Some adverbs of manner (saying how something is done) are formed from an adjective + -ly: sudden — suddenly, happy — happily, etc. When an adjective already ends in -ly (e.g. cowardly, elderly, friendly, kindly, lively, lonely, lovely) we don’t add -ly to it to make an adverb. Instead 'we can use a prepositional phrase with fashion, manner, or way: O He smiled at me in a friendly way. © She waved her hands around in a lively fashion. ‘Most participle adjectives ending in -ed (sce Unit 69) don’t have an adverb form and s0 we use a prepositional phrase instead: 2 They rose to greet me in a subdued manner. (rot ...subduedly.) 3 He faced the court in a dignified fashion. (not ...dignifiedly.) ‘or we use a preposition and a related noun if there is on She looked at me in amazement. (nor ...amazedly.) CO He was overwhelmed with confusion, (not ...confusedly.) However, some do have an adverb form with -ly. Compare: The storm was unexpected. and © ‘The weather turned unexpectedly stormy. ‘Other adverbs like this include agitatedly, allegedly, deservedly, determinedly, disappointedly, excitedly, hurriedly, pointedly, repeatedly, reportedly, reputedly, supposedly, worriedly. Some adverbs have two forms, one ending in -ly and the other not. We can sometimes use either Of the two forms of the adverb without changing the meaning, although the form ending in -ly is grammatically correct and more usual in a formal sty 1 She ran quick/quickly towards the door. (‘quick’ is less formal) and must be used if the adverb comes immediately before the verb: 1 She quickly ran towards the door. (not She quick ran...) Other words like this include cheap(ly), clean(ly), clear(ly), fine(Iy), loud\Iy), slow(ly), thin(ly). In other cases there isa difference in the meaning of the adverb with and without ly. Compare: She gave her time free. (= for no money) and She gave her time freely. (= willingly) 1 Tarrived late for the concert. (= not on time) and I haven't seen John lately. (= recently) Here are some other pairs of adverbs that can have different meanings. Compare: 1 He wandered deep into the forest and [0 He fele deeply hurt by his criticisms. (= very) 1 They loved each othe 1 *You don’t have to change trains.’ |G T'll be with you directly. “You can go direct.’ (= without stopping) | 5 He saw Susan directly ahead. 1 It sounded awful - one of the choir | This time I flatly refused to lend him any members was singing flat. money. (= definitely; completely) He kicked the ball high over the goal. | © Everyone thinks highly of her teaching, {= they think her teaching is very good) Bob here yet?” ‘He's ust arrived.” | © You can be justly proud of your musical 1 She looks just like her mother. achievements. (= rightly; justifiably) Gl Which of these cheeses do you 0 Her novels are now mostly out of print. like most? {= most of them) 15 We mostly go on holiday in France. (= usually) They eut short their holiday when | 6 ‘The speaker will be arriving shortly (= soon). John fell ill. = went home early) Please take your seats. open so I just 1D You won't have any problems getting the ompletely) book. It's widely available. (= in many places)Exercises Unit 71 mM n2 na Replace the underlined parts of these sentences using the participles below. If possible, use a -ly form. If itis not possible, use either a prepositional phrase or a preposition and a related noun. “ agitated anticipated despaired determined _—_ disappointed organised relaxed repeated reputed satisfied 1 1 warned him again and again of the dangers on the mountain, but he insisted on going ahead with the climb, 2 The class was completely out of control and the teacher put his hands to his head feeling that 3 As his mother took the roast chicken out of the oven, Rod licked his lips because he was excited about what was going to happen. St Enedoc’s is said to be, although no-one knows for certain, the smallest church in the country. “Still no news from Paul,’ she said ina sad way. He ran che company jna_calm way and rarely let anything annoy him, She shook her head as if she had made a firm decision. ‘When he had finished the painting, he stepped back and looked at it in.a.way that showed he was happy. 9 Vicky runs the office carefully and tidily, so I don't think we should change things now. 10 Caroline paced about in an anxious way as she waited to go into the interview. eae Use the adverbs discussed in C to complete the sentences. Use the form with -ly in one of the pairs and the form without -ly in the other, 1a What she hated was having to get up at 5.30 every morning. bb We don’t go out much in the evening, We wm-ovennnnnw Watch television, 2a The company paid compensation, but stopped... oF admitting they were to blame. The book is due to be published . 