yl:office administration

HYACINTH TUGMAN a. Unsolicited application

Revision
Contributor b. Follow-up letter
c. Solicited application
ELLO, STUDENTS! This week I will turn your attention to d. Job-offer letter

H Paper 01, which is the multiple choice. Some of you think

you can go into the examination and guess the answers
but, in reality, this is not so. Nine out of 10 times you may be
14. Another name for résumé is:
a. Curriculum
wrong, so know your facts before entering the examinations. 7. An itinerary outlines all the following except: b. Personal data sheet
a. Arrival time c. Testimonial
1. Combination equipment usually carries the features of the b. Passenger name d. Career prospect
following individual pieces of office equipment. c. Airline number
a. Telephone, photocopier, fax machine d. Hotel reservations 15. If you are preparing for an interview, it is wise to:
b. Risograph, printer, fax machine, a. Evaluate the position.
c. Fax machine, photocopier, shredder 8. The transfer of files to a storage room is known as: b. Consider the job description.
d. Photocopier, fax machine, printer a. Archiving c. Research the organisation.
b. Deleting d. Obtain the training and qualification.
2. The word ‘skills’ means the same as: c. Cross-referencing
a. Abilities 16. When there is no ‘quorum’, the meeting must be:
b. Attitudes 9. This document lists the items in the order in which they are a. Adjourned
c. Qualifications to be discussed at a meeting: b. Held in camera
d. Experience a. Notice c. Delayed
b. Minutes d. Postponed
3. Which of the following would be suitable for communicating c. Agenda
d. Standing order 17. What is used to indicate that a folder has been removed
with persons in another country?
from the filing cabinet?
a. Teleconferencing
10. Filing done for the whole organisation at one place by a. Out card
b. Voicemail
specialized staff is: b. Index card
c. Cellular phone
a. Organised c. Divider
d. Telephone
b. Computerised d. cross-reference
4. Factors that influence the selection of communication include: c. Centralized
18. The fastest way to make payments worldwide is by:
a. Cost d. Confidential
a. Email
b. nature of message
b. Credit card
c. Need for a written record 11. A customer wishing to purchase goods or services on
c. Facsimile
d. All of the above credit should use a:
d. Electronic transfer
a. Credit note
5. Interpersonal relationships relate to: b. Credit card
19. A debit note is sent to a customer to inform him/her that
a. Persons meeting to plan events. c. Letter of credit
his/her account has been:
b. Private and personal matters. d. Credit transfer a. Increased
c. Attitudes and behaviour towards others. b. Reduced
d. The pattern of events in an office setting. 12. Which of the following offices promotes the firm’s c. Outstanding
products? d. Balanced
6. The tickler system normally follows the: a. Sales
a. Numerical system b. Marketing Answers: 1 d, 2 a, 3 a, 4 d, 5 c, 6 d, 7 d, 8 a, 9 d, 10 c, 11 b, 12
b. Alphabetical system c. Public relations b, 13 c, 14 a, 15 c, 16 d 17 a, 18 b, 19 a
c. Geographical system d. Factory
d. Chronological system Hyacinth Tugman is an independent contributor. Send questions and
13. An application in response to an advertisement is called a/an: comments to [email protected]

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 8-14, 2018 13

 yl:principles of business

Major economic institutions and systems

YVONNE HARVEY CARICOM, in 1994, at the Caribbean Heads of reconstruction and development projects.  Special assistance to Latin America.
Contributor Government meeting, the Caribbean government Funding for projects comes from money
agreed to establish a single market and a single contributed from member countries, as well as ORGANISATION OF EASTERN
I, FRIENDS. This section is titled economy known as the Caribbean Single Market through financial agencies and institutions.

