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Draught: (Chimney Design)

The draught is a small flow of gas created by differences in density between hot and cold air columns in a chimney. This flow helps remove exhaust gases from combustion and bring in fresh air. Natural draught uses chimney height alone, while artificial draught employs fans or steam jets. Chimneys must create draught, safely discharge exhaust, and artificial draught is often needed to achieve sufficient draught. Artificial draught allows better combustion control and uses fuel more efficiently than natural draught alone.

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228 views

Draught: (Chimney Design)

The draught is a small flow of gas created by differences in density between hot and cold air columns in a chimney. This flow helps remove exhaust gases from combustion and bring in fresh air. Natural draught uses chimney height alone, while artificial draught employs fans or steam jets. Chimneys must create draught, safely discharge exhaust, and artificial draught is often needed to achieve sufficient draught. Artificial draught allows better combustion control and uses fuel more efficiently than natural draught alone.

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just random
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Draught

(Chimney Design)

The draught is a small flow of gas due to density difference between a hot and
cold air column.

This helps to remove exhaust gases from the combustion chamber through the
chimney and bring in fresh air into the combustion chamber.

The natural draught is created using chimney in combustion chamber. When


draught is created using external means, e.g. Fan or steam jet, it is called as
artificial draught.

In a boiler installation, the chimney performs following functions:

1. Creates flow of gas through furnace and boiler passages, which brings
fresh air into the combustion bed and removes the flue gases from
furnace.
2. Delivers products of combustion to such a height, which is not
objectionable or injurious to environment.

Pressure at grate level (chimney side)

Pressure at grate level (open side)


is the pressure exerted by the column of cold air outside the chimney of
height H

Net pressure difference causing the flow through the combustion chamber

This pressure difference is known as static draught and usually small (~ 12


mm of water) in chimney.

Assuming volume of products of combustion is equal to the volume of air


supplied when both are at same temperature and pressure condition.

Equivalent height of hot gas column

Height of column of water in mm that will produce equivalent draught is given


by

For the given pressure difference the velocity of the gases passing through the
chimney is given by
If the pressure loss in the chimney due to friction is equivalent to a hot gas
column of meter.

Where

The value for K = 0.825 for brick chimney

K = 1.1 for steel chimney

Mass flow rate through chimney

The hot gas discharge through chimney

Condition for maximum discharge

The draught in mm of water column for maximum discharge

mm of water

Natural draught generated by chimney is proportional to height of the chimney.


In boiler installation the typical draught required for efficient combustion is
above 50 mm of water column. It is not practical to design a chimney of such a
height which will give required draught. Hence, artificial draught is created in
boiler installations.

Draught losses in boilers may be due to

1. Frictional losses in chimney


2. Pressure losses in bends in flow circuits
3. Loss due to imparting velocity to the flue gases
4. Loss due to friction in various equipments eg. Economizer, preheater,
superheater etc.

Artificial draught is created by fan (mechanical draught) or steam jet.

Forced draught: A blower or a fan is installed near or at the base of the


boiler to force air through the coal bed or other passages through the bed.

Induced draught: A blower is located near the base of the chimney.


Suction is created in the furnace to draw combustion products and passed
on to the chimney.

Balanced draught: It is a combination of forced draught and induced


draught.

Mechanical draught has following advantages:


1. Control over combustion process
2. Reduced chimney height
3. Capability of consuming low grade coal
4. The fuel consumption per H.P. is 15% lower than that for natural
draught.
5. Increased fuel burning capacity.

Power required to drive a Fan for artificial draught

kW

hf = Draught produced by the fan (mm of water)

V= Volumetric flow rate of combustion air at fan condition m3/hr

= fan efficiency
Efficiency of chimney: It has been explained in natural draught that the
pressure difference is created due to density difference caused by temperature
difference. Hence it is obvious that the flue gases should leave at quite high
temperature for creating required density difference. Thus the flue gases leave
with sufficient heat energy, which could be used in boiler if some other
mechanism is employed for exhaust of flue gases such as artificial draught.
Therefore, efficient chimney should have such a design so that flue gases leave
at lowest possible temperature. Efficiency of chimney is quantification of the
cost of natural draught in terms of energy, i.e. the large amount of usable energy
going along waste hot gases. Normally this efficiency of chimney is less than 1
percent.

Chimney efficiency is defined as the ratio of “energy with unit mass of gas in
natural draught” and “the extra heat carried by same mass of gas due to high
temperature in natural draught as compared to that in artificial draught”.

Energy with unit mass of gas in natural draught


Chimney efficiency = Extra heat carried away in natural draught
compared to artifical draught by unit mass of gas
Let us assume that the temperature of flue gases in artificial draught is T g,a
which will be less than

Tg in natural draught. Let the specific heat of hot flue gases be Cpg J/kg K.

So, energy with unit mass of hot flue gas in nature draught = 1 X hg X g, joule

Expression for efficiency of chimney shows that it is directly proportional to the


height of chimney, but the efficiency is found to be very small even for very tall
chimney. It is seen that about more than 20% of total heat released gets lost
along with hot flue gases in case of natural draught. Therefore the artificial
draught becomes more economical in the situation where cost of harnessing the
extra heat carried with flue gases is less than the cost of energy lost in natural
draught.

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