2.

Ecotourism product development - from planning to sustainability - The module has been
developed by Mrs. Liliya Terzieva – Lecturer and Researcher at the Academy for Leisure Studies at
NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences, the Netherlands

The ecotourism product development is considered as a strategic planning process that has the following
key characteristics:
• systematic or represents a logical sequence of steps
• an opportunity to evaluate alternatives
• community-based and supports community economic development
• iterative and dynamic
• integrated and comprehensive
The Ecotourism planning process consists of eight basic phases (Campbell, Lisa M. “Ecotourism in
Rural Developing Communities.” Annals of Tourism Research (26)3: 534-54), 1999):
v Phase I Mission Statement and Goal Setting
v Phase II Resource Inventory and Analysis
v Phase III Market Analysis
v Phase IV Product Market Matching/Theme/Concept
v Phase V Overall Development Plan
v Phase VI Ecotourism Product Development
v Phase VII Market Strategy
v Phase VIII Implementation Strategy

PHASE I: MISSION STATEMENT AND GOAL SETTING

MISSION STATEMENT
Traditionally, regional economic development and business planning was designed to respond to
immediate economic and political needs. Creative contemporary planning, however, provides the
opportunity to instead value the exploration process and paint a picture of what is possible. The mission
statement provides clarity and direction to the planning process and shapes the final product. It deals
with what is important and deeply cared about; the opportunity to serve a need; the values to be
protected; what business the organization is in; overall purpose for community existence.
The following is an example of the transition from Mission to goal to objectives:

1
 Mission: To provide socially and environmentally responsible tourism at a profit
Goal #1: Implement sustainable economic development
Objectives:
- Increase visitor spending
- Identify areas of unique value for conservation
- Attract more tourists
- Decrease leakages
- Expand the tourism season

Goal #2: Encourage community involvement

Objectives:
- implement community action group
- provide opportunities for local investors

PHASE II: RESOURCE INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS

The natural and cultural resources are the attractions of the ecotourism product. A comprehensive
inventory and analysis is essential before defining the development potential. Special emphasis is placed
on the unique features and areas of state or regional significance. All resources are inventoried for their
attractiveness, ability to draw visitors, accessibility, integrity and contribution to environmental and
cultural protection.
They can be grouped according to:
1. natural or environmental
2. community
3. heritage or historic
4. cultural
5. outdoor recreation
6. tourism services
7. special events
8. information/interpretive services

PHASE III: MARKET ANALYSIS

In order to match the available ecotourism market to the resource base of a region or community, it is
necessary to undertake a comprehensive market analysis. There are two sources of market demand that
can contribute to determining an ecotourism product.
(a) primary research, including questionnaires and interviews with the travel trade;

2
 (b) secondary or desk research including the analysis of written data or both the local markets as
well as the international tourism markets;
a) PRIMARY RESEARCH
Primary research generates data, directly from the travel trade or consumers that is used to shape the
ecotourism product. It is gathered by:
• informal observation of the ecotourism market
• surveys or interviews with members of the travel trade (wholesalers, tour operators and local
suppliers such as hotels and resorts, guides, adventure tour operators, NGOs, etc.)
• questionnaires distributed to visitors in your region/province/community that potentially
represents the ecotourism market
b) SECONDARY RESEARCH
Secondary or desk research is provided by the literature and survey results that have been prepared by
others. At the regional, provincial or community level, it may include:
- visitor exit surveys
- surveys of the adventure market since there is very little available data on the ecotourism market
- adventure travel surveys in other provinces or regions
- market research from consumer magazines that provide nature-based tourism
- national/regional planning agencies, travel associations, city/municipal or provincial tourism
offices