H Regional and Global Business

Environment. We will start by looking at
some of the most important economic
and Economy (CSME). The main aim of the
CSME is to allow free movement of people,
capital and services across the region.
Developed countries like the USA and the UK
contribute large sums.
CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS)
This institution is made up of the lesser
developed countries of the CARICOM group
who signed a treaty in 1981. One of the main
institutions that are either in the Caribbean or The bank’s first loans were made in 1947 for
reasons for the OECS was that member
affect the Caribbean in some way. Enjoy. THE CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT BANK reconstruction in four European countries. After
countries felt that they were getting a raw deal
(CDB) 1948, the bank turned its main efforts to
from the larger and more developed countries
development lending.
THE CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY This is a regional financial institution within CARICOM. The countries involved felt
Funding obtained by a country through the
(CARICOM) established in January 1970. Its headquarters is that the OECS would better serve their needs
IBRD can be used to meet infrastructure, health,
This body was formed in an attempt to solve located in St Michael, Barbados. The bank was than CARICOM. It was also felt that if they could
education and other needs.
some of the region’s development problems. It established by Caribbean nations to provide speak with one voice, the voice would be heard.
officially came into being on July 4, 1973, financing for development purposes in member The headquarters of the OECS is in St Lucia and
states. All members of CARICOM are The World Bank is also a major source of the institution was formed with the following in
although its early beginnings can be traced back funding for the CDB.
to 1968 when the Caribbean Free Trade beneficiaries of the CDB and some non- mind:
Association was formed. The body comprises all CARICOM countries have also been granted  Economic and political integration.
the countries of the English-speaking member status, e.g., Turks and Caicos Islands INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT  The creation of a single currency (the EC
and Cayman Islands. BANK (IDB) dollar) which would be managed and controlled
Caribbean.
through the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank.
This bank was founded in 1959 and is
The bank makes loans to member states for  Trading arrangements among themselves
CARICOM was established with specific aims composed of member countries in North and
social and economic development in tourism, which would be reasonable and workable.
and objectives in mind. Some of these are: Central America and the English- and Dutch-
agriculture, health and education at low rates of  Common policies in particular areas such
(a) The establishment of a regionally known speaking Caribbean. The aim is to promote
interest. The CDB also assists local as agriculture, hospitality and tourism – such
market which is called the ‘Common Market’. individual and collective development of
development banks which may be too small to policies must encourage the free movement of
(b) Economic, cultural and social integration member countries through financing economic
deal with major projects. capital and labour from one state to the next.
and development which includes encouraging and social development projects. It also gives
 Common practices and procedures in
the use of raw materials among member states technical assistance and help to implement the
Jamaica has been one of the recipients of the industrial policies.
and encouraging regional trade in agricultural objectives of the Inter-American system.
CDB. Assistance has been given to Jamaica for  The establishment of a single central bank.
products.
agriculture, and special assistance was given
The bank’s activities include: Okay, I think I have given you all quite a lot to
after Hurricane Gilbert.
A major focus of CARICOM is the Caribbean  Giving loans to governments, the public read and digest so, until next week, ‘walk good’.
Common Market (CCM). You may wish to do and private bodies for special development
some research on this group arrangement. It projects. Loans are given at attractive rates of Yvonne Harvey is an independent contributor. Send
may be useful also to research the functions of THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR interest for 10-25 years and must be repaid in questions and comments to
the different parts of the structure of CARICOM, RECONSTRUCTION AND the currency that the loan was given in. [email protected]
which has at the top, The Heads of Government DEVELOPMENT (IBRD)  Special funds are also given for economic
Conference. The Common Market comes next This institution is also known as the World and social projects which require special
and, finally, The CARICOM Secretariat. Bank. The bank began operating in June l946. treatment, such as lower interest rates and
In keeping with the overall objectives of Its purpose is to give loans for productive longer repayment than regular loans.

yl:english literature
BERYL CLARKE brother considers himself as superior to him and, therefore,
Contributor

UMAN RELATIONSHIPS can be so very difficult to

‘Blood Brothers’ develops a corrosive hatred for him. Paul likes to draw and paint.
He is observant of nature around him – the wind, the grass, the
flowers and notably the casuarina tree, which is mentioned in

