in India.

The year 2001 had been declared by the Government of India as “Women’s
Empowerment Year” to focus on a vision where women are equal partners like
men”. The Constitution of India grants equality to women in various fields of
life. Now, the women in SHG are always ready to come forward and want more
economic independence, their own identity, achievements, equal status in the
society and greater freedom. And Government of India has provided for Self
Help Groups (SHGs) a proper attention should be given to their economic
independence through self employment, income generation programmes,
entrepreneurial development and well being that ultimately leads to its
contribution. In this way, SHGs are important not only to reduce rural poverty,
to promote rural savings but also to increase gainful employment and increase
their status of health, education, food habits and standard of living. Keeping
this in mind, the present study is to study the empowerment of SHGs and
Federation, to analyze the current position of women empowerment and study
holistic improvement of them after their joining SHGs.
 a. CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND
Empowerment as a concept was introduced at the International Women's
Conference at Nairobiin 1985. The conference defined empowerment as "A
redistribution of social power and control of resources in favour of women."In
recent years women empowerment has become a subject of great concern for
the nations all over the world especially in poor and developing countries. The
impact of globalization is seen eventually on position of women in some form or
other in most of the developing countries with the variation of degree. The
United Nations has also strived hard in an incredible way to draw the due
attention of the World Community on this issue in the past years.

b. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Empowerment is a process of awareness and capacity building leading to
greater participation, to greater decision making power and control and
transformative action. Empowerment of women signifies harnessing women
power by conscientising their tremendous potential and encouraging them to
work towards attaining a dignified and satisfying way of life through confidence
and competence as person with self-respect, rights and responsibilities
awareness of gendered power structures, self-esteem, and self-confidence.

c. SELF-HELP GROUPS
Self Help Group (SHG) is a small voluntary association to form a group. SHGs
consist of maximum 20 members (homogenous group) because any group
having more than 20 members has to be registered under Indian legal system.
That is why, it is recommended to be informal to keep them away from
bureaucracy, corruption, unnecessary administrative expenditure and profit
motive. In fact, it is a home grown model for poverty reduction which
simultaneously works to empower and shape the lives of its members in a
better way. Self-help groups (SHGs) movement has triggered off a silent
revolution in the rural credit delivery system in India. SHGs have proved as an
effective medium for delivering credit to rural poor for their socio economic
empowerment and cultural and political developments.

d. SHGS FUNCTIONS
Self Help Group (SHGs) is as an effective mechanism for providing financial
services to the “Unreached Poor”, and also in strengthening their collective self
help capacities leading to their empowerment.

SHG is a “people’s scheme” and its organization is a significant step towards

empowering women. Women SHGs represent a form of intervention that is a
radical departure from most current programmes. The women SHGs have
enhanced the status of women as participant decision makers and beneficiaries
on the democratic, economic, social and cultural spheres of life and sensitized
the women members to take active part in socio-economic progress of rural
India. SHGs in social change imply not only the change of outer form of a
community or a society but also in the social institutions as well as ideas of the
people living in that society.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

India’s SHG movement has emerged as the world’s largest and most successful
network of Community Based Organizations (CBOs). However, quality is the
major challenge that the SHG movement is confronted with at this point of time
in the country. Women empowerment is an effective strategy for poverty
mitigation, women development and social empowerment. Empowerment is an
active multidimensional process of SHGs to enable women to realize their
identity and power in all spheres of life since empowerment of women not just
a goal in itself, but key to all global development objectives.

The DMI NGO made a significant impact on participation of women

empowerment through Self Help Groups (SHGs) from every dimension of their
social, economical, cultural and political aspects. Thus, the researcher selected
this study of “the role of SHG in empowering women with special reference to
Charism of DMI. This study addresses women empowerment through self help
groups SHGs and also explains the current position of women empowerment in
Poonamallee Block, Thrirvallur district of Tamilnadu.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Empowerment of women is one of the vital issues of development. It has been

widely acknowledged in development literature that SHGs is one of the means
to empower women by providing easy access to credits.

