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J.J. Nieto, A. Ouahab and M.A. Slimani

Existence and boundedness of solutions for systems of difference equations
with infinite delay

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 EXISTENCE AND BOUNDEDNESS OF SOLUTIONS FOR
SYSTEMS OF DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS WITH INFINITE
DELAY

Juan J. Nieto, Abdelghani Ouahab and Mohammed A. Slimani

Abstract. In this work we establish first some existence results fol-

lowed by boundedness behavior and asymptotic behavior of solutions for
systems of difference equations with infinite delay. Our approach is based
on a Perov fixed point theorem in vector metric space. We apply our results
to a system of Volterra difference equations.

1. Introduction
In this work, we are concerned with the existence and uniqueness of
bounded solutions in some state space of sequences for a system of semilin-
ear functional difference equations with infinite delay. Several aspects of the
theory of functional difference equations can be understood as a proper gen-
eralization of the theory of ordinary difference equations. However, the fact
that the state space for functional difference equations is infinite dimensional
requires the development of methods and techniques coming from functional
analysis (e.g., theory of semigroups of operators on Banach spaces, spectral
theory, fixed point theory, etc.). Some important contributions to the study of
the mathematical aspects of such equations have been undertaken in [1, 5, 12]
and the references therein.
Abstract retarded functional difference equations in phase space have
great importance in applications. Consequently, the theory of difference equa-
tions with infinite delay has drawn the attention of several authors. Qualita-
tive analysis, discrete maximal regularity, exponential dichotomy, and period-
icity have received much attention; see [2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 34K45, 34A60.

Key words and phrases. Difference equations, fixed point, infinite delay, boundedness,
asymptotic behavior, matrix convergent to zero.

1
2 J.J. NIETO, A. OUAHAB AND M.A. SLIMANI

20, 21, 22, 25, 29, 28, 30, 31]. For more information on functional difference
equations, we suggest also [10, 13, 19, 24, 26, 33].
In this paper, we consider the following system of linear functional differ-
ence equations

x(n + 1) = A1 (n, xn , yn ), n ≥ 0,
(1.1)
y(n + 1) = A2 (n, xn , yn ), n ≥ 0,
and its perturbation


 x(n + 1) = A1 (n, xn , yn ) + f1 (n, xn , yn ), n ≥ 0,
y(n + 1) = A2 (n, xn , yn ) + f2 (n, xn , yn ), n ≥ 0,

(1.2)

 x(0) = ϕ ∈ B,
y(0) = ψ ∈ B,


where A1 , A2 : Z+ × B × B → Cr are bounded linear maps with respect to the

variables xn and yn ; f1 , f2 are Cr −valued functions defined on the product
space Z+ × X × X under suitable conditions; B denotes an abstract phase
space that we will explain briefly below, X is an appropriate Banach space.
The notation, x. , denotes the B−valued function defined by n → xn , where xn
is the history function, which is defined by xn (m) = x(n + m) for all m ∈ Z− .
Next, we are concerned with the following homogeneous retarded linear
functional equations,

x(n + 1) = L1 (xn , yn ), n ≥ 0,
(1.3)
y(n + 1) = L2 (xn , yn ), n ≥ 0,
and its perturbation, along with initial conditions, defined by the semilinear
difference equation with infinite delay


 x(n + 1) = L1 (xn , yn ) + g1 (n, xn , yn ), n ≥ 0,
y(n + 1) = L2 (xn , yn ) + g2 (n, xn , yn ), n ≥ 0,

(1.4)

 x(0) = ϕ ∈ B,
y(0) = ψ ∈ B,


where L1 , L2 : B×B → Cr are bounded operators and g1 , g2 : Z+ ×B×B → Cr

are given functions.

This paper is organized as follows: in Sections 2 and 3, we will recall briefly

some basic definitions and preliminary facts which will be used throughout
the following sections. In Section 4 we give one of our main existence re-
sults for solutions and their boundedness for (1.4), with the proof based on
Perov’s fixed point theorem. In Section 5, we examine the weighted bounded-
ness and asymptotic behavior for solutions of (1.4). In Section 6, we present
the S−asymptotic and ω−periodic behavior of solutions of (1.4). Finally, in
Section 7, an example is given to demonstrate the applicability of our results.
 DIFFERENCES EQUATIONS 3

2. Preliminaries
Here we present notations and provide some auxiliary results that we will
need in subsequent sections. The phase space B = B(Z− , Cr ) is a Banach
space with a norm denoted by k.kB which is a subfamily of functions from Z−
into Cr and it is assumed to satisfy the following axioms.
Axiom (A): There are a positive constant J and nonnegative functions N (.)
and M (.) on Z+ with the property that if x : Z+ → Cr is a function such that
if x0 ∈ B, then for all n ∈ Z+
(i) xn ∈ B;
(ii) J|xn | ≤ kxn kB ≤ N (n) sup0≤s≤n |x(s)| + M (n)kx0 kB .

Denote by B(Z− , Cr ) the set of bounded functions from Z− to Cr .

