ET 332a

Dc Motors, Generators and Energy Conversion Devices

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Learning Objectives

After this presentation you will be able to:

 Compute the average output voltage of a dc

generator given machine physical construction
parameters.
 Draw the schematic circuit model of a dc machine
 Find generator output voltage using a
magnetization curve and defining formulas.
 Compute generator voltage regulation.

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Average Induced Voltage in a
Generator
Start with fundamental equation
e  B  l  v  sin( q)

Where v = velocity of conductor

For rotating system

v = angular velocity dq/dt = w rad/s

Angular velocity relates to frequency f (cycles/s or Hertz) by: w = 2pf

Frequency of e related to number of field poles and rotational speed by:

Pn Where: P = number of field poles

f
120 n = rotational speed (rpm)
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Average Induced Voltage in a
Generator
Substituting into fundamental equation and simplifying gives:
n  P  Na   p
Ea 
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Where: P = number of poles
n = rotational speed
Na = # of turns in coil
p = field flux
Ea = average induced
voltage

Consider machine construction details and define another voltage formula

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 Average Induced Voltage in a
Generator
Define the number of conductors in field in terms of windings
za
Na 
2
za = Total number of armature conductors in the field.

Substitute into previous equation to get:

n  P  za   p
Ea 
60  a

Where:
a = number of parallel paths

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 Average Induced Voltage in a
Generator
The number of poles, parallel paths, and conductors are constant once
the machine is constructed so define:
P  za
kG  Where kG = emf constant
60  a

The constant kG also known as ke in some texts. Relates motor voltage to

speed and field flux.

Ea  k G  n  p  k e  n  p

Note : Ea is proportional to the flux and to the rotational speed.

If conditions of machine are know at one n and p, another
operating point can be found by equating ratios.
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 Induced Voltage Examples
Example 1: A 2 pole dc motor armature rotates at 1800 rpm. It has 400 turns in the
armature winding. The magnetic field flux is 0.0025 Wb. Compute the average
induced voltage.

Example 2: A 4 pole dc machine rotates at 200 rad/s in a magnetic field of 0.0048

Wb. There are 4 parallel current paths that have 200 conductors. Find the induced
voltage in the armature and the emf constant for the machine.

Convert w to n for formula  60 

n     200 rad/s  1910.8 rpm
 2p 

Ea 
n  P  za  p

1910.8 rpm42000.0048 Wb  30.57 Vdc
60  a 604
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 Induced Voltage Examples
Example 2 Continued: Find the emf constant
Lump the constants and compute

P  z a 4200
ke    3.333 V/Wb - rpm
60  a 604

Example 3: A 4 pole 50 kW dc machine has a value of Ea = 110 V at 1100 rpm. What

is the induced voltage if the speed is increased 20%?

No change in flux

Find Ea2 Ans

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 Induced Voltage Examples
Example 4: A 4 pole dc machine has a value of Ea = 50 V at 400 rpm. What is
the value of Ea if the pole flux is doubled while the speed remains constant?

Ans

Assumes no saturation
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 Circuit Model of Dc Machines
Rf +
+ La
Racir Inductances have no
+ effect when the values
Lf Vt
Vf of dc current are not
Ea changing. Shown to
indicate coils.

Ea = internally induced voltage Racir = dc resistance of the armature

Vt = terminal voltage of machine windings , interpoles, etc
Vf = field electromagnetic source voltage La = inductance of armature circuit
Rf = dc resistance of the field windings
Lf = inductance of the field windings
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 Generator Circuit Model
+ From KVL around armature
Rf circuit
La Ia
If Racir Ea  Ia  R acir  Vt

+ Brush Vt
Vf Lf
Ea drop Total resistance of armature
circuit Racir

R acir  R a  R IP  R CW
Generator model - mechanical power Where:
converted to electric power. Ia leaves the + Ra = armature resistance
terminal of armature RIP = interpole winding resistance
Rcw = compensation winding resistance

Field current produces field flux Brush losses P=2 ∙Ia

1 volt drop for each brush

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 Motor Circuit Model
+ Analyze the field circuit
Rf
La Ia
If 
Vf N  If
If Racir p 
Rf R
+ Brush Vt
Vf Lf Control If with field rheostat
Ea drop
If

Rc
Rf
Motor model - electric power converted to
Vf
mechanical power. Ia enters the + terminal of If  Lf
armature Rf  Rc
Vf
Rc = field coil resistance
Rf = field rheostat resistance

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 Separately Excited Dc Generator
Separate source of supply develops field flux. Source called the exciter