H understand. I am completely taken aback by what happens

in this very short, short story, Blood Brothers, by John
Wickham. I really should not be surprised, however, for we are all
Our story is relayed through the memories, thoughts and
consciousness of a 13-year-old boy, Paul. His twin brother, Benjy,
consumes his thoughts. Blood Brothers, as you know from your
each of the first four paragraphs of this story. It is as if Paul is
fascinated with the beauty of this tree and yet he finds it terrifying
at night. He is an intelligent child, a thinker, but his thoughts are
individuals, even though it is believed that twins have a special not just deep. They are dark.
reading, is another very thought-provoking work on the literature
bond. syllabus. Here, we meet a boy in his early teens who feels that his CONTINUED ON PAGE 15

14 YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 8-14, 2018

 yl:english literature
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 14 awareness of his fears by squeezing his hand knowledgeable, but resentful and bitter, and his yearning for closeness between them. We come
while his brother ... hatred of his brother continues to grow to an understanding that Paul is an unhappy
Paul is a sensitive soul. He is also very artistic “...unaware and unafraid, hopped and danced unabated. Every time that Paul remembers that teenager suffering because of his internal
and aware of his ability, his potential as an artist. along the road exploiting his new discovered whistle night, his hatred rises up in him. conflict generated because of his love and
However, while he sees conduct and and flaunting his own complete lack of fear, his own Paul is convinced that his brother thinks that admiration (hero worship) of, and the scalding
accomplishments in his brother that are blatant intrepidity in the face of the wraithlike he is better than he is. He believes that because hatred he nurses for, his sibling. He is clearly
admirable, he does not realise that he, too, can shadows and the ghostlly voices of the trees”. his brother was able to whistle before him, is conflicted and confused, craving to have his
be admired. There is a current of hatred of Benjy The brothers have completely different willing to take risks, has no fear or shows no brother accompany him on walks and being
in Paul which started to develop when they were reactions to the situation. While Paul is fazed by weakness, is, in fact, an extrovert, Benjy willing to share his innermost thoughts with
only six or seven years old, and increased the circumstances, perhaps because of his considers himself to be his superior. The story him, but struggling with envy and the ever-
steadily until they have reached their present age artistic appreciation and sensitivity, Benjy is told from Paul’s perspective and we must growing hatred.
of 13. The writer, using a particular literary remains untouched by any fanciful idea. What is carefully examine what Wickham presents to get As the story nears its climax, it becomes
technique, has Paul sharing an incident which even more important for us to recognise is that at the truth. You see, Paul tells us about both his more obvious that an eruption is inevitable. Paul
had taken place six or seven years before. The he does not know how Paul feels. He senses brother and himself. Can we be sure that the can no longer contain his feelings which have
boys had taken a walk with their father one nothing that is weird, macabre or ghostly! At that things of which he accuses Benjy are real? Is he been boiling up inside him. This we will deal
night. Unnerved by the shadows cast by the age it could be clearly seen by us, the readers, projecting his own fears of inferiority, his own with in our next ‘class’. God bless!
casuarina tree and the soft whispering sounds that the two boys did not think alike or behave in attitudes, on to him? What evidence is there that
made by the wind in the trees, he had clung to similar ways. Unfortunately, while one child is Benjy thinks of him as a coward? It may be his Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor.
his father’s hand. His father signalled an not bothered by this, the other is not only own fear that holds him back from revealing his [email protected]

