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Burj Al Arab: Assignment 1.1

The document summarizes the structural systems of several tall buildings including Burj Al Arab, Bank of China Tower, Taipei 101 Tower, World Financial Center, and International Commerce Centre. Burj Al Arab's structure consists of concrete walls, a steel exoskeleton frame, and a concrete core. Taipei 101 Tower has pairs of huge steel-plate columns surrounded by a ductile steel frame. The International Commerce Centre transfers loads between its reinforced concrete core and perimeter columns via outrigger trusses located on multiple floors.

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Renel Garcia
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55 views

Burj Al Arab: Assignment 1.1

The document summarizes the structural systems of several tall buildings including Burj Al Arab, Bank of China Tower, Taipei 101 Tower, World Financial Center, and International Commerce Centre. Burj Al Arab's structure consists of concrete walls, a steel exoskeleton frame, and a concrete core. Taipei 101 Tower has pairs of huge steel-plate columns surrounded by a ductile steel frame. The International Commerce Centre transfers loads between its reinforced concrete core and perimeter columns via outrigger trusses located on multiple floors.

Uploaded by

Renel Garcia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assignment 1.

Burj Al Arab
Location: Dubai

Date/Year Completed: 1999

Type of Building: Luxury Hotel

Height: 321m

Structural Material Used: Composite

Structural System Summary:

The structure is composed of Concrete Walls, Steel frame (Exoskeleton), and Concrete Core. The
exoskeleton is made up of two legs on both sides of the structure. It consists of two built up H-sections,
1.8m width by 4.5m depth, deep plate girders for inner and outer legs which is connected by a lattice braced
member. Whole loads are first passed from the reinforced concrete in multi-storey frame to main steel
resistant component and then to the foundation.

For the structure to achieve the adequate stiffness, giant metal trusses with a triangular section, 85m length
and 165tons in mass, were used for the exterior side walls. These trusses were connected to the
exoskeleton by giant washers with offset holes and steel pins. These possess the effect of diagonal bracing
of the two side trusses and the massive concrete mast to resist lateral loads and reduce moment and
deflection. These trusses can expand and contract by up to 5cm in a day, and to accommodate this a
special steering linkage rod had to be designed. In addition, the building also consists “X” shaped rear cross
bracings which are fabricated box sections. They tied two cores of the building making it a stable structure.

Bank of China
Location: Hong Kong

Date/Year Completed: 1990

Type of Building: Commercial/

Corporate Offices

Height: 367m

Structural Material Used: Composite

Structural System Summary:

The building is supported mainly by five steel columns. One column acts as the core of the structure wherein
four vertical steel shafts are connected to it which creates a composite structural system. These four vertical
steel columns diminish incrementally and quadrant by quadrant until a single triangular prism is left at the
top of the building. This triangular framework transmits the structural loads down the four shafts and then
passed towards the core of the structure. This innovation in structural systems solved the problem on how
to be able to resist high winds and as well as to eliminate the very need of internal vertical supports.
Taipei 101 Tower
Location: Taiwan

Date/Year Completed: 2004

Type of Building: Residential,

Commercial/Corporate Offices

Height: 509.2m

Structural Material Used: Composite

Structural System Summary:

The Taipei 101 tower consists of pairs of huge columns on each face of the building. These columns are
then standing together with 16 column shafts that acts as the core of the system to carry massive vertical
load for the structure. These massive pillars are made of 80mm thick steel-plates, filled with concrete for
the stiffness of the building. Steel is only used above the 62 nd floor of the building. These super columns
are wrapped around by a web of ductile steel framework designed to act as moment resisting frames. The
structure was also given mechanical floors in every eight floors with massive high-grade steel outrigger
trusses. These trusses are connecting the core and the super columns around the perimeter which
effectively widened the building to help it withstand overturning.

World Financial Center

Location: Shanghai

Date/Year Completed: 17 July 2008

Type of Building: Commercial/Corporate Offices,

Hotel, Museum

Height: 494.3

Structural Material Used: Composite

Structural System Summary:

This structure has a trapezoidal aperture which is made up of structural steel and reinforced concrete.
Outrigger trusses and diagonal-braced frames carries the compressive and bending forces and are being
transmitted to the ground. The design of this structure shows an effective use of material as it decreases
the thickness of its core shear walls and the weight of the structural steel in the perimeter walls as it goes
up.
International Commerce Centre

Location: Hong Kong

Date/Year Completed: 2010

Type of Building: Hotel, Commercial Offices

Height: 484m

Structural Material Used: Composite

Structural System Summary:

The structural system for this structure consists a reinforced concrete core and eight column shafts in its
perimeter. These eight shafts are connected to its core with an outrigger trusses that are located on four
different floors. The outrigger truss was made up of prestressed concrete while the other three trusses
above it are made up by structural steel. The structural system of this structure was challenged by extreme
wind loads and to solve these problems, notched corners were incorporated to the system in order to
decrease the “vortex shedding” or oscillation.

Sources/References:

http://www.ctbuh.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=rlKQFdZyhwg%3D

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk

https://www.slideshare.net/krehman143/burj-al-arab-constuction

http://www.builtconstructions.in/OnlineMagazine/Bangalore/Pages/Bank-Of-China-Tower,-Hong-Kong-
609.aspx

http://civilandstructuralanalysis.blogspot.com/2013/05/international-commerce-centre.html

https://sites.google.com/site/intlcommerceae390/strc

http://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2005/t101/t101.html

https://www.slideshare.net/jibhakate/case-study-of-shanghai-world-finance-centre

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