Compound Molecular Ionic

Conducts as Solid NO NO
Conducts as Liquid NO YES
Conducts in Solution NO YES
5 • Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Conducts as Gas NO YES
Some Properties of Hardness soft hard
Ionic and Molecular Compounds
(1 of 12) MP / BP low high
Bonding covalent ionic
Examples He, CH 4 , CO2 , NaCl, KI,
C 6 H12O6 AgNO 3

Lewis symbols conisist of the atomic symbol surrounded by

valnece electrons. The four sides represent the four valence
orbitals. Atoms are usually shown in their excited states (II,
III, IV)
5 • Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Li Be B C N O F Ne
Lewis Symbols of Atoms and Ions
(2 of 12) Ions include brackets. Positive ions show no valence
electrons while negative ions usually have an octet.

[Li]+
2+ 2–
[Mg] [O]

Many ions can be explained because they have gained or lost

electrons and attain a noble gas configuration. For example:
P 3– S2– Cl– Ar K+ Ca 2+
all have the same electron arrangement: 1s2 2s2 2p 6 3s2 3p 6
5 • Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts A pseudonoble gas configuration is:
The Ionic Bond 1s2 2s2 2p 6 3s2 3p 6 3d 10
Noble and Pseudonoble Gas Configurations
(3 of 12) This is found in Cu+ Zn 2+ Ga3+ and Ge4+
Similar configurations are found in the next two periods.
The importance of this configuration is that there is more
than one reason why ions form what they do. Many ions are
not explained.

Know the 5 steps that can be thought to occur when an ionic

bond forms. Note whether each is exo- or endothermic...
whether a larger energy helps or hinders the bond formation.
Overall: Li(s) + 1/2F2 (g) → LiF(s)
5 • Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts
Factors that Influence 1. heat of vaporization Li(s) + NRG → Li(g)
the Formation of Ionic Bonds 2. heat of decomposition 1/2F2 (g) + NRG → F(g)
(4 of 12) 3. ionization energy Li(g) + NRG → Li+(g) + e–
4. electron affinity F(g) + e– → F– (g)
5. lattice energy Li+(g) + F– (g) → LiF(s)
Large energy values for 1,2,3 hinder ionic bond formation.
 The covalent bond between two atoms depends on the
balanc e of attractions between one atom’s + nucleus and
the other atom’s – electrons and the proton-proton
repulsions as well as electron-electron repulstions.
5 • Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts
The Covalent Bond PE
Attractions and Repulsions
(5 of 12)
Distance between nuclei
If two atoms have half-filled orbitals , the interactions
balance at a small enough distanc eso the e – ’s can be close
to both nucle i at the same time... this is a covalen tbond.

Count up your valence electrons.

Give every atom who “wants” and octet an octet.

[the first 5 elements do not need octets... too small]
5 • Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts [Family I, II, and III do not form octets]
Groves’ Electron Dot System
If you have drawn too man y electrons...
Multiple & Extended Valence Bonds “Take away a lone pair... take away a lone pair...
(6 of 12) make these two atoms share”

If you have drawn too fe w electrons... place the extra

electrons on the central atom (extended valence shell)

Bond orde r is the number of pairs of electrons bonding two

atoms together.
single bond bond order = 1
double bond bond order = 2
5 • Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts triple bond bond order = 3
Bond Order: Bond Length, Strength, & single bonds have the longest bond length
single bonds have the weakest bond strength
Vibrational Frequency single bonds have the lowest vibrational frequency
(7 of 12) (think of single bonds as soft, springy springs...
triple bonds are tight springs...sproinnnnng)
Bonds in resonance structure must be averaged... the S-O
bond in SO 2 has a bond order of 1.5. C-O in CO3 2– is 1.33

When you draw a Lewis structure (SO2 , O3 , CO3 2–, etc.) in

which you must make a choic e as to who gets a double
bond, the structure is actually a blend of two or three
structures.
5 • Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts
Resonance We “say” that the structure “resonate s” or we say that the
(8 of 12) structure contains contributions from each of the resonance
structures.

Resonance occurs simply because the electron-dot model

(while very useful) is too limited to show how the electrons
are being shared between the atoms... wait for π bonding.
 Coordinate covalent bond: When a covalent bond is
formed by sharing a pair of electrons BUT the electron pair
belonged to only one of the atoms.

5 • Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Classic Example: NH3 + BF3 → NH3 BF3
Coordinate Covalent Bonds The bond between the N and the B is coordinate covalent.
(Preview: Lewis Acids)
The lone pair donor is called a Lewis Base.
(9 of 12) (this atom has a lone pair of electrons)
The lone pair acceptor is called a Lewis Acid.
(this atom has an empty orbital)

“Have Pair Will Share” --Lewis Base

You will be given a chart of electronegativity values.

Memorize the most electronegative element s (F = 4.0)
then oxygen (O = 3.5) and chlorine (Cl = 3.0). The noble
gases have no electronegativity values… no bonds.
5 • Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Trend is large electronegativity in the upper right of the
per. table and small in the lower left portion of the table.
Electronegativity and Polar Bonds Classify the bond between any two atoms by subtracting
(10 of 12) their electronegativity values (∆e)
Non-polar covalent 0 < ∆e < 0.5
Polar covalent 0.5 ≤ ∆e ≤ 1.7
Ionic ∆e > 1.7
The more electronegative atom is more negative.
Polar covalent bonds have partial charges δ+ and δ–

The Stock System of naming compounds is used…

• when a positive ion has more than one possible charge
Traditional: mercurous, Hg2 2+ mercuric, Hg2+
Stock: mercury(I) mercury(II)
5 • Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Traditional: cuprous, Cu+ cupric, Cu 2+
Naming Ionic Compounds Stock: copper(I) copper(II)
Traditional and Stock Names • for molecular compounds where the elements have many
(11 of 12) different oxidation states (i.e. N in NO 2 , NO, N 2 O, etc.)
Stock Name: Traditional Name:
NO2 nitrogen(IV) oxide nitrogen dioxide
NO nitrogen (II) oxide nitrogen monoxide
N2 O nitrogen(I) oxide dinitrogen monoxide

Acids are ionic formulas in which the positive ion is H+.

Use as many H+ ions as the charge on the negative ion.
Three rules for naming:
if the anion ends with: the acid is named:
5 • Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts –ite ********ous acid
Naming Acids –ate ********ic acid
(12 of 12) –ide hydro********ic acid
• Acids from sulfide, sulfite, and sulfate include a “ur”
H2 S is hydrosulfuric acid, not hydrosulfic acid
• Acids from phosphate and phosphite include a “or”
H3 PO4 is phophoric acid, not phosphic acid