yl:principles of accounts
ROXANNE WRIGHT  During the year ended December 31, 1998, the company
Contributor
Company account made a trading profit of $425,000 before payment of interest. [>3]
 No interim dividends were paid during the year. The directors
1. What are shares? dividend holders are lenders or creditors of the company. Some decided to pay the dividends due on the preference shares, to
They are different types of capital such as: features are: transfer $20,000 to general reserve, and to recommend a dividend
 Ordinary shares  They carry a fixed rate of interest which must be paid yearly, of 15% on the ordinary shares.
 Preference shares whether the company makes profit or not.  The balance of profit brought forward from 1997 was
 Debentures  They do not entitle the holders to participate in the running $10,400.
of the company, as they are considered outsiders and not owners.  You are required to prepare the profit and loss appropriation
2. Define and describe THREE features of each type of shares  They have priority to repayment of principal upon liquidation account for the year ended December 1998.
listed above. of company over preference and ordinary shareholders.
Ordinary shares are certificates of ownership to a company. The REASONING
features are: WORKED EXAMPLE  These qualify for half-year dividends only.
i. They carry no fixed rate of dividends; this means that if the The details of capital structure of On Time Transport Ltd, are as follows:  These shared do not qualify for any dividends.
company makes high profits, they may get very high returns  Deduct debenture interest before appropriating the profit.
depending on the director’s proposal. On the other hand, they may
AUTHORISED SHARE CAPITAL
not get any returns at all if the company suffered losses or made
 4,000,000 ordinary shares of $0.50 each. EXAMINATION PREPARATION TIPS
low profits.
ii. They carry voting rights.  400,000 12% preference shares of $1 each. As you get closer to your examination, to assist with your
iii. Upon liquidation, they are the last to be repaid; this means  600,000 10% preference shares of $1 each. preparation, I encourage you to:
they may get nothing at all.  Choose a study time and stick to it, be it early mornings or
ISSUED SHARE CAPITAL late evenings.
Preference shares are special shares preferred over ordinary  Acknowledge the benefits of early mornings which are many:
 3,200,000 ordinary shares of $0.50 each, issued on May 30
shares simply because they: 1979. times are quiet, cool and fresh.
 Carry a fixed rate of dividends; this means that no matter  400,000 12% preference shares of $1 each, fully paid,  Solve at least one question per day to keep the grade one in
whether the company makes high or low profits, the same rate of issued on May 30, 1979. your reach.
dividend is paid to the holders. Hence, dividends do not fluctuate  300,000 10% preference shares of $1 each, fully paid,
according to profits made. issued on June 30, 1998. [>1] This is where we end for this week; join me next week as we
 May be cumulative, which means that if the dividends are  300,000 10% preference shares of $1 each, fully paid, continue to complete the syllabus. Grasp the concepts and retain
not paid in one year, they are accumulated to the following year. issued on December 31, 1998. [>2] them; you will need them as you progress to excellence. See you
 Are given priority over ordinary shareholders for repayment next week.
upon liquidation.
LOAN CAPITAL Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and
Debentures are long-term loans to companies; this means the  $800,000 10% debentures repayable December 31, 2009. comments to [email protected]

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 8-14, 2018 15

 yl:chemistry
and can be done by heating the protein with aqueous hydrochloric

Polymer – Part 2
FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL expensive. Water-soluble plastics are also being made, which will
acid or sodium hydroxide. A similar process occurs in the
stomach when enzymes break down the protein in the stomach
and in the intestines.

Contributor allow them to decay faster.

OLYMERS CAN be natural or synthetic. Synthetic polymers

P are man-made through chemical processes. Examples

include plastic, synthetic fibres and rubbers. Common
synthetic polymers are nylon, dacron and polythene.
EXAMPLES OF NATURAL POLYMERS
Natural polymers exist in living things in nature. Examples
include protein, cellulose, wool, silk, starch, natural rubber and
DNA. Carbohydrates are natural polymers made up of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates can be in many forms
Proteins are condensation polymers made by linking amino based on the number of sugars or monomer units present.
acid molecules together. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, Polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose are made up of
oxygen and nitrogen. many glucose or sugar units joined. Examples of disaccharides
include sucrose and maltose. Monosaccharides include glucose
and fructose.

Starch is a polysaccharide made up of monomer units of

glucose formed from condensation polymerization. Water
molecule is lost when two glucose units come together. nC6H12O6
(C5H10O5)n + nH2O

If acid (e.g., HCl) is added to the starch and the solution

heated, the starch will break down into its glucose units. This is
called acid hydrolysis.
Amino acids have an amino group (-NH2) at one end and an (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6
acid group (-COOH) at the other end of the molecule. An amine Starch + water (in acid) = glucose
group of one amino acid combines with a carboxyl group of
another amino acid to form an amide or peptide bond. As these During digestion, starch is broken down to glucose by enzymes
are added together, a molecule of water is lost. in the mouth, pancreas and intestines. Natural polymers are found
in many substances all around us. They do not pollute the
environment and are important for many natural processes.

WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF

USING SYNTHETIC POLYMERS?
Plastics are non-biodegradable, that is, they do not decay or
rot. This means that they end up in our rubbish and landfill sites,
where they can remain for hundreds of years. Burning plastics
tends to release toxic substances into the atmosphere. Poisonous
gases such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen cyanide can be
formed if plastics contain chlorine and nitrogen, respectively.

Recycling is a way to reuse plastics so that we will produce

less new ones. Thermoplastics are special in that they can be
remoulded into new shapes and then reused. Scientists are now The link formed between the amino acids is called a peptide
making ‘biodegradable’ plastics, allowing them to break down link.
more quickly. This involves using groups of atoms that can
Proteins can be broken back down into amino acids by reacting Francine Taylor-Campbell is an independent contributor. Send questions and
absorb light to allow it to break down more quickly. New plastics comments to [email protected]
made by bacteria are able to be degraded in months, but are more with strong acids and alkalis. This reaction is called hydrolysis

16 YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 8-14, 2018

 yl:history
example, in Guadeloupe, 5,000 hectares were subdivided into

Assimilation
farms for 1,193 families.
4) Products produced in the overseas department could enter
European countries at very low duties. This would be as if it were
produced in France itself. This showed that France was able to
secure preferential duties for its colonies.
5) A lot of money was also injected into the tourism industry
DEBBION HYMAN developing a local identity. The system allowed only for French and seaports so that trade could develop.
Contributor values and, in reality, they were Caribbean people. Many accepted 6) The greatest benefit of assimilation was that persons in the
assimilation by 1946, however, as the territories were overseas department had representatives in the general council or
experiencing financial difficulties as a result of the decline in National Assembly in France. This allowed them to feel they had a
OBJECTIVE
sugar prices – being a department of France they would not have say in the political life of the country.
 Explain why the French-colonised Caribbean territories have assumed financial autonomy. As a consequence, they received
not yet achieved independence. 7) Citizens were entitled to social security payments in
subsidies and aid from France. conditions of illness and unemployment.
The French Caribbean took another alternative to The Second World War served as another impetus for the
independence. In 1946, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Guyana territories to accept assimilation as, during the war, the colonies PROBLEMS WITH ASSIMILATION
became overseas departments of France. They were to receive the were cut off from France. The council assumed greater autonomy Though there was satisfaction with elements of assimilation,
same rights and benefits as the 90 departments in France itself. A in the running of the affairs of the colonies. there were challenges with the system. The issues included:
prefect replaced the governor in each territory, who, because of 1) Seasonal unemployment – primarily due to the tourist trade.
the distance from Paris, held more power than his metropolitan 2) Low wages.
counterparts did. The prefect had specific responsibilities, such BENEFITS OF ASSIMILATION
3) There was little exploitation of the natural resources in the
as sanitation, road and bridge maintenance, healthcare and Assimilation did provide benefits for colonies. For example, French Guiana did not make much
education. In the Caribbean departments, the prefects had extra people living in these colonies. This use of its bauxite reserves.
powers, such as control of the armed forces. was reflected in many of the 4) Growing discontent with the council.
social programmes undertaken
The persons in the overseas departments were given many by the French. Some benefits The structure of departmentalisation was modified
rights, as they could elect deputies to sit in the French Assembly the colonists experienced in 1954 with the following changes. There were
and Senate. This meant they were directly represented and they included: changes with political administration, economic
could lobby for laws/policies beneficial to persons living in the 1) Funds from the French policies and social policies. Specific bodies were
overseas departments. They also elected local general councils Treasury were sent directly to created to deal with the overseas departments, and
which were given increased powers in the 1960s. From 1960, the colonies. The funds were power was redistributed to allow a greater level of local
French laws intended to apply to the overseas departments had used to improve roads, health involvement in decision-making.
first to be sent to their councils for consideration. At the same services and schools. Enrolment
time, the councils were given the right to put their own proposals catapulted once the French started In France in 1958, a secretary general was created and he
for laws to the central government in Paris. Overseas councils putting funds into the system. was given the responsibility of administering the overseas
were also given wider control over the spending of government 2) Funds were also used to start massive department. The secretary general was assisted by a inter-
investment funds. housing programmes for middle- and lower- ministerial committee of the overseas departments. In 1960, the
income families. powers of the prefect and the council were also increased. Thus,
Prior to assimilation, these islands had a governor and a 3) The government also bought there was a greater input from individuals more knowledgeable
general council. The governor represented the interest of unused land to redistribute to in local affairs.
France and the council represented the interest of the locals. families that were
Under departmental status, the governor was replaced by a landless. For In 1961, there was the passing of the agrarian law;
prefect. The general council was retained but it was in 1963, the equalisation of family allowance; and
powerless, as key sectors that were previously in 1965, the equalisation of wages with those
under its portfolio (for example, finance) were earned in France. Thus, some attempt was
removed. made to make living standards in the
departments more in line with that of
OPPOSING FACTIONS France. The results created social and
With the creation of overseas departments in 1946, economic growth, but the unemployment
many political parties were formed to fight for seats in the and underemployment figures remained
general councils and the assembly in Paris. On the one hand, high. Dependence on France continued with
some groups were in favour of departmentalisation, as they had the economy of the departments becoming
no problems with rule from France. The whites and coloureds increasingly tied to France.
were most in favour of this. On the other hand, some persons
Debbion Hyman is an independent contributor. Send
wished for self-government, or autonomy. They felt that France questions and comments to
had too much control over the territories and they were not [email protected]