Axiom (B): The inclusion map i : (B(Z − , Cr ), k · k∞ ) → (B, k · kB ) is con-

tinuous, i.e., there is a constant d > 0 such that kϕkB ≤ dkϕk∞ for all
ϕ ∈ B(Z− , Cr ).

Hereafter, B will denote a phase space satisfying Axioms (A) and (B).
For any n ≥ τ we define the bounded linear operator U (n, τ ) : B → B
by U (n, τ )ϕ = xn (τ, ϕ, 0) for ϕ ∈ B, where x(·, τ, ϕ, 0) denotes the solution
of the homogeneous linear system (1.1). The operator U (n, τ ) is called the
solution operator of the homogeneous linear system (1.1).
Definition 2.1. [11] We say that Equation (1.1) (or its solution operator
U (n, τ ), n, τ ∈ Z+ ) has an exponential dichotomy on B with data (α, K, P (·)),
if the solution operator U (n, τ ) satisfies the following property: there are pos-
itive constants α, K, and a projection operator P (n), n ∈ Z+ , in B, such that
if Q(n) = I − P (n), where I is the identity operator, then:
(i) U (n, τ )P (τ ) = P (n)U (n, τ ), n ≥ τ.
(ii) The restriction U (n, τ )|Range(Q(τ )), n ≥ τ, is an isomorphism from
Range(Q(τ )) onto Range(Q(n)), and then we define (U (τ, n)) as its
inverse mapping.
(iii) kU (n, τ )ϕkB ≤ Ke−α(n−τ ) kϕkB , n ≥ τ, ϕ ∈ P (τ )B.
(iv) kU (n, τ )ϕkB ≤ Keα(n−τ ) kϕkB , τ > n, ϕ ∈ Q(τ )B,
We denote by Γ(n, s) the Green function associated with (1.1), that is,

U (n, s + 1)P (s + 1) n − 1 ≥ s,
(2.5) Γ(t, s) =
−U (n, s + 1)Q(s + 1) s > n − 1.
Denote by X the Banach space of all bounded functions η : Z+ → B endowed
with the norm
(2.6) kηk = sup kηkB .
n≥0
4 J.J. NIETO, A. OUAHAB AND M.A. SLIMANI

Throughout this paper, for any number 1 ≤ p < ∞, we consider the following
spaces:
∞
X
p +
l (Z , B) = {ξ : Z → +
B/kξ(n)kpp = kξ(n)kpB < ∞},
n=0
∞ + +
l (Z , B) = {ξ : Z → B/kξk∞ = sup kξ(n)kB < ∞},
n∈Z+

lβ∞ (Z+ , B) = {ξ : Z → B/kξkβ = sup kξ(n)kB e−βn < ∞},

+
n∈Z +
X∞
lβ1 (Z+ , Cr ) = {ϕ : Z− → Cr /kϕk1,β = |ϕ(n)| e−βn < ∞},
n=0
∞
X
lp (Z+ , Cr ) = {ϕ : Z+ → Cr /kϕkpp = |ϕ(n)|p < ∞}.
n=0
+
Lemma 2.2. Let τ ∈ Z . Assume that the function z : [τ, ∞) → B
satisfies the relation
n−1
X
(2.7) z(n) = U (n, τ )z(τ ) + U (n, s + 1)E 0 (P (s)), n ≥ τ,
s=τ

where 
 Id the unite matrix , t = 0
E 0 (t) =
0 the zero matrix, t < 0

r
and define a function y : Z → C by

(z(n))(0), n ≥ τ,
(2.8) y(n) =
(z(τ ))(n − τ ), n < τ.
Then y(n) satisfies the equation
(2.9) y(n + 1) = L(n, yn ) + P (n), n ≥ τ,
together with relation yn = z(n), n ≥ τ .
Definition 2.3. [17] We say that system (1.1) has discrete maximal reg-
ularity if, for each h1 , h2 ∈ lp (Z+ , Cr ) (1 ≤ p < ∞) and each ϕ, ψ ∈ P (0)B,
the solution z of the boundary value problem


 z(n + 1) = A1 (n, zn , z̃n ) + h1 (n), n ≥ 0,
z̃(n + 1) = A2 (n, zn , z̃n ) + h2 (n), n ≥ 0,

(2.10)
 P (0)z(0) = ϕ ∈ B,

P (0)z̃(0) = ψ ∈ B,


satisfies z· , z̃· ∈ lp (Z+ , B).