PHASE IV: RESOURCE / PRODUCT MARKET MATCHING

PRODUCT/MARKET MATCHING/THEMES
A. PRODUCT MARKET MATCHING
PMM is a technique that is frequently used to match the inventoried resource base with the identified
existing and potential market segments. The results of the matching will also enable the organization
to estimate the level of visitation. This will determine if additional infrastructure and services are
needed.
COMPETITIVE PRODUCTS
Depending on the location, the competition may be in an adjacent province or region, or another
country. It is important to appreciate that similar ecotourism operators in an adjacent area may be a
collaborator or contributor to your overall package.
An analysis of the competition may include the following sample format:

3
 Competitor A Product Components Competitive Features and
Special Appeal

Market Origins and Price Structures Marketing Approach

Volume

PHASE V: OVERALL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

This phase is very important and is essential to preparing a professional, marketable ecotourism product.
Here is a matrix to use in preparing your development plan to ensure a basis for future development
framework.
Issues/Concerns What has What needs By Whom Budget Timeframe
been done to be done

PHASE VI: ECOTOURISM PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Once the various products have been identified for the community, it is then possible to create overall
ecotour packages that can be promoted to travel and tour operators both domestically and
internationally. Ecotourism product development generally takes four steps including:
1. Preparation of Daily Itinerary
2. Securing all services and suppliers
3. Establish Price Structure
4. Developing a partnership with tour operators and wholesalers
The following process demonstrates how a typical tour package is developed, how suppliers are
identified and how costs are estimated. Typical cost estimates are provided for most tour components;
however, they would be finalized with the selected suppliers before a final net tour cost is prepared.
Finally, since many tours will be marketed through local or international tour operators or wholesalers,
the process is outlined to achieve this result.
Phase 1. Prepare the detailed tour package itinerary
4
Step 1. Tour Itinerary Development
Example:
DAY 1. Arrival
Option (a) Transfer to hotel _________________________________________________
Transfer service _________________________________________________
Personnel ______________________________________________________
Option (b) Transfer directly to connecting domestic flight ________________________
Meet, Greet and Assist ___________________________________________

Phase 2. Tour Package Costing Form

(Typical 7 day Package for 10 people)
Services Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day7
Transfers
Hotel
Meals:
Breakfast
Lunch
Dinner

Means of
Transportation:
Land transport
Air transport
Water
transport
Guide Service
Experts
Park Fee
Miscellaneous
Entertainment
Contingencies

5
TOTAL
LAND COST1
TOTAL
COSTS
Plus Mark-up
TOTAL
TOURIST
PACKAGE
NET COST

PHASE VII: MARKETING STRATEGY

The marketing strategy involves the process of developing a market plan that specifically sells the
organization’s ecotourism products.
a. It responds to the definition of Eco-Tourism
• Small groups
• Involves non-consumptive activities
• Utilizes environmentally sound facilities
• Takes a very small volume of visitors into an area in any one year
• Uses local people and business as much as possible
• Networks with community and grassroot organizations

b. It responds to the development strategy including:

• Key objectives, including your mission statement
• Creating a marketing plan, including your strategies and tactics necessary to achieve your
objectives
• Preparing a budget in accordance with the action plan
• Monitoring feedback for control and evaluation of the marketing strategy

c. It meets Important Ecotourism criteria

1
The cost of using the land as a resource and the provision of its sustainability.
6
 • Is the organizaiton using tour operators that meet standards of responsible, conscious
tourism?
• Does the organization incorporate local and indigenous people into its programs making sure
they benefit directly?
• Does the organization educate its clients before they visit or have contact with a culture-
bound community or destination?
• Does the organization have a Code of Ethics that that represents the philosophy and goals by
which it operates?
• Educational value both in-house and on-site?
• Is the organization making appropriate decisions not to visit an area because it is too
sensitive or negatively impacted?