During the planning area several efforts were made by the Government of India
to increase the role of women and to improve the status of women. Self-Help
Groups (SHGs) are increasingly becoming very important method of organizing
women to take action and transform their situation. The strength of Self Help
Groups is based upon the fact that the people who are facing problems are
likely to be the most committed to solve them. This has promoted large number
of Non Government Organizations (NGOs) to enter the rural credit scheme,
activities based on empowerment and socio economic programmes for
organizing the poor into informal groups.

Self Help Groups have emerged as one of the major strategies for the
convergence of services and activities different SHGs in different states of the
country have focused on: Skill development, Awareness creating, Gaining
access to credit from financial institutional for micro enterprise projects and
inculcation of thrift and management of credit for the economically deprived
sections of women and so on.

Hence, it is of considerable interest to study the role of Self-Help Groups in

empowering women with special reference to DMI Charism in Poonamalle Block
at Thiruvallur District in Tamilnadu. This researcher tries to look at how SHGs
contribute to the process of quality of life in socio-economic, cultural and
political empowerment of women.

RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

The decade of 1990’s witnessed growth of various peoples’ organizations. In

this context, the role of self help group women has assumed a critical
challenge. Self help groups approach is the key element of social mobilization.
Linked with micro credit, micro-finance, the self help group approach and
movement has now been accepted as an effective intervention strategy for
poverty alleviation. However there is scarcity of resource literature regarding
the impact of self help groups, on their socio- economic, cultural and political
empowerment. Against this background, present study has been carried out to
assess the empowerment of women of SHG members belonging both in rural
and urban areas of Thiruvallur District.
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