 DIFFERENCES EQUATIONS 5

Theorem 2.4. [11] Assume that system (1.1) has an exponential di-
chotomy on B with data (α, K, P (·)). Then system (1.2) has discrete maximal
regularity.
Theorem 2.5. Assume that system (1.1) has an exponential dichotomy
with data (α, K, P (·)). Then, for any h1 , h2 ∈ lp (Z+ , Cr ) (1 ≤ p < ∞) and
each ϕ, ψ ∈ P (0)B, the boundary value problem (2.10) has a unique solution
(z, z̃) so that z· , z̃· ∈ lp (Z+ , B).
Theorem 2.6. (Exponential boundedness of the solution operator)[11].
Assume that
(H1 ) {A1 (n, ·, ·)} and {A2 (n, ·, ·)} are uniformly bounded sequences of bounded
linear operators mapping B × B into Cr . There are constants Mi , Ni >
1, i = 1, 2 such that
|A1 (n, ϕ, ψ)| ≤ M1 kϕkB + N1 kψkB , for all n ∈ Z+ and ϕ, ψ ∈ B,
and
|A2 (n, ϕ, ψ)| ≤ M2 kϕkB + N2 kψkB , for all n ∈ Z+ and ϕ, ψ ∈ B,
(H2 ) The functions N (.) and M (.) given in Axiom A are bounded.
Then, there are positive constants λ and δ such that
(2.11) kU (n, m)kB ≤ λeδ(n−m) , n ≥ m ≥ 0.
Proposition 2.7. [11] Under the conditions (H1 ) − (H2 ), if system (1.1)
has an exponential dichotomy with data (α, K, P (.)), then
(i) supn∈Z+ kP (n)kB < ∞.
(ii) Range(P (n)) = {ϕ ∈ B : e−η(n−m) U (n, m)ϕ is bounded for n ≥ m}
for any 0 < η < α.
(iii) Let Pb(0) be a projection such that Range(Pb(0)) = Range(P (0)). Then
(1.2) has an exponential dichotomy on Z+ with data (α, K,
b Pb(·)), where

Pb(n) = P (n) + U (n, 0)Pb(0)U (0, n)Q(n),

b = (K + K 2 kPb(0)kB ) sup (1 + kP (n)kB ).
K
m≥0
In addition, we have
(2.12) sup kPb(m)kB ≤ (1 + K 2 kPb(0) − P (0)kB ) sup (1 + kP (m)kB ).
m≥0 m≥0

Also one has

(2.13) Pb(n) = P (n) + o(1), as n → ∞.
Definition 2.8. [23]. A sequence ξ ∈ l∞ (Z+ , B) is called (discrete) S-
asymptotically ω-periodic if there is ω ∈ Z+ \{0} such that limn→∞ (ξ(n + ω) −
ξ(n)) = 0. In this case we say that ω is an asymptotic period of ξ.
6 J.J. NIETO, A. OUAHAB AND M.A. SLIMANI

In this work the notation SAPω (B) stands for the subspace of l∞ (Z+ , B)
consisting of all the (discrete) S−asymptotically ω-periodic sequences. From
[23], SAPω (B) is a Banach space.
Definition 2.9. [23] A strongly continuous function F : Z+ → L(B)
is said to be strongly S-asymptotically periodic if, for each ϕ ∈ B, there is
ωϕ ∈ Z+ \{0} such that F (.)ϕ is S-asymptotically ωϕ -periodic.
Definition 2.10. [23]. A continuous function g : Z+ × B → Cr is
said to be uniformly S-asymptotically ω-periodic on bounded sets if, for every
bounded subset B of B, the set {g(n, ϕ) : n ∈ Z+ , ϕ ∈ B} is bounded and
limn→∞ (g(n, ϕ) − g(n + ω, ϕ)) = 0 uniformly on ϕ ∈ B.
Definition 2.11. [23]. A function g : Z+ × B → Cr is called uni-
formly asymptotically continuous on bounded sets if, for every  > 0 and
every bounded subset B of B, there are K,B ≥ 0 and δ,B ≥ 0 such that
|g(n, ϕ) − g(n, ψ)| < , for all n ≥ K,B and all ϕ, ψ ∈ B with kϕ − ψk < δ,B .
Lemma 2.12. [23]. Let g : Z+ × B → Cr be uniformly S-asymptotically ω-
periodic on bounded sets and asymptotically uniformly continuous on bounded
sets. Let ξ : Z+ → B be a discrete S-asymptotically ω-periodic function. Then
the function g(·, ξ(·)) is discrete S−asymptotically ω-periodic.

3. Fixed point results

In this short section, we introduce notations and definitions which are
used throughout this paper.
Definition 3.1. Let X be a nonempty set and consider the space Rm + en-
dowed with the usual component-wise partial order. The mapping d : X ×X →
Rm
+ , which satisfies all the usual axioms of the metric, is called a generalized
metric in Perov’s sense and (X, d) is called a vector metric space.
Let (X, d) be a vector metric space in Perov’s sense. For r := (r1 , . . . , rm ) ∈
Rm
+ we will denote by
,
B(x0 , r) = {x ∈ X : d(x0 , x) < r},
the open ball centered in x0 with radius r, and
B(x0 , r) = {x ∈ X : d(x0 , x) ≤ r},
the closed ball centered at x0 with radius r.
In the case of vector metric spaces in the sense of Perov, the notions of
convergent sequence, Cauchy sequence, completeness, and open and closed
subsets are similar to those for usual metric spaces.
If, v, r ∈ Rm , v := (v1 , . . . , vm ), and r := (r1 , . . . , rm ), then by v ≤
r we mean vi ≤ ri for each i ∈ {1, . . . , m} and by v < r we mean vi <
ri for each i ∈ {1, . . . , m}. Also |v| := (|v1 |, . . . , |vm |) and max(u, v) :=
 DIFFERENCES EQUATIONS 7

(max(u1 , v1 ), . . . , max(um , vm )). If c ∈ R, then v ≤ c means vi ≤ c for each i ∈

{1, . . . , m}.