ANNUAL MARKETING BUDGET WORSKEET

Items Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
ADVERTISING
Brochures
Newsletter
Tour Shell
Newspapers
SALES
Trade shows
Conferences/Seminars
Email/Post Mail
Website development
Familiarization Tours
Displays/Exhibits
Video presentations
Other
MARKETING
RESEARCH
Data analysis

7
Surveys
Questionnaires
Other
TOTAL ANNUAL
COST

PHASE VIII: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

ACTION PLAN
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
There are variety of agencies, associations, organizations and companies responsible for the
implementation of a Development Strategy. A matrix that outlines the specific responsibility assures
response to the opportunity as well as action.
Roles / Responsibilities Public Private Association Other

FINANCING AND FUNDING SOURCES:

Program/Project Description Partner Agency Budget
Infrastructure /
Transportation

Marketing/Promotions

Human Resource
Development

OTHERS

The composition of ecotourism products should vary in order to satisfy different market segments and
local conditions:

8
 • Address quality, authenticity and security. Throughout the three conferences2, the importance of
these three attributes was underlined. Quality does not necessarily mean luxury, but attention to
detail and understanding customer needs. Authenticity is about meeting a visitor aspiration of
‘seeing the real thing’ while respecting the sensitivities of local communities and environments.
Security is about visitor safety, perceived and real, but can also be applied to wider issues of
reliability.
• Give top priority to the interpretation of nature and culture. The most essential component of an
ecotourism product is the inherent quality of the landscape and wildlife. The WTO market
studies confirmed this as the main visitor motivation, but closely followed by the opportunity to
meet local people and experience cultural traditions and lifestyles. Ecotourism is distinguished
by providing an experience that is both educative and enjoyable. Quality of interpretation is of
paramount importance; within this, the value of good local guides, who know their subject and
how to put it over, has been strongly emphasized.
• Design and manage service facilities to maximize sustainability. Although not the driving force
in an ecotourism offer, accommodation, catering, and opportunities to make purchases are
essential components of the product. There is a whole host of planning, design and management
issues here that affect viability, environmental impact, enterprise and employment opportunities
for local people, value retained in the local economy and the quality of the visitor experience.
Case studies presented during the three conferences have demonstrated a wealth of good practice
in this area and a growing body of knowledge internationally, on topics such as: eco-lodge
design and management; village based accommodation and homestay programmes; use of local
produce and traditional dishes; and handicraft production and sales.
• Address destination as well as individual product issues. Successful and sustainable product
development in ecotourism also needs to take account of infrastructure, environmental
management and visitor services in the destination as a whole. For example, the need for more
sustainable transport options to and within the destination was stressed at the European
Ecotourism and Biodiversity Conference 2010.
• Relate ecotourism to sustainable activity tourism, where appropriate. Although ecotourism is
clearly distinguished from activity tourism, it is apparent that some ecotourists are looking for
activities such as hiking or trail riding to complement the product offer. This appears to be

2
ICEST 2010 : International Conference on Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism; Ecotourism and Sustainable Ecotourism
Conference (2011) of the International Ecotourism Society; World Ecotourism Conference (2010)
9
 particularly true in mountain areas, in regions like Europe and Central Asia. In maritime
locations, such as small island states, making activities like diving and yachting more
environmentally sustainable was seen as an issue for ecotourism. The three conferences also
raised the controversial question of the relationship between hunting and ecotourism, recognising
that this activity, when carefully controlled, can provide resources for wildlife management and
raise the perceived value of certain species within local communities.
Ecotourism products can have an immediate and lasting effect on the nation's diverse economics and
will go a long way toward carrying the precious environmental and cultural resources successfully into
the next century.
According to David Fennell, the sustainability of ecotourism products depends on the following factors:
§ Development within each locality of a special sense of place, reflected in architectural
character and development style, sensitive to its unique heritage and environment.
§ Preservation, protection and enhancement of the quality of resources, which are the basis of
tourism.
§ Fostering development of additional visitor attractions with roots in their own locale and
developed in ways which complement local attributes.
§ Development of visitor services which enhance the local heritage and environment.
§ Endorsement of growth when and where it improves things, not where it is destructive, or
exceeds the carrying capacity of the natural environment or the limits of the social
environment, beyond which the quality of community life is adversely affected (Fennell,
2003).
Five basic principles of sustainability are the idea of planning and strategy making, the importance of
preserving essential ecological processes, the need to protect both human heritage and biodiversity, the
need to develop in a manner that fosters long-term productivity sustainable for future generations, and
the goal of achieving a better balance of equity among nations.
Generally, the idea of sustainable growth is that it meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Fennell, 2003). The two sustainability
principles that are linked to the classifications of ecotourism are the need for giving back to local
communities and returns for the environment through support for conservation. Economic sustainability
is usually provided in the form of both direct and indirect benefits of employment, monetary exchanges
and even infrastructure development. Environmental sustainability is enhanced through better resource
conservation, as well as cash. It is beyond doubt that the long-term feasibility of the ecotourism industry