If Rc Racir La
N
Rf Prime
Mover
Lf Vt
n
Ea
Vf

Model Equations: Field circuit current If 

Vf
RL p
Rf  Rc

Magnetic coupling to induced average voltage

N  If  n  k G
Ea 
Ea in terms of flux for Ea  k G  n  p R
constant If
ke  kG  p Ea  k e  n Ea proportional to n for constant If
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 Separately Excited Dc Generator
Generally flux,  is non-linear with respect to the field current If.
Ea  k G  n  p
Generator Magnetizing Curve
Magnetizing curve for 400
generator gives 380
360
relationship for Ea as a 340
320
function of field a(V) 300
280
current. 260
EMFE(V)

240
220
EMF,

Ea
i 200
Induced

180
160
Induced

140
120
If If is in linear part 100
80
of curve Ea is 60
ke valid here
40
proportional 20
0
to n and If. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
If
FieldField
Current, i I (A)
Current (A)f
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 Terminal Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation finds the percent change in terminal voltage from no-
load to full load
KVL around armature circuit
with switch closed
La Ia
Load
Raci Ea  Ia  R acir  Vt
+
+r Vt
With switch closed and n
Ea constant Vt < Ea and
n decreases as Ia increases

E a  0  R acir  Vt
Ia= 0 with switch open so: No-load voltage = Ea
E a  Vt

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Terminal Voltage Regulation
For rated terminal voltage

Vnl  Vrated
%VR 
Vrated

Where: %VR = percent voltage regulation

Vnl = no-load terminal voltage
V rated = name plate rating of the terminal voltage
when generator delivers rated power.

How does terminal voltage change with delivered power?

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 Terminal Voltage Regulation
Generator Terminal Voltage Vs Load Current
Ea  Ia  R acir  Vt
Vnl
Ea
Racir
Equation above plots as downward
Vrated sloping line for changes in armature
current

As armature current decreases (load

decreases)Terminal voltage increases
(Vt increases)
Ia = 0
Ia, rated Ia %VR related to the armature circuit
voltage drop. Smaller %VR is better.

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Voltage Regulation Example
Example 1 A separately excited 50 kW, 3500 rpm, 2-pole
dc generator has a rated terminal voltage of 120 Vdc. Its
exciter is supplied from a 120 Vdc supply. The field coil
resistance is 10.4 W and the field rheostat is set at 20.5 W.
The total armature resistance is 0.014 W. The generator is
supplying 420 A to a load. The magnetizing curve is given
on a previous slide.

Determine:
a.) the induced armature voltage at this level of excitation
b.) the terminal voltage at 100%, 75% and 50% load current

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Voltage Regulation Solution
Draw schematic model for generator

Use If and
magnetization
curve to find Ea
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Voltage Regulation Solution
Solution continued: Compute regulation at different load levels

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Voltage Regulation Solution
Solution continued: Compute regulation at different load levels

Summary of calculations

% Load Ia Vt
100 420 A 156.12
75 315 A 157.59 V
50 210 A 159.86 V

Terminal voltage increases on generator as

the load current decreases

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Separately Excited Generator Example
Example 2: For the machine in Example 1, ,determine the
field rheostat setting for the machine to deliver rated output
current at rated voltage. Also determine the %VR at rated
load.

Solution
Calculate the current at rated load for the generator power rating
Prated  50 kW  50,000 W Find Rated I from power and voltage
Vrated  Vt  120 V dc Prated 50,000 W
I a, rated    416.7 A
Vt 120 V

Now find value of Ea with Vt = 120 V using E a  Ia  R acir  Vt

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Separately Excited Generator Example
Example 2 Continued
R acir  0.014 W
E a  I a  R acir  Vt
E a  416.7 A  (0.014 W)  120 V
E a  125.833 V

Use magnetization curve to find If If = 2.8 A from graph. Now find Rf

Vf I f (R f  R c )  Vf I f R f  Vf  I f R c
If  Solve for
Vf
Rf  Rc Rf I f R f  I f R c  Vf Rf   Rc
If

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 Separately Excited Generator Example
Example 2 Continued From Previous example
Vf
Rf   Rc R c  10.4 W
If
120 V
Rf   10.4 W  32.46 W
2.8 A
Find the % VR Percent Voltage Regulation Vrated  Vt  120 V

Vnl = Vt with Ia =0 Ea  Ia  R acir  Vt E a  0  R acir  Vt  E a  Vt

Vnl=125.833
V  Vrated 125.833 V  120 V
%VR  nl 100% %VR  100%  4.86%
Vrated 120 V
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ET 332a
Dc Motors, Generators and Energy Conversion Devices

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