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 8-14, 2018 17

 yl:information technology
2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20. See the program segment below.

Arrays FOR k := 1 to 10 do

Begin

writeln(‘Please enter an integer value’);

NATALEE A. JOHNSON
Contributor Read(Val[k]);
The values will be stored in the
End; array via the subscript (k)
OOD DAY, students. This is lesson 30 in our series of lessons. In this week’s lesson, we will
G conclude looking at writing arrays using the Pascal code, and use will look at documentation.

The array after reading the 10 values would like this:

MANIPULATING ELEMENTS IN AN ARRAY BY MEANS OF LOOPS
When manipulating arrays with the use of loops, a special variable must be declared as the index
of the array. A single letter (such as i, j, or k) is commonly used as array index, example Num[k]. ARRAY LIST FOR VAL
Using the index, the array variables can be manipulated in the same way as ordinary variables. We
can initialise, assign and read several values into respective locations of an array and even display Actual values stored
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
in the array
the values stored easily with the use of loop structures.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

INITIALISING ARRAYS USING THE ‘FOR’ LOOP

Subscript/Index values
Reading values into an array or assigning values are the two ways in which arrays can be (k)
initialised.
READING VALUES INTO AN ARRAY USING A ‘WHILE’ LOOP
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 3
Write a program to store 10 integers and initialise each location in the array Write a program that reads a list of integer values from the user and stores the values in an array
to 0. Use j as the index. See the program fragment below. called Values. The list is terminated by 999. Use i as the index value. See program segment below.
Begin
For j := 1 to 10 do i := 1;
ůů ϭϬĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶ
writeln(‘Enter a number’);
Begin ƚŚĞĂƌƌĂLJ ǁŽƵůĚ read(num);
The numbers entered will be
stored in the array by means
ďĞĞƋƵĂů ƚŽϬ͘ of the index[i]
list[j ] := 0; While num < > 999 do
Begin
Values[i] := num;
End; i := i +1
Move to next location
writeln(‘Enter a number’); in the array
The first time the loop is executed, J = 1 and list [1] would be assigned 0 and will continue to be
read(num);
executed until the 10th number is entered. End;

The array will DISPLAYING ARRAY VALUES

ĐƚƵĂůǀĂůƵĞƐƐƚŽƌĞĚŝŶ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 look like this in
ƚŚĞĂƌƌĂLJ
The manner in which values are stored/read in an array is quite similar to the manner in which you
memory.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 output values of an array. Naturally, if you already know the number of items stored in the array, you
can use a ‘for’ loop to output the values; otherwise, you would use a ‘while’ loop.
/ŶĚĞdžͬ^ƵďƐĐƌŝƉƚ