10
essentially relies on maintaining the natural environment on which the industry depends, and provide
fair economic return to local communities (Black, 2007).
Determining the future of ecotourism is as filled with uncertainty as any other exercise in forecasting or
fortune-telling. It seems that ecotourism is here to stay, but that it is currently still at a very early and
delicate stages in its growth. Individual ecotourism enterprises and in general concepts and principles of
ecotourism are continually plagued by larger participants who pursue ecotourism for other purposes,
mainly financial gain. This is not simply a question of business competition, where successful
ecotourism ventures may be undercut or bought out. Whereas the best examples of ecotourism are
making real and important contributions to conservation of the natural environment and the development
of disadvantaged communities, these instances are still extremely rare and most of them are very small
in number. Under the appropriate conditions ecotourism can indeed be one such tool, with assured
success. If for this reason alone, it seems advisable to encourage successful ecotourism ventures and
endeavors to replicate them worldwide (Buckley, 2003). Ralf Buckley states, “for tourism to make
useful contributions to conservation, its enormous revenue-generating power must be channeled and
focused through a conservation framework. As the ecotourism sector continues to grow, the continuing
vigilance of organizations such as the United Nations Environment Program and the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Sustainable Tourism Division of the World
Tourism Organization and international conservation organizations, such as Conservation International
and the World Wide Fund for Nature, will become increasingly important. And finally, as the debates of
the International Year of Ecotourism and the World Summit on Sustainable Development have moved
onto a new dimension of their implementation phase, perhaps it is time to reconceptualize ecotourism in
the jargon: ecotourism is geotourism with a positive triple bottom line.”(Buckley, 2011, p.264).