There are numerous studies made both by Indians and Foreigners to examine
the empowerment of women and their related issues. Some of the important
studies in this regard are as follows.
a) Pattnaik (2003) in her study reveals that SHGs are continuously striving
for a better future for tribal women as participants, decision -makers and
beneficiaries in the domestic, economic, social and cultural spheres of
life. But due to certain constrain is like gender inequality, exploitation,
women torture for which various SHGs are not organized properly and
effectively.
b) Manimekalai (2004) in his article commented that to run the income
generating activities successfully the SHGs must get the help of NGOs.
The bank officials should counsel and guide the women in selecting and
implementing profitable income generating activities. He remarked that
the formation of SHGs have boosted the self-image and confidence of
rural women.
c) Sahu and Tripathy (2005) in t heir edited book views that 70 per cent of
world’s poor are women. Access to poor to banking services is important
not only for poverty alleviation but also for optimising their contribution
to the growth of regional as well as the national economy. Self Help
Groups have emerged as the most vital instrument in the process of
participatory development and women empowerment. The rural women
are the marginalized groups in the society because of socio -economic
constraints. They remain backward and lower position of the social
hierarchical ladder. They can lift themselves from the morass of poverty
and stagnation through micro finance and formation of Self Help Groups.
d) Satpathy and Khatua (2007) made an attempt to study the impact of
Micro Finance in socio economic growth in KBK region of Odisha. Basing
on the study of SHG Bank linkage programme made by NABARD,
 analysis was made to evaluate the success rate of the programme in the
backward KBK region of Odisha.
e) Nayak (2007) made an attempt to analyse the empowerment of the poor
through SHG and micro finance in the Kalahandi district of Odisha. The
questionnaires were prepared and presented to 997 members of sample
80 SHGs. The study found that 89194 families of Kalahandi district
benefited from SHGs and bank linkage programme and suggested
strengthening of cooperative sectors.
f) Anitha and Revenkar (2007) made an attempt to study rural development
through micro credit, the growth of SHGs from 1992-93 to 2003-04, and
agency wise SHGs linked on March 31, 2004. They concluded that the
success of SHGs not only improve the economic status of women, but
also brought lot of changes in their social status.
g) Vinayamoorthy and Pithoda (2007) made an attempt to examine women
empowerment through SHGs in three villages of Tamil Nadu. They
selected a sample of 398 members of 20 SHGs from Vellore,
Thiruvannamallai and Dhrampuri districts of the state. The main
objectives of the study were to examine the income, expenditure and the
savings of the members after joining SHGs and the role of SHGs in
providing credit. They concluded that economic activities of SHGs were
quite successful.
h) Gudaganavar and Gudaganavar (2008) made an attempt to examine the
empowerment of rural women through SHG. They highlighted the
process of SHGs in India from 1992-93 to 2006-07. They also highlighted
the region-wise progress of SHGs and employment of women through
SHGs. They concluded that no development was possible without
empowerment of women.
i) Sobha (2008) made an attempt to evaluate the problem of self employed
women. The study took 400 self-employed women as sample from
Coimbatore Municipal Corporation limit to use scaling techniques. The
study concluded that the problem faced by the beneficiaries of Prime
Minister’s RozgarYojana is less severe than non-beneficiaries.
j) Vasanthakumari (2008) made an attempt to examine the role of micro
enterprises in empowering women in Kerela. The author took a sample of
328 micro entrepreneurs. The study revealed that these enterprises
helped in empowering rural women economically, socially and
individually. The study suggested giving priority to commercial viability
of enterprises.
k) Murugan and Begum (2008) made an attempt to examine the
predominant barriers to women entrepreneurs. The study was based on
the primary data collected from the sample 100 entrepreneurs of
Chennai City. The study reveals that social and cultural barriers are
prominent formidable block for the development of women
entrepreneurs. The study concluded that entrepreneurs with ability to
plan and run a business to deliver quality products.
l) Kumararaja (2009) made an attempt to evaluate the performance of
SHGs in Tamil Nadu. The study highlighted the progress of SHGs in
India and in Tamil Nadu. It revealed that there has been a steady
progress in the number of SHGs and amount of loan sanctioned. The
study concluded that a timely and regular check of the micro credit
through SHGs will contribute to a healthy progress and to the overall
development of rural women. In India, this scheme is implemented with
the help of NABARD as a main nodal agency in rural development. It is
self employment generation scheme for especially rural women, who
don’t have their own assets.
m) The study entitled “Impact of Self Help Groups on empowerment of
women member” was carried out during 2010- 11 in two Panchayat
Samitis namely, Akola and Patur of Akola district in Vidarbha region of
Maharashtra on the basis of maximum number of Self Help Groups. The
findings of the study revealed that, after joining SHG, majority of
respondents were involved in banking transaction, promoting thrift
activity of members (78.57%) and (70.71%) respectively. It was also
observed that 90.00 per cent respondents were in high level category of
 psychological empowerment followed by 63.57 per cent were observed in
medium level category of cultural empowerment and 21.43 per cent of
the respondents were high empowerment regarding cultural
empowerment. Majority of the respondent (70.00%) were in medium level
of category of social empowerment and 21.43 per cent of the respondent
were high empowerment regarding social empowerment. Little more than
half (51.43%) of respondents were included in medium level category of
economic empowerment and more than one third (39.29%) of the
respondent were in high empowerment regarding economic
empowerment. After joining SHG more than half (55.01%) the
respondents were highly empowered and 35.00 per cent were medium
empowerment regarding political empowerment. Distribution of overall
impact of self help group on empowerment revealed that, more than
three fifth (61.43%) of respondents were medium empowered followed by
37.86 per cent high empowered and 00.71 per cent were in low
empowerment category of overall impact on empowerment. Not a single
respondent was underpowered after joining SHG.

METHODOLOGY

“Research is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge.” Redman & Mori

Research is an essential and powerful tool in leading man or a woman towards
progress. Without systematic research there would have been very little
progress. John W. Best has rightly said, “The secret of our cultural
development has been research, pushing back the areas of ignorance by
discovering new truths, which, in turn, lead to better ways of doing things and
better products.”