Throughout this paper we denote by Mm,m (R+ ) the set of all m × m

matrices with positive elements, by Θ the zero m × m matrix, and by Id the
identity m × m matrix.
Definition 3.2. A square matrix M ∈ Mm,m (R+ ) is said to be conver-
gent to zero if
M k → Θ as k → ∞.
Lemma 3.3. [32] Let M be a square matrix of nonnegative numbers. Then
the following assertions are equivalent:
1. M is convergent to zero;
2. the matrix Id − M is non-singular and
(Id − M )−1 = Id + M + M 2 + cldots + M k + · · · ;
3. kλk < 1 for every λ ∈ C with det(M − λId) = 0;
4. (Id − M ) is non-singular and (Id − M )−1 has nonnegative elements;
Definition 3.4. We say that a non-singular matrix A = (aij )1≤i,j≤m ∈
Mm×m (R) has the absolute value property if
A−1 |A| ≤ Id,
where
|A| = (|aij |)1≤i,j≤m ∈ Mm×m (R+ ).
Some examples of matrices convergent to zero are the following:
 
a 0
1. A = , where a, b ∈ R+ and max(a, b) < 1.
0 b
 
a −c
2. A = , where a, b, c ∈ R+ and a + b < 1, c < 1.
0 b
 
a −a
3. A = , where a, b ∈ R+ and |a − b| < 1, a > 1, b > 0.
b −b
Theorem 3.5. [27] Let (X, d) be a complete vector metric space with
d : X × X → Rm , and let N : X → X be such that
d(N (x), N (y)) ≤ M d(x, y),
for all x, y ∈ X and some square matrix M of nonnegative numbers. If the
matrix M is convergent to zero, that is, M k → 0 as k → ∞, then N has a
unique fixed point x∗ ∈ X,
d(N k (x0 ), x∗ ) ≤ M k (Id − M )−1 d(N (x0 ), x0 )
for every x0 ∈ X and k ≥ 1.
8 J.J. NIETO, A. OUAHAB AND M.A. SLIMANI

4. Boundedness of Solutions
In this section, we are concerned with the study of the existence of
bounded solutions for the semilinear difference equation with infinite delay
via discrete maximal regularity.
Theorem 4.1. Assume that system (1.1) has exponential dichotomy on
B, and in addition to conditions (H1 ) and (H2 ), suppose that the following
conditions hold:
(H3 ) The functions fi (n, ·, ·) : lp (Z+ , B) × lp (Z+ , B) → Cr , i = 1, 2 satisfy,
for all x, y, x, y ∈ lp (Z+ , B) and n ∈ Z+ ,
|f1 (n, x, y) − f1 (n, x, y)| ≤ a1 (n)kx − xkp + b1 (n)ky − ykp
and
|f2 (n, x, y) − f2 (n, x, y)| ≤ a2 (n)kx − xkp + b2 (n)ky − ykp
p +
where ai , bi ∈ l (Z ), i = 1, 2.
(H4 ) f1 (·, 0, 0), f2 (·, 0, 0) ∈ lp (Z+ , Cr ).
(H5 ) The matrix M ∈ M2×2 (R+ ) such that
 
−α −1 ka1 kp kb1 kp
M = 2dK(1 − e ) supn∈Z+ (1 + kP (n)kB )
ka2 kp kb2 kp
converges to zero.
Then, for each ϕ, ψ ∈ P (0)B there is a unique bounded solution (x, y) of
system (1.2) with P (0)x0 = ϕ, P (0)y0 = ψ, such that (x· , y· ) ∈ lp (Z+ , B) ×
lp (Z+ , B).
Proof. Let ξ, η be sequences in lp (Z+ , B). Using conditions (H3 ) and
(H4 ) we obtain that the function F (·) = f1 (·, ξ, η) is in lp (Z+ , Cr ), and we
have
∞
X
kF kpp = |f1 (n, ξ, η)|p
n=0
X∞
≤ (|f1 (n, ξ, η) − f1 (n, 0, 0)| + |f1 (n, 0, 0)|)p
n=0
∞
X ∞
X
p
≤ 2 |f1 (n, ξ, η) − f1 (n, 0, 0)|p + 2p |f1 (n, 0, 0)|p
n=0 n=0
X∞
≤ 2p (ap1 (n)kξkpB + bp1 (n)kηkpB ) + 2p kf1 (n, 0, 0)kpp .
n=0

Hence
kF kp ≤ 2(ka1 kp kξkp + kb1 kp kηkp + kf1 (·, 0, 0)kp ).
 DIFFERENCES EQUATIONS 9

Similarly we obtain that the function G(·) = f2 (·, ξ, η) is in lp (Z+ , Cr ), and

∞
X
kGkpp = |f2 (n, ξ, η)|p
n=0
X∞
≤ (|f2 (n, ξ, η) − f2 (n, 0, 0)| + |f2 (n, 0, 0)|)p
n=0
∞
X ∞
X
p
≤ 2 |f2 (n, ξ, η) − f2 (n, 0, 0)|p + 2p |f2 (n, 0, 0)|p
n=0 n=0
X∞
≤ 2p (ap2 (n)kξkpB + bp2 (n)kηkpB ) + 2p kf2 (n, 0, 0)kpp .
n=0

Hence

kGkp ≤ 2(ka2 kp kξkp + kb2 kp kηkp + kf2 (·, 0, 0)kp ).