11
Bibliography
• Arlen, C. (1995, May 29). Ecotour, Hold the Eco. U.S. News & World Report, pp. 30-32.
• Ayala, H. (1996) Resort ecotourism: a paradigm for the 21st century. Cornell Hotel and
Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 37, 46–53.
• Barbier, Edward B. et al. (2004): Economics and Ecology: new frontiers and sustainable
development. London: Chapman & Hall.
• Belnap, J. 1998. Choosing indicators of natural resource condition: A case study in Arches
National Park, Utah, USA. Environmental Management 22, 635–642.
• Black, R. (2007) Ecotourism series, Number 5: quality assurance and certification in ecotourism.
Retrieved April 10, 2008 from UNLV Library Website:
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/unlv/Doc?id=10060509&ppg=264
• Boo E., 1992: Tourism and the Environment : pitfalls and liabilities of eco-tourism development.
WTO News 9 : 2-4.
• Butler R. W., 1974: Tourism as an agent of social change. Annals of Tourism Research 2 100 –
111.
• Butler R. W., 1980: The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution : implications for
management of resources. Canadian Geographer 24 : 5 – 12.
• Butler R. W., 1989: Alternative tourism ; pious hope or Trojan horse? World Leisure and
Recreation 31 (4): 9 – 17.
• Butler, R.W., 1991: Tourism, environment, and sustainable development. Environmental
Conservation, 18, 201-209.
• CAC [Consulting and Audit Canada]. 1995. What Tourism Managers Need to Know: A Practical
Guide to the Development and Use of Indicators of Sustainable Tourism. Madrid: World
Tourism Organization.
• Campbell, Lisa M. 1999. “Ecotourism in Rural Developing Communities.” Annals of Tourism
Research (26)3: 534-54.
• Chandra,A, Kandari O.P., 2001, Tourism, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Volume 5
• Chandra, A., Kandari O.P, Hristova (Terzieva), L. 1998, Tourism and Sustainable Development,
Beijing International Studies University Press, volume 13.
• Crabtree, B., and N.G. Bayfield. 1998. Developing sustainability indicators for mountain
ecosystems: A study of the Cairngorms, Scotland. Journal of Environmental Management 52:1,
1–14.
12
• Dale, V., and S.C. Beyeler. 2001. Challenges in the development and use of ecological
indicators. Ecological Indicators 1, 3–10.
• Driver B L., Brown P.J., Stankey G. H., Gregoire T. G.,1987: The ROS planning system:
evolution, basic concepts, and research needs. Leisure Sciences 9 : 201 - 212
• Fancy, S. 2002. Monitoring natural resources in our national parks. On-line at
www.nature.nps.gov/im/monitor/textindex.htm.
• Gross, J.E. 2003. Developing conceptual models for monitoring programs. On-line at
http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/monitor/docs/Conceptual_Modelling.pdf.
• GYWVU [Greater Yellowstone Winter Visitor Use Management Working Group]. 1999. Winter
Visitor Use Management: A Multi-Agency Assessment. Final Report of Information for
Coordinating Winter Recreation in the Greater Yellowstone Area. Jackson, Wyo.: National Park
Service.
• Hammitt,W., and D.N. Cole. 1998.Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management. 2nd ed. New
York: John Wiley and Sons.
• Hansemark, O. C. & Albinson, M., 2004, Customer Satisfaction and Retention: The Experiences
of Individual Employees, Managing Service Quality, 14 (1), pp. 40- 57
• Hawkes S., and Williams P (eds)., 1993: The Greening of Tourism From Principles to Practice:
A Casebook of Best Environmental Practice in Tourism, Centre for Tourism Policy and
Research, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC.
• Hokanson, S., January 2, 1995, The Deeper You Analyse, The More You Satisfy Customers,
Marketing News, p. 16.
• Honey, Martha S. 1999. “Treading Lightly? Ecotourism’s Impact on the Environment.”
Environment 41(5): 4-9.
• Hoyer, W. D. & MacInnis, D. J., 2001, Consumer Behaviour. 2nd ed., Boston, Houghton Mifflin
Company.
• Ingle, C.M., Y.-F. Leung, C. Monz, and H. Bauman. 2004. Monitoring visitor impacts in coastal
national parks: A review of techniques. In Protecting Our Diverse Heritage: The Role of Parks,
Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites. (Proceedings of the George Wright Society/National Park
Service Joint Conference, April 14–18, 2003, San Diego,California.) D. Harmon, B.M. Kilgore,
and G.E. Vietzke, eds. Hancock, Mich.: The George Wright Society, 228–233.

