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General Addition Rule - Two Probabilities of Either Who Are Not Disjoint. P (A or B) P (A) +

The document summarizes key concepts in probability and statistics: 1. Random phenomena cannot predict individual outcomes, but their long-run behavior can be understood through characteristics like sample space and probability. The law of large numbers states that as the number of trials increases, the relative frequency settles on a single value. 2. Probability can be theoretical, based on the number of possible outcomes, or personal, based on subjective knowledge. Probability rules include assigning all available probability to the sample space, and using addition or multiplication rules to calculate combined probabilities. 3. Joint probabilities consider the probability of two events occurring together, while marginal probabilities depend only on table totals.

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40 views1 page

General Addition Rule - Two Probabilities of Either Who Are Not Disjoint. P (A or B) P (A) +

The document summarizes key concepts in probability and statistics: 1. Random phenomena cannot predict individual outcomes, but their long-run behavior can be understood through characteristics like sample space and probability. The law of large numbers states that as the number of trials increases, the relative frequency settles on a single value. 2. Probability can be theoretical, based on the number of possible outcomes, or personal, based on subjective knowledge. Probability rules include assigning all available probability to the sample space, and using addition or multiplication rules to calculate combined probabilities. 3. Joint probabilities consider the probability of two events occurring together, while marginal probabilities depend only on table totals.

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testtest1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ch.

1. Random Phenomena - Can’t predict the individual outcomes, but we can understand characteristics of
their long-run behavior
a. For any random phenomenon, each attempt or trial generates an outcome
i. Sample Space – The special event of collection of all possible outcomes
ii. Probability – In the long run, the percentage of the callers who qualify is about 35% and
the percentage is what is meant
b. Independence – The outcome of one trial doesn’t influence or change the outcome of another
i. Law of Large Numbers (LLN) – If the events are independent, then as the number of
calls increases, over days, months or years, the long-run relative frequency of qualified
cells gets closer and closer to a single value
1. Empirical Probability – Based on repeatedly observing the event’s outcome
2. Law of Averages – The relative frequency of a random event settles down to a single number in the long
run
3. Different Types of Probability
a. Model Based (Theoretical) Probability – P(A) = # of Outcomes in A / Total # of Outcomes
b. Personal Probability – Uncertainty may be based on knowledge of subjectivity
4. Probability Rules
a. If the probability of an even incurring is 0, the event can’t occur likewise if the probability is 1, the
event always occurs
b. If a random phenomenon has only one possible outcome, it’s not very interesting or very random
i. Probability Assignment Rule – When we assign probabilities to these outcomes, we
should be sure to distribute all of the available probability
1. The probability of the set of all possible outcomes must be 1. P(S) = 1; S
represents sample space
c. The set of outcomes that are not in the event A is called a “Complement” of A and is denoted A^C
i. Complement Rule: The probability of an event occurring is 1 minus the probability that
it doesn’t occur. P(A) = 1 – P(A^C)
d. Multiplication Rule – To find the probability that two independent events occur, we multiply the
probabilities. P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)
e. Disjoint or Mutually Exclusive – Only on option can be done for an outcome
i. Addition Rule – Add the probabilities of disjoint events to get the probability that either
events occur P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
f. General Addition Rule – Two probabilities of either who are not disjoint. P(A or B) = P(A) +
P(B) – P(A and B)
5. Joint Probability and Contingency Tables
a. Marginal Probability – Probability that depends only on totals found in the margins of the table
b. Joint Probability – Probabilities of two events occurring together

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