3 a Tm not in my office at the moment, but if you leave your name and number I'll get back to YOU vane « [Message on a telephone answering machine) b Tused to haye to change at Amsterdam to get to Moscow, but now I a 4 a Even though I gor very little sleep on the flight I felt... awake when I arrived in Tokyo. b French is spoken in North Africa. $a. She is one of the MOSt on. regarded researchers in the university. b_ We could just see the plane flying... overhead. Find the mistakes and correct them. If there are no mistakes, write /. (A-C) 1 The rise in car crime in the area is deeply worrying. She waved friendlily co me. Cat the onions up finely and fry them with garlic. asked the boys to move their bicycles off the football pitch but they flat refused. I couldn't understand what he was saying. He didn’t speak very clearly. He was accused of behaving cowardlily in the battle Pierre Evene manufactured the glass for which the town became just renowned. I called Jim and he slow turned to face me. Spread some butter on the bread as thin as possible. 10 The prime minister was loud applauded by her audience. weyausen 143Comparatives: ~er vs more/less..than EY We usually add -er to one-syllable adjectives and adverbs to make their comparative form. However, we use more + adjective ~ se with one-syllable past participle adjectives (see Unit 69) such as bored, creased, pleased, worn: 13 After I'd ironed my shirt it looked more creased than before. (not ...creaseder...) + with fun, real, right and wrong: © Lexpected the film to be rather dull, but I couldn't have been more wrong. (of sx when we are comparing two qualities: © ‘Don’t you think Carl was brave to go bungee jumping?” ‘Personally, I thought he was ‘more mad than brave.” © Although the paint was called ‘Sky blue’, I thought it was more green than blue. ‘We can also use *..he wasn’t so much brave as mad’ and *...it was blue rather than green’ ‘We can sometimes use more as an alternative to the -er form to emphasise the compariso © You might think it’s dark here but it’s more dark in the cellar. (or ...darker...) Other adjectives used like this include clear, cold, fair, rough, soft, rue. Some adjectives with two syllables are most commonly used with morefless, particularly i participle adjectives (e.g. worried, boring); adjectives ending in -ful and -less (e.g. careful, careless); afraid, alert, alike, alone, ashamed, aware; and some other adjectives, including active, cautious, certain, complex, direct, eager, exact, formal, frequent, modern, special, recent. Most ‘tworsyllable adjectives ending -y, -ow, -er and -ure can take either an -er or the more + adjective form, although the -er form is more frequently used. Some adjectives (such as complete, equal, favourite, ideal, perfect, unique) have a comparative ‘or superlative meaning so they are not often used with -er/-est or more/less/most/least. ‘However, we can use comparative or superlative forms for special emphasis or for a particular communicative purpose: © The weather today was good, but less perfect than yesterday. Superlatives ‘We usually use the, a possessive form (with -$), or a possessive pronoun before a superlative adjective or adverb. In informal contexts we sometimes leave out the before an -est or most + adjective superlative after a linking verb, particularly when the superlative is at the end of a sentence: © ‘Why did you go by bus?? ‘Ie was (the) cheapest.” ©) Which was (the) most expensive? However, we can’t leave out the when we go on to say what group of things is being compared: Why did you buy these oranges?” “They were the cheapest ones I could find.’ (not They ‘were cheapest ones...) ‘When most + adjective/adverb is used without the, most means something like ‘very’: 1 Did you see how she looked at you? It was most peculiar. (= very peculiar) 1 I checked the form most carefully (= very carefully) but didn’t notice the mistake, After a superlative we use of + a plural noun phrase to name the objects being compared 1 John’s the oldest of my three brothers. Notice that we can put the of-phrase at the beginning to emphasise it: 10 Of my three brothers, John’s the oldest. ‘When we give the location or context within which the comparison is made we usually use in + a singular noun phrase: 0 It was the tallest tree in the forest. (not ...the tallest tree of the forest.) Grammar review: > 7-18