13
• IUCN (World Conservation Union). 1998. “Population and Parks.” PARKS Magazine 8(1). A
selection of case studies acknowledging the need to establish partnerships and encourage
cooperation with neighbors and other stakeholders, promote stewardship, and other instruments
which support protected areas objectives.———. 1997. “Chapter 4.22 Ecotourism.” In Beyond
Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability in Conservation. Gland: IUCN. Volume 1 of this document
presents guidelines for planning and implementing conservation activities, including ecotourism.
The second volume is an extensive reference book.
• IUCN-WCPA (World Commission on Protected Areas). 2000. Protected Areas: Benefits beyond
Boundaries--WCPA in Action. Gland: IUCN.
• Jackson, L.E., J.C. Kurtz, and W.S. Fisher, eds. 2000. Evaluation Guidelines for Ecological
Indicators. Publication no. EPA/620/R-99/005. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development.
• Kandampully, J. & Duddy, R., 1999, Competitive Advantage through Anticipation, Innovation
and Relationships, Management Decision, 37 (1), pp. 51-56.
• Kelley, R.E. (1979) Should you have an internal consultant? Harvard Business Review 57, 110–
20.
• Kotler, P., 2000, Marketing Management. 10th ed., New Jersey, Prentice-Hall.
• Lawrence, K. (1992) Sustainable tourism development. Paper presented at IV World Congress
on NationalParks and ProtectedAreas, 10–21 February, Caracas,Venezuela.
• Lea, John P. 2000. “Ecotourism in the Less Developed Countries.” Annals of Tourism Research
27(1): 248-9.
• Leung, Y-F. and Marion, J.L. (1999) Spatial strategies for managing visitor impacts in National
Parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 17 (4), 20–38.
• Leung, Y.-F., and J.L. Marion. 2000. Recreation impacts and management in wilderness: A
state-of-knowledge review. In Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference– Volume 5:
Wilderness Ecosystems, Threats and Management. Proceedings RMRS-P-15- Vol-5.D.N. Cole,
S.F. McCool,W.T. Borrie, and J. O’Loughlan, comps. Ogden, Utah: U.S. Department of
Agriculture–Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 23–48.
• Lindberg, K. and McCool, S.F. (1998) A critique of environmental carrying capacity as a means
of managing the effects of tourism development. Environmental Conservation 25 (4), 291–92.
• Lindberg, K., McCool, S.F. and Stankey, G. (1997) Rethinking carrying capacity. Annals of
Tourism Research 24 (2), 461–5.
14
• Loomis, L. and Graefe, A.R. (1992) Overview of NPCA’s visitor impact management process.
Paper presented at IVWorld Congress onNational Parks and Protected Areas, 10–21 February,
Caracas, Venezuela.
• Manning, R.E. (1986) Studies in Outdoor Recreation: Search and Research for Satisfaction.
Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.
• Marion, J.L. (1991) Developing a natural resource inventory and monitoring program for visitor
impacts on recreation sites: A procedural manual. Report no. NPS/NRVT/ NRR91/06. Denver,
CO: USDI National Park Service, Denver Service Center.
• Marion, J.L. and Farrell, T.A. (1998)Managing ecotourism visitation in protected areas. In K.
Lindberg and D. Englestrom (eds) Ecotourism Planning and Management (pp. 155–82). North
Bennington, VT: Ecotourism Society.
• Marion, J.L. and Leung, Y-F. (2001) Trail resource impacts and an examination of alternative
assessment techniques. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 19 (3), 17–37.
• McCool, S.F. (1994)Planning for sustainable nature dependent tourism development: The Limits
of Acceptable Change system. Tourism Recreation Research 19 (2), 51–5.
• McCool, S.F. and Christiansen, N.A. (1996) Alleviating congestion in parks and recreation areas
through direct management of visitor behaviour. InD.W. Lime (ed.) Crowding and Congestion in
the National Park System: Guidelines for Management and Research (MAES Miscellaneous Pub.
86-1996) (pp. 67–83). St Paul,MN: Department of Forest Resources and Minnesota Agricultural
Experiment Station, University of Minnesota.
• McCool, S.F. and Cole, D.N. (1997) Experiencing Limits of Acceptable Change: Some thoughts
after a decade of implementation. In S.FMcCool and D.N. Cole (eds) Proceedings – Limits of
Acceptable Change and Related Planning Processes: Progress and Future Directions (General
Technical Report INT-371) (pp. 72–78). Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain
Research Station.
• McCool, S.F. and Stankey, G.H. (1992) Managing for the sustainable use of protected wildlands:
The Limits of Acceptable Change framework. Paper presented at IV World Congress on
National Parks and Protected Areas, 10–21February, Caracas, Venezuela.
• McCoy, L.K., Krumpe, E.E. and Allen, S. (1995) Limits of Acceptable Change planning.
International Journal of Wilderness 1 (2), 18–22.