EXAMPLE 1 (IN THE CASE OF KNOWING THE NUMBER OF ITEMS BEING STORED)
Design an algorithm that reads a list of 10 students’ unit test grades, find the average of the unit
READING VALUES INTO AN ARRAY USING A ‘FOR’ LOOP test grades and output the unit test grades and the average unit test grade.
A ‘for’ loop is used if the number of values to be read is known. On the other hand, a ‘while’ loop is
use if the values to be read is unknown. CONTINUED ON PAGE 19
.
EXAMPLE 2
Read 10 values into an array called VAL: use k as the index value. The input data is:

18 YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 8-14, 2018

 yl:information technology
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 18 Program Movies;
Sum := 0; uses wincrt;
For j := 1 to 10 do var movie_options:Array[1..4] of String; { The data type of the elements in the array is declared as
Begin Reading the unit test string}
writeln(‘Enter a unit test grade’); values in the array.
Readln(UnitTestGrade[j]); Furious 8 Avengers Black Panther Captain America
Sum := Sum + UnitTestGrade[j]; 1 2 3 4
End;
Average_UnitTest := Sum/j; i: integer;
Displaying the values of the Begin
unit test from the array For i:= 1 to 4 do
Begin Prompting the user to
For j := 1 to 10 do using a ‘for loop’ on
enter four movies then
separate lines. writeln('Enter a movie of your choice and press enter');
Begin storing it.
readln(movie_options[i]);
writeln(UnitTestGrade[j]); End;
End; writeln('The fruits you entered are:'); {outputting the data entered}
writeln(‘The average of the 10 unit test is:’, Average_UnitTest); For i:= 1 to 4 do
Begin Displaying the list of the
writeln(movie_options[i]); movies.
EXAMPLE 2 (IN THIS CASE, THE SIZE OF THE ARRAY IS KNOWN AND WE ARE End;
USING A ‘WHILE’ LOOP TO OUTPUT THE VALUES.) End.

Furious 8 Avengers Black Panther Captain America ŝĂŐƌĂŵ ĚĞƉŝĐƚŝŶŐ

values.)
The number of 1 2 3 4 ǀĂůƵĞƐ ƐƚŽƌĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
elements that ĂƌƌĂLJĂĨƚĞƌ ƚŚĞLJŚĂǀĞ
j := 1;
ĞŶƚĞƌĞĚ͘
can be stored
Max := 10;
While j < = Max do The output on the screen would
look something like this:
Begin
writeln(UnitTestGrade[j]); Printing the values of the
j := j + 1; unit test from the array with
End; a while loop
The fruits you entered are:
Furious 8
Avengers
If the size is not known, then a ‘For’ loop can be used with another subscript/counter (see example Black Panther
Captain America
below).

EXAMPLE 3 We have come to the end of this lesson. Remember, if you fail to prepare, prepare to fail.

^ƵďƐĐƌŝƉƚ ƵƐĞĚ Natalee A. Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School. Send questions and comments to
ŝŶǁŚŝůĞ ůŽŽƉ͘ [email protected]
EĞǁ ĐŽƵŶƚĞƌ ;^ĞĞĞdžĂŵƉůĞϮͿ
ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ

For a := 1 to j do
Begin
writeln(UnitTestGrade[a]);
End;

NB: The subscript you introduce should be used throughout the use of the ‘for’ loop.

USING AN ARRAY TO ACCEPT AND OUTPUT STRING VALUES

To accept string values and to output them is not much different from the manner in which we
accept and output normal values. The main exception is the key input word which is, ‘readln’. As
indicated in a previous lesson, once you are reading characters or string values, in order for the
program to read the first string value and to have the cursor move to next line, you will have to use
‘readln’ rather than ‘read’.

