DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

UNIT 1:
Introduction: Digital Image Processing, Fundamental steps in Digital Image Processing,
Components of an Image Processing System. Digital Image Fundamentals: Visual
Perception, Image sensing & Acquisition, Image Sampling & Quantization, Some Basic
Relationships between Pixels.

UNIT 2:
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain: Some basic Gray level Transformations,
Histogram Processing, Enhancement using Arithmetic/Logic Operations, Spatial
Filtering, Smoothing Spatial Filters, Sharpening Spatial Filters, Combining Spatial
Enhancement methods.

UNIT 3:
Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain: Fourier Transform and the Frequency
Domain, Smoothing Frequency-Domain Filters, Sharpening Frequency Domain Filters,
Homomorphism Filtering, Implementation.

UNIT 4:
Image Restoration: Image Degradation/Restoration Process, Linear, Position-Invariant
Degradations, Inverse Filtering, Minimum, Mean Square Error (Wiener) Filtering,
Constrained Least Squares Filtering. Wavelets and MultiResolution Processing
:MultiResolution Expansions, Wavelet Transforms in One dimension, The Fast Wavelet
Transform, Wavelet Transforms in Two Dimensions.

UNIT 5:
Image Compression: Image Compression Models, Error-Free Compression, Lossy
Compression, Image Compression Standards. Image Segmentation: Detection of
Discontinuities, Edge Linking and Boundary Detection, Thresholding, Region-Based
Segmentation.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Rafael C.Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods; “Digital Image Processing ‘Addison
Wesley Pubs (Second Edition), 2007.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Milan Sonka, Vaclav Hlavac, Roger Boyle Image Processing. Analysis, and
Machine Vision (Second Edition, 2003).
2. A.K.Jain, ‘Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing’ PHI, `1999.
 SOFT COMPUTING

UNIT – 1:
Introduction: Artificial Neural Networks , Advantages of Neural Networks, Application
Scope of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithm, Hybrid Systems, Neuro Fuzzy
Hybrid System, Neuro Genetic Hybrid System
Artificial Neural Networks(ANN):Biological Neural Networks, Brain vs Computer
Comparison between biological neural and artificial neural, Evaluation of Neural
Networks, Basic Models of Artificial Neural Networks , Supervised Learning, Un-
Supervised Learning, Reinforcement Learning, Activation Functions, Important
Terminologies of ANN’s.

UNIT – 2:
Introduction to Fuzzy Logic: Classical Sets and Fuzzy Sets, Introduction to Fuzzy
Logic, Classical Sets (Crisp Sets), Operations on Classical Sets, Properties of Classical
Sets, Function Mapping of Classical Sets, Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Set Operations, Properties
of Fuzzy Sets.
Classical Relations and Fuzzy Relations: Introduction, Cartesian product of Relation,
Classical Relation, Cardinality of Classical Relation, Operations on Classical Relation,
Properties of Crisp Relations, Composition of Classical Relations, Fuzzy Relations,
Operations on Fuzzy Relations, Properties of Fuzzy Relations, Fuzzy Composition,
Tolerance and Equivalence Relations, Classical Equivalence Relation.

UNIT – 3:
Membership Functions: Introduction, Features of the Membership Functions,
Fuzzification, Methods of Membership Value Assignments, Intuition, Inference, Rank
Ordering, Angular Fuzzy Sets, Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms, Induction
Reasoning.
Defuzzification: Introduction, Lambda-Cuts for Fuzzy Sets (Alpha-Cuts), Lambda-Cuts
for Fuzzy Relations, Defuzzification Methods, Max-Membership Principle, Centroid
Method, Weighted Average Method, Mean-Max Membership, Center of Sums.

UNIT – 4:
Fuzzy Arithmetic and Fuzzy Measures: Introduction: Fuzzy Arithmetic, Interval
Analysis of Uncertain Values, Fuzzy Numbers, Fuzzy Ordering, Fuzzy Vectors.
Fuzzy Rule Base and Fuzzy Inference System (FIS): Introduction, Truth Values and
Tables in Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Propositions, Formation of Rules, Decomposition of Rules
(Compound Rules), Aggregation of Fuzzy Rules, Fuzzy Inference System (FIS),
Construction and Working Principles of FIS, Methods of FIS , Overview of Fuzzy Expert
System.
Fuzzy Logic Control System: Introduction, Control System Design, Architecture and
Operation of FLC System, FLC System Methods, Applications of FLC Systems.
UNIT – 5:
Genetic Algorithm: Introduction, Genetic Algorithms vs. Traditional Algorithms, Basic
Terminologies in Genetic Algorithms - Individuals, Genes, Fitness, Populations, Simple
Genetic Algorithms, General Genetic Algorithms.
Hybrid Soft Computing Techniques: Introduction, Neuro-Fuzzy Hybrid Systems,
Comparisons of Fuzzy Systems with Neural Networks, Characteristics of Neuro-Fuzzy
Hybrids, Classifications of Neuro-Fuzzy Hybrid Systems, Cooperative Neural Fuzzy
Systems, General Neuro-Fuzzy Hybrid Systems(General NFHS).

TEXT BOOKS:
1. S.N.Sivanandam, S.N.Deepa, “Principles of Soft Computing”, Second Edition,
Wiley Publications.
2. Zimmermann H.S, "Fuzzy Set Theory and its Applications". Kluwer Academic
Publishers.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Satish Kumar, "Neural Networks A Classroom Approach", Tata McGrawHill.
2. Jang sun, Mizutani. “Neuro Fuzzy Soft Computing”, Pearson Education,2005.
3. David E.Goldberg, “Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine
Learning” Pearson Education.
 MEDICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS

UNIT 1 :PRINCIPLES OF RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENTS :

X-Ray tubes, cooling systems, removal of scatters, construction of image Intensifier tubes,
angiographic setup, digital radiology.

UNIT 2: COMPUTER AIDED TOMOGRAPHY :

Need for sectional images, Principles of sectional scanning, Method of convolution and Back-
Propagation, Methods of reconstruction, Artifacts, Principle of 3D imaging

UNIT 3: RADIO ISOTOPIC IMAGING:

Radiation detectors, Radio isotopic imaging equipments, scanners, Principle of semiconductor

UNIT 4: ULTRASONIC SYSTEMS:

Wave propagation and interaction in Biological tissues, Acoustic radiation, continuous and
pulsed excitation, Transducers and imaging systems, Scanning methods, Principle of image
generation.

UNIT 5: MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING:

Principles of MRI, Relaxation processes and their measurements, Pulse sequencing and MR
image acquisition.

REFERENCES:
1. D.N.Chesney and M.O.Chesney Radio graphic imaging, CBS Publications, New Delhi, 1987.
2. Peggy, W., Roger D.Ferimarch, MRI for Technologists, Mc Graw Hill, New York, 1995.
3. Steve Webb, The Physics of Medical Imaging, Taylor & Francis, New York.1988.