15
• Nepal, S. K. (1999). Tourism-induced environmental changes in the Nepalese Himalaya: A
comparative analysis of the Everest, Annapurna, and Mustang regions. Ph.D. Dissertation
submitted to the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
• Nyaupane G. P., Devlin P. J., Simmons D. G., 1998: Ecotourism : a comparative study in the
Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Proceedings of the New Zealand Tourism and Hospitality
Research Conference, Lincoln University, December.
• Pang Shaojing, Environment Problems and Countermeasures in Development of Eco-tourism in
China, Environment Protection, 2004, (9):25-30.
• Pearson S., 1997: An eco-tourism strategy for New Zealand. Unpublished project (RESM 665),
Dept of Resource Management, Lincoln University
• Phillips, Adrian (ed.). 2002. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning
and Management. Gland: IUCN.
• Proyecto PRA (2000) Ecoturismo: una alternativa para el desarrollo. Proyecto PRA Boletin
November, Lima, Peru. http://www.chemonicspe.com/boletin2/Ecoturismo/ecoturismo.html
• Promperú (2000) KILCA, PERU TRAVEL NEWS of November 2000, No 15. Quoting: Nivel de
satisfacción de los turistas extranjeros. Promperú Inteligence Unit, Peru.
• Promperú (2000) KILCA, PERU TRAVEL NEWS of November 2000, No 15. Quoting
INRENA (2000).
• Reingold, Lester (1993) “Identifying the Elusive Ecotourist.” Going Green: A Supplement to
Tour & Travel News, October 25: 36-37.
• Ryan B., 1998: Eco-tourism : what’s in a name. Paper presented to the New Zealand Tourism
and Hospitality Research Conference, Lincoln University, December.
• Ross, S., & Wall, G. (1999). Evaluating ecotourism: The case of North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Tourism Management in press.
• South African Tourism Board (1998) International Market Survey Statistics. South African
Tourism Board (unpublished), South Africa
• Tujan A. 1995. The Political Economy of Tourism, Paper presented at the Asia Pacific
Consultation of Tourism, Indigenous Peoples and Land Rights at Sagada, Mountain Province,
the Philippines 25 February – 9 March 1995. (Mimeo)

16
• United Nations Environment Programme and World Tourist Organization (UNEP-WTO),
“Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers”, 2005, Available at:
www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/library/A%20Guide%20for%20Policy%20Makers.htm.
• Wade L., Wendy H., Pickering, M., (2012), Linking Visitor Impact Research to Visitor Impact
Monitoring in Protected Areas, Journal of Ecotourism: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/reco20 ,
Routledge, UK.
• Wall, G. (1996). Ecotourism: Change, impacts and opportunities. In: E. Malek-Zadeh (Ed.), ¹he
ecotourism equation: Measuring the impact. (pp. 206Ð216). Bulletin Series 99, New Haven:
Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.
• Wall, G. (1997). Is ecotourism sustainable? Environmental management, 21(4), 483Ð491.
• Weaver D. B., 1998: Eco-tourism in less Developed Countries. CAB International, Wallingford.
• World Tourist Organization, Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations,
2004. Available at: www.worldtourism.org.
• World Tourist Organization, Voluntary Initiatives in Sustainable Tourism: Worldwide inventory
and comparative analysis of 104 eco labels, awards, and self-commitments, 2001, www.world-
tourism.org.
• World Tourism Organization, “Recommendations to governments for supporting or establishing
national certification systems for sustainable tourism”, 2003. Available at:.
http://www.worldtourism.org/sustainable/doc/certification-gov-recomm.pdf CESD:
• Ziffer, A., 1989: Ecotourism: The Uneasy Alliance. Washington DC: Conservation International,
• Zhu Guangyao, Enhancing Sustainable Development of Tourism by strengthening Ecological
Environment Protection, Environment Protection, 2002, (9):3-7.

17