If ϕ, ψ ∈ P (0)B, then by Theorem 2.4, system (1.2) has discrete maximal

regularity, and so the Cauchy system


 z(n + 1) = A1 (n, zn , zen ) + F (n), n ∈ Z+ ,
ze(n + 1) = A2 (n, zn , zen ) + G(n), n ∈ Z+ ,

(4.14)

 P (0)z0 = ϕ,
P (0)e
z0 = ψ,


has a unique solution (z, ze) ∈ lp (Z+ , B) × lp (Z+ , B), which is given by

∞
X
(4.15) zn = H1 (ξ(n), η(n)) = U (n, 0)P (0)ϕ + Γ(n, s)f1 (s, ξ, η)
s=0

and

∞
X
(4.16) zen = H2 (ξ(n), η(n)) = U (n, 0)P (0)ψ + Γ(n, s)f2 (s, ξ, η).
s=0

We now show that the operator H : lp (Z+ , B) × lp (Z+ , B) → lp (Z+ , B) ×

l (Z+ , B) has a unique fixed point, defined as follows:
p

H(ξ(n), η(n)) = (H1 (ξ(n), η(n)), H2 (ξ(n), η(n))), (ξ, η) ∈ lp (Z+ , B)×lp (Z+ , B).
10 J.J. NIETO, A. OUAHAB AND M.A. SLIMANI

Let ξ1 , η1 , ξ2 , η2 ∈ lp (Z+ , B). We have that

p # p1
∞ X∞
"
X
kH1 (ξ1 , η1 ) − H1 (ξ2 , η2 )kp = Γ(n, s) [f1 (s, ξ1 , η1 ) − f1 (s, ξ2 , η2 )]



n=0 s=0 B
≤ dK sup (1 + kP (n)kB )
n∈Z+
" ∞ ∞
!p # p1
X X
× e−α|n−(s+1)| [a1 (s)kξ1 − ξ2 kB + b1 (s)kη1 − η2 kB ]
n=0 s=0
≤ 2dK sup (1 + kP (n)kB )
n∈Z+
∞
X ∞
X
× e−αn eα(s+1) (ka1 kp kξ1 − ξ2 kp + kb1 kp kη1 − η2 kp )
n=0 s=0
−α −1
≤ 2dK(1 − e ) sup (1 + kP (n)kB )
n∈Z +
× (ka1 kp kξ1 − ξ2 kp + kb1 kp kη1 − η2 kp ) .

Hence

kH1 (ξ1 , η1 ) − H1 (ξ2 , η2 )kp ≤ 2dK(1 − e−α )−1 sup (1 + kP (n)kB )

n∈Z+
× (ka1 kp kξ1 − ξ2 kp + kb1 kp kη1 − η2 kp ) .

Similarly

kH2 (ξ1 , η1 ) − H2 (ξ2 , η2 )kp ≤ 2dK(1 − e−α )−1 sup (1 + kP (n)kB )

n∈Z+
× (ka2 kp kξ1 − ξ2 kp + kb2 kp kη1 − η2 kp ) .

Then
 
−α −1 ka1 kp kb1 kp
kH(ξ1 , η1 ) − H(ξ2 , η2 )kp ≤ 2dK(1 − e ) sup (1 + kP (n)kB )
n∈Z+ ka2 kp kb2 kp
 
kξ1 − ξ2 kp
× .
kη1 − η2 kp

By (H5 ) and Theorem 3.5, it follows that H has a unique fixed point (ξ, η) ∈
lp (Z+ , B) × lp (Z+ , B).
 DIFFERENCES EQUATIONS 11

Let (ξ, η) be the unique fixed point of H. Then we have

"∞ ∞
p # p1
X X
kξkp = U (n, 0)P (0)ϕ + U (n, s + 1)f1 (s, ξ, η)


n=0 s=0 B
"∞ # p1 " ∞ ∞ p # p1
X X X
p
≤ kU (n, 0)P (0)ϕkB + U (n, s + 1)f1 (s, ξ, η)



n=0 n=0 s=0 B
 1/p
∞
X
≤ K e−αpj  kϕkB
j=0

+2dK sup (1 + kP (m)kB )(1 − e−α )−1

m≥0
" ∞
#1/p
X
p
× |f1 (s, ξ, η)|
s=0
≤ K(1 − e−α )−1 kϕkB
+2dK sup (1 + kP (m)kB )(1 − e−α )−1
m≥0
×(ka1 kp kξkp + kb1 kp kηkp + kf1 (., 0)kp ),

and
kηkp ≤ K(1 − e−α )−1 kψkB
+2dK sup (1 + kP (m)kB )(1 − e−α )−1
m≥0
×(ka2 kp kξkp + kb2 kp kηkp + kf2 (., 0)kp ),

whence
    
kξkp ka1 kp kb1 kp kξkp
≤ 2Kd sup (1 + kP (m)kB (1 − e−α )−1
kηkp m≥0 ka2 kp kb2 kp kηkp
 