Scientific research leads to progress in some field of life. New products, new
facts, new concepts and new ways of doing things are being found due to ever-
increasing significant research in the physical, the biological, the social and the
psychological fields. Research today is no longer confined to the science
laboratory, but a systematic investigation or activity to gain new knowledge of
the already existing facts and it’s an intellectual activity.

Research is responsible for bringing to light new knowledge. It is also

responsible for correcting the present mistakes, removing existing
misconceptions and adding new learning to the existing knowledge.

Aim of the Study

The aim of the present study is to understand “the functions of SHG and their
status” and further “to study the intervention of DMI NGO and the GOs” in
bringing changes in the lives of SHG women.

Specific Objectives
1) To study the socio-economic status of DMI Federation under the study
area (Poonamallee Block of Thiruvallur District)
2) To examine the role of SHG and their participation in governing body
 3) To study the performance of Self Help Group women who are in
Federation
4) To study the challenges encountered by women of SHG
5) To find out the ways and means of empowering women’s status through
Federation
6) To study the scope of social work interventions dealing with women SHG.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Considering the empowerment of Self Help Group members, this study is

undertaken to find out the answer to following questions.

1. What are the reasons for joining in Self Help Group?

2. What is the present economic conditions of women who are in SHG?

3. What are your involvement/ participation in Federation?

4. What are the achievements of member of SHG through Federation?

5. What are the problems faced by women SHG under the study area?

6. What are the scopes of social interventions of women SHG?

RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design which is adopted in the study is descriptive in nature. The
descriptive research design in concerned with describing the characteristic of
the individuals and group. Also the research design will reveal about the
Federation in Ward and Panchayet level to describe the leadership ststus and
their participation in governing body. This predicts the fact and characteristic
of the respondents and the design is well thought of instrument to collect the
data.

AREA OF STUDY

a. Setting
  The present study will be conducted in Poonamalle Block of Thiruvallur
District of Tamilnadu. The study will be carried out to those who are
living under the jurisdiction of Poonamalle Block of Thiruvallur Distict of
Tamilnadu.
b. Universe
 Women who are the member of SHG and their family members under
DMINGO will be taken as universe.

Sampling

The researcher had selected Thiruvallur District since the DMI NGO is working
and serving for the past 34 years in Poonamallee Block of Thiruvallur district.
The total number of SHG in Poonamallee block 691 consist of 9883 members
in 28 Panchayats and 12 Ward with 40 Federation.

The sampling of the study is the women who are the member in SHGs and
members in the Federation, the staff members who are working in the DMI
NGO as the facilitators in bringing developmental changes. The researcher will
take up 10 case study and 4 focus group discussion. The Sample Size of the researcher
is as follows:-

S. No Category No of Criteria of selection

Respondents
1. SHG women 200 Random Sampling

2. Head of the Family 50 Random Sampling

member
3. Leaders in Federation 20 20 out of 40 Federations of the
who are the heads of federation will be interviewed
SHG
4. Staff Members of DMI 14 Random Sampling

5. Govt and Non-Govt. 16 Purposive Random selection

representatives
Total=300
Sampling technique

a. Random Sampling or the Convenience Sampling will be conducted to

collect data from the members of SHGs, family members, Focused Group
Discussion (FGD), Leaders of the Federation. And the Purposive
Random Sampling will be conducted to the representatives of the
Government and NGOs since many are involved and the availability of
the respondents.

This sampling technique will adopted by the researcher for the better collection
of the data.

Source of data

The data collection used for the study is:

 Primary data
 Secondary data

Tools of data collection

The study used primary data and secondary data for analysis according to the
objective set out in the study. Primary data is collected from well structured
interview scheduled for SHG women respondents; interview scheduled for
family members as well as for federation, Performa for the staff members of
NGO and GOs.

