PRONOUNS

STARTERS A1 A2 B1 B2 C1
*Personal: Subject pronouns vs.
-Subject object, possessive and
-Object possessive determiners
-Possessive
*Impersonal:
It, there
*Demonstrative: *Demonstrative:
-This, that, these, those -This, that, these, those
(EXTENDED)
*Quantitative:
-One, something,
everybody
*Indefinite:
-Some, any, something,
one
*Relative:
-Who, which, that
*Reflexive Pronouns

NOUNS
STARTERS A1 A2 B1 B2 C1
*Singular and plural
-regular and irregular
form
*Countable and *Countable and
uncountable nouns: uncountable nouns:
-with some and any
Abstract nouns
Compound nouns
Noun phrases
Genitive: ‘s & s’ *Possessive ‘s vs. of
Double genitive:
a friend of theirs

VERBS
STARTERS A1 A2 B1 B2 C1
*Singular and plural
-regular and irregular
form
DETERMINERS
STARTERS A1 A2 B1 B2 C1
*Zero article *Zero article
*Indefinite article: *Indefinite article:
-a + countable nouns -a + countable nouns
*Definite article: *Definite article:
-the + countable / -the + countable /
uncountable nouns uncountable nouns
*The or no article
*Basic: *Some and Any
-any, some, a lot of
*Somebody / anybody /
nobody / everybody
*Wider range *Much / many / a lot /
-all, none, not (any) lots / few / a few / little /
enough, few, a few, little, a little / a couple /
a little several / too much / too
many
*All / Most / Some /
None
*Both / Either / Neither
*Each and Every

GRAMMAR
STARTERS A1 A2 B1 B2 C1
*Present Simple: Present Simple:
-States -For habits or things
-Habits which happen regularly.
-Facts -For permanent
-Likes and dislikes situations.
-Verb + ing -For general truths.
-Permanent situation
-Systems and processes
-Verbs not used in the
continuous form
-Wh-questions
*Present Continuous: *Present Continuous
-Present actions -For the present moment
-Momentary situation -For temporary
-Clothes situations
-Future meaning -State Verbs
(arrangements)
-Wh-questions Some verbs almost
always use simple
tenses not continuous
tenses
*We use have got or
have:
-For things which we
possess
-For describing things
and people
-For illness
-We don’t normally use
have got in the past and
the future
-We use have (not have
got) in many common
expressions (have a
bath, have a holiday, etc.
We can use simple or
continuous.
*Past Simple: *Past Simple
-Past Events For completed actions,
-Past simple + verb to events and situations in
be in past (when) the past.
I began to play when I -Complex Sentences
was 8 a) When
-Wh-questions b) and
How did they travel? c) but
When did it happen? d) so
*Past Continuous *Past Continuous
-Past Actions -We don’t use state
-Past Actions + result verbs in the past
It was raining, so we continuous.
decided to get a taxi -For an unfinished
-Parallel past actions activity around a time in
-Continuous actions the past.
interrupted by the past At 9:00 o’clock I was
simple tense sitting in the cinema.
-Wh-questions -For a past activity
beginning before a past
event and continuing
until or after it. For the
event we use when + the
past participle.
 I was talking to the
manager when you rang
me.
-For two activities at the
same time in the past
(often with while or and)
I was sitting near the
ticket desk and the
manager was talking.
I was having a coffee
while I was waiting.
*Used to
We use the verb used to
talk about the past when
we want to emphasise
that things are different
now.
-Be
-
*Future with going to: *Futurity: Going to vs.
-Plans Will and Present
-Decicions(… already Continuous.
decided)
-Wh-questions
*Future with will:
-Offers
-Promises
-Predictions
-Decisions (… you are
deciding as you speak)
-Wh-questions
*Future with shall:
*Present Simple (Future)
*Present Perfect Simple: *Present Perfect Simple:
-Present Perfect Simple
-Unfinished past with for vs Past Simple
and since *Other uses of the
-Recent Past with just present perfect:
-Indefinite Past with yet, -With just for an event a
already, never, ever short time before now.
-Wh-questions I’ve just met her. (= a few
Have you got your results yet?
Have you ever been to minutes ago)
Greece? -With adverbs: Already,
Have they come back from the before, ever, never,
supermarket? meaning, “before now”.
We’ve already met.
Has he ever met her?
We’ve met before
-With superlatives
You make the best pizza
I’ve ever eaten.
-After the expressions
the first / last etc. time:
That’s the second time
you’ve asked me.
-Have gone and have
been.
He’s been to the shops.
(=He went there and
then returned home.)
She’s gone to the city
centre.
(=She went there and
she’s there now.)

*Past Perfect Simple:

-To talk about something
that happened before a
past event.
Last week I visited my
home city. It had
changed.
-In sentences that have
when + past simple, to
show that one event
happened before the
other.
When I arrived, He had
finished his work. (= 1 He
finished his work 2 (later)
I arrived) “The two
actions are separated”.
When I arrived, he
stopped work. (I arrived
and he stopped work at
that time.) “The two
actions are probably
connected.
*Past Perfect not Past
Simple
-We always use the past
perfect not the simple
past with already, ever,
never, and just when we
mean before a time in
the past.
They’d just started the
year I left. (not They just
started the year I left).
I had already decided to
become an engineer.
(not I already decided)
I’d never seen anything
like it. (not I never saw)
Already, ever, never,
and just go between the
auxiliary and the main
verb.