−α −1 kϕkp
+ K(1 − e ) + 2dK sup (1 + kP (m)kB )
kψkp m≥0
 
kf1 (·, 0)kp
× (1 − e−α )−1 .
kf2 (·, 0)kp
Then
      
kξkp −1 −α −1 kϕkp −α −1 kf1 (·, 0)kp
≤ (Id−M ) K(1 − e ) + 2dK sup (1 + kP (m)kB )(1 − e ) .
kηkp kψkp m≥0 kf2 (·, 0)kp
12 J.J. NIETO, A. OUAHAB AND M.A. SLIMANI

5. Weighted boundedness and asymptotic behavior

We have the following result about weighted bounded solutions.

Theorem 5.1. Assume that conditions (H1 ) − (H2 ) hold. Let λ and
δ be the constants of Theorem 2.6. In addition, suppose that the following
conditions hold:
(C1 ) The functions fi (n, ·, ·) : B ×B → Cr , i = 1, 2 satisfy, for all x, y, x, y ∈
B and n ∈ Z+ ,

|f1 (n, x, y) − f1 (n, x, y)| ≤ a1 (n)kx − xkB + b1 (n)ky − ykB ,

and

|f2 (n, x, y) − f2 (n, x, y)| ≤ a2 (n)kx − xkB + b2 (n)ky − ykB

where ai , bi ∈ l1 (Z+ ), i = 1, 2;
(C2 ) f1 (·, 0, 0), f2 (·, 0, 0) ∈ lδ1 (Z+ , Cr );
(C3 ) The matrix M c ∈ M2×2 (R+ ) defined by
 
−δ ka1 k1 kb1 k1
M = λde
c
ka2 k1 kb2 k1
is convergent to zero.
Then, there is an unique weighted bounded solution (x, y) of system (1.2) with
x0 = 0, y0 = 0.

Proof. We define the operator Ω = (Ω1 , Ω2 ) on lδ∞ (Z+ , B) by

n−1
X
Ω1 (ξ(n), η(n)) = U (n, s + 1)f1 (s, ξ(s), η(s)), ξ, η ∈ lδ∞
s=0

and
n−1
X
Ω2 (ξ(n), η(n)) = U (n, s + 1)f2 (s, ξ(s), η(s)), ξ, η ∈ lδ∞ .
s=0

We now show that the operator Ω : lδ∞ (Z+ , B) × lδ∞ (Z+ , B) → lδ∞ (Z+ , B) ×
lδ∞ (Z+ , B) has a unique fixed point. We observe that Ω is well defined. In
fact, we obtain
n−1
X
kΩ1 (ξ, η)kB e−δn ≤ λde−δ |f1 (s, ξ(s), η(s))|e−δs
s=0
"n−1 n−1
#
X X
−δ δs δs δs
≤ λde (a1 (s)kξ(s)kB e + b1 (s)e kη(s)kB + |f1 (·, 0, 0)|e )
s=0 s=0
 DIFFERENCES EQUATIONS 13

and
n−1
X
kΩ2 (ξ, η)kB e−δn ≤ λde−δ |f2 (s, ξ(s), η(s))|e−δs
s=0
"n−1 n−1
#
X X
−δ δs δs δs
≤ λde (a2 (s)kξ(s)kB e + b2 (s)e kη(s)kB + |f2 (·, 0, 0)|e )
s=0 s=0

whence
kΩ1 (ξ, η)kδ ≤ λde−δ [ka1 k1 kξ(s)kδ + kb1 k1 kη(s)kδ + kf1 (·, 0, 0)k1,δ ]
and
kΩ2 (ξ, η)kδ ≤ λde−δ [ka2 k1 kξ(s)kδ + kb2 k1 kη(s)kδ + kf2 (·, 0, 0)k1,δ ].
Hence, the space lβ∞ is invariant under Ω. Next let (ξ, η) and (ξ, η) be in
lδ∞ × lδ∞ . Then
kΩ1 (ξ(s), η(s)) − Ω1 (ξ(s), η(s))kδ ≤ λde−δ ka1 k1 kξ − ξkδ + kb1 k1 kη − ηkδ
 

and

kΩ2 (ξ(s), η(s)) − Ω2 (ξ(s), η(s))kδ ≤ λde−δ ka2 k1 kξ − ξkδ + kb2 k1 kη − ηkδ .
 