Data processing and analysis

The analysis of data requires a number of closely related operations such as

establishment of categories, the application of these categories to draw data
through coding, tabulation and then drawing statistical inference. Analysis
work after tabulation is generally based on the computation of various
percentages; coefficients etc., by applying various well defined statistical
formula of Scientifically Package Social Survey (SPSS).

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Performance of self help group: It is operationally defined as the extent to

which SHG is considered to perform better or poor according to the criteria
developed by the NABARD.

Women's empowerment: It refers to increasing and improving the social,

economic, political and legal strength of the women, to ensure equal-right to
women, and to make them confident enough to claim their rights, such as:

 Freely live their life with a sense of self-worth, respect and dignity.
 Have complete control of their life, both within and outside of their home,
workplace and to make their own choices and decisions.
 Have equal rights to participate in social, religious and public activities,
 Have equal social and political status in the society,
 Have equal rights for cultural and economic justice, determine financial
and legal choices, and get equal opportunity for education.

Community is a group of people living within a specific geographical location

sharing common interest, problems and with capacity to generate common
solutions.

Participation means open and broad involvement of the people of the

community in decisions that affect their lives. When awareness gives us a way
to motivate, participation develops.

Self Help Groups are change oriented mutual groups that addresses life
problems of community members. Performance is the execution and carrying
out of tasks as well as the outcome of the work done

Capacity Building: Skill, Knowledge and exposure towards leadership ability,

decision making and other ability of personality development.
Status of Women: “Status of women in any society depends on her recognized
rights, duties, liberties and opportunities – chiefly in the domestic, economic,
social, political and religious spheres”.

6. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS

Women: the female human being, as distinguished from a girl or a woman,

an adult female person or a female attendant, minister and a lady.

Meaning of Self-Help Group (SHG): SHG is a holistic programme of micro-

enterprises covering all aspects of self-employment, organization of the rural
poor into self Help groups and their capacity building, planning of activity
clusters, infrastructure build up, technology, credit and marketing.

SHG Federation: The SHGs and a structure evolved by SHGs members

consisting of representatives from different geographical settings with a motive
of supporting members to attain the goals of economic and social
empowerment of women members and their capacity building.

Empowerment: The word 'empowerment' means giving power. ‘Power’ is the

key word of the term empowerment. According to the International
Encyclopedia (1999), power means having the capacity and the means to direct
one’s life towards desired social, political and economic goals or status.

Power within: the knowledge, individual capabilities, sense of entitlement,

self-esteem, and self-belief to make changes in their lives, including learning
skills for jobs or start an enterprise.

Power to: economic decision-making power within their household,

community, and local economy (including markets) not just in areas that are
traditionally regarded as women’s realm but extending to areas that are
traditionally regarded as men’s realm.
Power over: access to and control over financial, physical and knowledge-
based assets, including access to employment and income-generation
activities.

Power with: the ability to organize with others to enhance economic activity
and rights.

Fully Human and Fully Alive: Fully Human and Fully Alive: our
understanding of 'being human' are informed by her deep inquisitive faith and
her philosophical training, but inspired in the main by her transformative
experiences of sharing life with people and with developmental disability. “The
weak teach the strong to accept and integrate the weakness and brokenness of
their own lives.”

DMI NGO and their Service: The fundamental goal of service: “to support and
love people to greater freedom.” "We are not called by God to do extraordinary
things, but to do ordinary things with extraordinary love and tries to support
the poor in many phases to make them fully human and fully alive”.

7. TENTATIVE CHAPTERIZATION

The dissertation writing services are divided into the following chapters. They
are as follows.

I. Chapter: 1 Introduction.
II. Chapter: 2. Review of Literature
III. Chapter: 3 Research Methodology of study
IV. Chapter: 4 Results and Discussions
V. Chapter: 5 Summary and Conclusion

a) Annexure

i. Bibliography
Annexure

i. Bibliography

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PREM, World Bank, Washington
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