EXAMPLE
A program is designed to accept and output the names of four movies in an array called
movie_options.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 8-14, 2018 19

 yl:communication studies

Tips for gaining maximum

points for Module 3 essay
TRUDI MORRISON REID  Blogs and promising an interesting agenda incorporating the interest of
Contributor  Celebrity endorsements prospective members.
 Traditional media (radio/TV/newspaper)  Music (jingles): Played during break/lunch times
ODULE 3 essay questions, which appear in Section C of  Town criers encouraging abstinence – to attract and hold young people’s

M Paper 2, typically requires that students prepare an

advertisement, a campaign, a proposal or a speech. Also,
you will be asked to comment on a few of the following areas:
 Social media
 Emails
 Word of mouth
attention
 Dramatic presentations (skits, role plays, mimes): At
assembly, presenting real-life scenarios on the unhappy effects of
 Strategies to persuade. abstinence to deter them from that behaviour.
 Appropriate tone/register. Remember, you will need to justify the inclusion of every  Spectial lectures/presentations by experts: In fields like
 Media/channels to be used. choice you make. sexual behavior, reproduction, drug abuse and lifestyle, targeting
 Strategies for targeting different audiences. the entire population.
 Appropriate language to be used. Note: If the question asks for strategies to evaluate a campaign  Video presentations/films: At special sessions, since young
 Use of appropriate verbal and non-verbal elements. which you may have discussed, the following may be useful people enjoy visual media.
 Use of visual aids.  Focus group discussions
 Strategies for overcoming challenges/barriers in  Suggestion box ii. Appropriate language varieties and registers
communication.  Facebook page  A mixture of Creole, standard English and slang (used by
 Polls young people): To reflect the way students within the school and
Many students confuse proposal and campaigns. A proposal is  Observation (of whether there has been a change of behavior the society usually speak.
a tool used to persuade a ‘customer’ to buy into an idea, to or achievement of the desired results).  Creole dissemination of information in skits, jingles and
purchase something or to receive funding for a project. On the posters (as it the language they commonly use) (casual/ frozen
other hand, a campaign is an organized, purposeful effort to Let us consider the following question from a past paper: register).
create change and it should be guided by careful planning. It You are a member of the Abstinence Club at your high school.  Standard English for some posters and the
seeks to change behaviour, promote/endorse an event/product. You are concerned about the small numbers of students that lectures/presentations to help communicate the seriousness of
An advertisement pretty much speaks for itself, as it advertises or attend your weekly meetings. You have been asked to organise a the message (casual and consultative register).
promotes a product, service or event. A speech is a spoken campaign that would convince students to attend meetings.  Youth slang to help students to identify with the theme of
address, so although you may be required to write one, bear in abstinence (casual register).
mind that it should be written as if it would be delivered orally. In an ESSAY of no more than 500 words, write a proposal for
your advertsing campaign. Include the following: iii. Information to be relayed
Whatever the task, it is important to consider the context, a) Strategies you would use to attract students to club meetings On:
purpose and the audience for whom the communication is and justification for these strategies.  Benefits of abstinence.
intended. Here are some general strategies which can be b) Language varieties and registers that you would consider  Risks associated with sexual or other negative activity by
incorporated as appropriate: appropriate. students.
c) The information you thing must be relayed during this  Problems associated with abstinence and viable ways of
CAMPAIGNS
campaign. overcoming them.
 Jingles Total: 25 marks  How alternatives to abstinence are not viable for a healthy
 Road shows lifestyle.
 Promotion girls Note that although both campaign and proposal are mentioned  Recuperative strategies for those who have not been
 Use of paraphernalia (mugs, T-shirts, key rings) in the question, it is a proposal that is required. Your ideas should abstinent, but who wish to change.
 Billboards flow in a coherent essay, not listed in point form. Doing this may
 Public service announcements earn you content marks, but will earn you 0/7 marks for Remember, the key to success in this exam is preparation, and
 Flyer organisation. Ensure that you explain/expound on each idea. this should include actual practice. I trust you have found these
 Posters lessons useful, especially the detailed review of the essays. All the
 Town hall meetings best! #SlayThatExam!!!
 Bumper stickers ANSWERS
 Press briefings i. Strategies Trudi Morrison Reid teaches at The Queen’s School. Send questions and
 Edutainment (involving the performing arts)  Colourful posters: Proclaiming the benefits of membership comments to [email protected]

20 YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 8-14, 2018