Then
 
ka1 k1 kb1 k1
kΩ(ξ, η) − Ω(ξ, η)kδ ≤ λde−δ
ka2 k1 kb2 k1
 
kξ − ξkδ
× .
kη − ηkδ
It follows that Ω has a unique fixed point (ξ, η) ∈ lδ∞ (Z+ , B)×lδ∞ (Z+ , B). The
uniqueness of the solution is reduced to the uniqueness of the fixed point of
the map Ω. Let (ξ, η) be the unique fixed point of Ω. Then we have

kξkδ ≤ λde−δ [ka1 k1 kξkδ + kb1 k1 kηkδ + kf1 (·, 0, 0)k1,δ ].

and
kηkδ ≤ λde−δ [ka2 k1 kξkδ + kb2 k1 kηkδ + kf2 (·, 0, 0)k1,δ ].
Then
      
kξkδ ka1 k1 kb1 k1 kξkδ kf1 (·, 0, 0)k1,δ
≤ λde−δ +λde−δ .
kηkδ ka2 k1 kb2 k1 kηkδ kf2 (·, 0, 0)k1,δ
So,    
kξkδ −δ c)−1 kf1 (·, 0, 0)k1,δ
≤ λde (Id − M .
kηkδ kf2 (·, 0, 0)k1,δ
14 J.J. NIETO, A. OUAHAB AND M.A. SLIMANI

6. Asymptotic periodicity
The next result ensures the existence and uniqueness of a discrete S-
asymptotically ω-periodic solution for the problem (1.4).
Theorem 6.1. Assume that the solution operator of (1.3) is strongly S-
asymptotically ω-periodic semigroup. Let g1 , g2 : Z+ ×B×B → Cr be functions
such that g1 (·, 0, 0) and g2 (·, 0, 0) are summable in Z+ and there exist sum-
mable functions ai , bi ∈ l1 (Z+ ), i = 1, 2, such that
|g1 (n, x, y) − g1 (n, x, y)| ≤ a1 (n)kx − xkB + b1 (n)ky − ykB ,
and
|g2 (n, x, y) − g2 (n, x, y)| ≤ a2 (n)kx − xkB + b2 (n)ky − ykB ,
for all x, y, x, y ∈ B and n ∈ Z+ . Then there is a unique discrete S-asymptotically
ω-periodic solution of the problem (1.4) for every ϕ, ψ ∈ B.
Proof. We define the operator T on the space SAPω (B) by
T (ξ(n), η(n) = (T1 (ξ(n), η(n), T2 (ξ(n), η(n)),
where
n−1
X
T1 (ξ(n), η(n)) = U (n)ϕ+ U (n−1−s)f1 (s, ξ(s), η(s)), for all (ξ, η) ∈ SAPω (B)
s=0

and
n−1
X
T2 (ξ(n), η(n)) = U (n)ψ+ U (n−1−s)f2 (s, ξ(s), η(s)), for all (ξ, η) ∈ SAPω (B).
s=0

Then we can write

n−1
X
ν1 (n) = U (n − 1 − s)f1 (s, ξ(s), η(s)), for all (ξ, η) ∈ SAPω (B)
s=0

and
n−1
X
ν2 (n) = U (n − 1 − s)f2 (s, ξ(s), η(s)), for all (ξ, η) ∈ SAPω (B).
s=0

We shall prove that T is well defined. We note that the functions

T (·)ϕ, T (·)ψ ∈ SAPω (B).
Moreover, the semigroup U (n) is uniformly bounded in Z+ . We get
kν1 k∞ ≤ M d[ka1 k1 kξk∞ + kb1 k1 kηk∞ + kf1 (., 0, 0)k1 ]
and
kν2 k∞ ≤ M d[ka2 k1 kξk∞ + kb2 k1 kηk∞ + kf2 (., 0, 0)k1 ].
 DIFFERENCES EQUATIONS 15

On the other hand, we have

m " ∞
! ∞
! ∞
!#
X X X X
U (m − s)f1 (s, ξ(s), η(s)) ≤ M a1 (s) kξk∞ + b1 (s) kηk∞ + |f1 (s, 0, 0)|


s=n s=n1 s=n1 s=n1
1

and

∞ ∞ ∞
m
" ! ! !#
X X X X
U (m − s)f2 (s, ξ(s), η(s)) ≤ M a2 (s) kξk∞ + b2 (s) kηk∞ + |f2 (s, 0, 0)| .


s=n s=n1 s=n1 s=n1
1

Hence we obtain that

m
X
lim U (m − s)f1 (s, ξ(s), η(s)) = 0
m→∞
s=n1
and
m
X
lim U (m − s)f2 (s, ξ(s), η(s)) = 0.
m→∞
s=n1
Taking into account that T (.) is S-asymptotically ω-periodic and
1 −1
nX
ν1 (n + ω) − ν1 (n) = [U (n − 1 − s + ω) − U (n − 1 − s)]f1 (s, ξ(s), η(s))
s=0
−1+ω
n1X
+ U (n − 1 − s + ω)f1 (s, ξ(s), η(s))
s=n1
1 −1
nX
− U (n − 1 − s)f1 (s, ξ(s), η(s)),
s=n1

we obtain that
lim ν1 (n + ω) − ν1 (n) = 0.
n→∞
Similarly, we have
1 −1
nX
ν2 (n + ω) − ν2 (n) = [U (n − 1 − s + ω) − U (n − 1 − s)]f2 (s, ξ(s), η(s))
s=0
−1+ω
n1X
+ U (n − 1 − s + ω)f2 (s, ξ(s), η(s))
s=n1
1 −1
nX
− U (n − 1 − s)f2 (s, ξ(s), η(s)),
s=n1

and hence
lim ν2 (n + ω) − ν2 (n) = 0.
n→∞
16 J.J. NIETO, A. OUAHAB AND M.A. SLIMANI

7. Volterra Difference System with Infinite Delay

We apply our previous result to Volterra difference systems with infinite
delay. Volterra difference equations can be considered as natural generaliza-
tion of difference equations. During the last few years Volterra difference
equations have emerged vigorously in several applied fields, and currently
there is wide interest in developing the qualitative theory for such equations.
Let γ be a positive real number and let A(n) and K(n) be r × r matrices
defined for n ∈ Z+ , s ∈ Z+ such that
∞
X
|K(n)|eγn < +∞
n=0

and
kAk∞ = sup |A(n)| < ∞.
n≥0

We consider the following Volterra difference system with infinite delay:

n
X
(7.17) x(n + 1) = A(n)K(n − s)x(s), n ≥ 0.
s=−∞

This equation is viewed as a functional difference equation on the phase space

Bγ , where Bγ is defined as follows:
ϕ(−n)
(7.18) Bγ = Bγ (Z− , Cr ) = {ϕ : Z− → Cr : sup < +∞}
n∈Z+ eγn
with the norm:
ϕ(−n)
(7.19) kϕkBγ = sup , ϕ ∈ Bγ .
n∈Z+ eγn
Next, we consider the following Volterra difference system with infinite delay:
(7.20)
 Pn
 x(n + 1) = Ps=−∞ A(n)K(n − s)x(s) + a1 (n)x(n) + a2 (n)y(n), n ≥ 0,
 n
y(n + 1) = s=−∞ A(n)K(n − s)y(s) + b1 (n)x(n) + b2 (n)y(n), n ≥ 0,


 P (0)x0 = ϕ,
P (0)y0 = ψ,


We recall that the Volterra system (7.20) is viewed as retarded functional

difference equations on the phase space Bγ .
As consequence of Theorem 4.1 we have the following result.
Theorem 7.1. Assume that System (7.17) has an exponential dichotomy,
and ai , bi ∈ lp (Z+ ), i = 1, 2. Then for each ϕ, ψ ∈ P (0)Bγ there is a unique
bounded solution (x, y) of the system (7.20) such that (x. , y. ) ∈ lp (Z+ , Bγ ) ×
lp (Z+ , Bγ ); in particular, (x, y) ∈ lp (Z+ , Cr ) × lp (Z+ , Cr ).
 DIFFERENCES EQUATIONS 17

Here
f1 (n, xn , yn ) = a1 (n)x(n) + a2 (n)y(n) ; f2 (n, xn , yn ) = b1 (n)x(n) + b2 (n)y(n),
and
n
X n
X
A1 (n, xn , yn ) = A(n)K(n−s)x(s) ; A2 (n, xn , yn ) = A(n)K(n−s)y(s).
s=−∞ s=−∞

Proof. Clearly, {A1 (n, ·, ·)} and {A2 (n, ·, ·)} are uniformly bounded se-
quences of bounded linear operators mapping B × B into Cr . Here
xn (−s)
kxn kBγ = sup ≤ sup kx(n − s)k
s∈Z+ eγs s∈Z+
≤ sup kx(s)k,
0≤s≤n

and the functions f1 and f2 satisfy, for all x, y, x, y ∈ lp (Z+ , B) and n ∈ Z+ ,

we have
|f1 (n, x, y) − f1 (n, x, y)| ≤ a1 (n)kx − xkp + a2 (n)ky − ykp ,
|f2 (n, x, y) − f2 (n, x, y)| ≤ b1 (n)kx − xkp + b2 (n)ky − ykp ,
where ai , bi ∈ lp (Z+ ), i = 1, 2.
Then
 
−α −1 ka1 kp ka2 kp
M = 2dK(1 − e ) supn∈Z+ (1 + kP (n)kB ) .
kb1 kp kb2 kp

Therefore, all the conditions of Theorem 4.1 are satisfied. If M converges to

zero, then problem (7.20) has a unique bounded solution (x, y).

Acknowledgement: This paper was completed while A. Ouahab visited

the Department of Statistics, Mathematical Analysis and Optimization of the
University of Santiago de Compostela. The work of J. J. Nieto has been par-
tially supported by the AEI of Spain under Grant MTM2016- 75140-P and
co-financed by European Community fund FEDER, and XUNTA de Galicia
under grants GRC2015-004 and R2016/022.
The authors would like to thank the anonymous referees for their careful read-
ing of the manuscript and pertinent comments; their constructive suggestions
substantially improved the quality of the work.

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J.J. Nieto
Instituto de Matemáticas,
Facultade de Matemáticas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela,
Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
E-mail: [email protected]

A. Ouahab
Laboratory of Mathematics, University of Sidi Bel-Abbès
P.O. Box 89, 22000 Sidi Bel-Abbès, Algeria
E-mail: [email protected]

M.A. Slimani
Laboratory of Mathematics, University of Sidi Bel-Abbès
P.O. Box 89, 22000 Sidi Bel-Abbès, Algeria
E-mail: [email protected]