Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Microwave Engineering

University of Victoria
Dr. Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer
Layout by Dr. Poman P.M. So

Lecture 3

Lecture Outline
 Review Terminations of Transmission Lines
„ Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
„ Average Power Flow
„ Return Loss and Insertion Loss
„ Standing Waves
„ Special Terminations
„ Generator and Load Mismatches
„ Conjugate Matching

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Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

The Terminated Lossless TL

IL
Vo+ e − jβz
Zo , β ZL
Vo− e + jβz

l z
z=0

V (z ) = Vo+ e − jβz + Vo− e + jβz V (z ) = Vo+ (e− jβz + Γe + jβz )

I (z ) = (Vo+ e − jβz − Vo− e + jβz ) Zo I (z ) = Vo+ (e− jβz − Γe + jβz ) Z o

V (0) V + +V − Vo− Z L − Z o
ZL = = Z o o+ o− Γ= =
I (0) Vo − Vo Vo+ Z L + Zo

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Reflection Coefficient
V (z ) = Vo+ (e − jβz + Γe + jβz ) Vo− Z L − Zo
Γ= =
I (z ) = I o+ (e − jβz − Γe + jβz ) Z o Vo+ Z L + Zo

 Voltage and current on the line consists of a

superposition of an incident and reflected
wave; such waves are called standing waves.
 When Γ=0, there is no reflected wave.
 Γ=0 ⇒ ZL=Zo, such a load is then said to be
matched to the line.

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Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Transmission Coefficient
 Not all of the incident wave is reflected; some of it is
transmitted to the load with a voltage amplitude
given by a transmission coefficient, T.
 This coefficient can be derived by applying the wave
boundary condition at z = 0.

V (z ) = Vo+ (e − jβz + Γe + jβz ) for z ≤ 0

V (z ) = Vo+Te − jβz for z ≥ 0

2Z L
T = 1+ Γ =
Z L + Zo

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Time Average Power Flow

2
1 Vo+
Pav =
2
{
Re V ( z )I * ( z ) } =
2Z o
(1 − Γ )

 When the generator is matched:

„ The average power flow is constant at any point
on the line.
„ The total power delivered to the load (Pav) is equal
to the incident power (|Vo+|2/2Zo) minus the
reflected power (|Vo+|2 |Γ|2 /2Zo) .
„ If Γ=0, maximum power is delivered to the load;
no power is delivered to the load when |Γ| =1.

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Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Return Loss
 When the load is mismatched, then, not all of
the available power from the generator is
delivered to the load. This “loss” is called the
return loss (RL), and is defined in dB as:

RL = –20 log|Γ| dB

 Matched Load: |Γ| = 0 ⇒ RL = ∞ dB.

 Total Reflection: |Γ| = 1 ⇒ RL = 0 dB.

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Insertion Loss
Similarly, insertion loss (IL) is defined in
dB as:

IL = –20 log|T| dB

Matched Load: |T| = 1 ⇒ IL= 0 dB.

Short Circuit: |T| = 0 ⇒ IL= ∞ dB.
Open Circuit: |T| = 2 ⇒ IL= –6 dB.

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Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Voltage Standing Wave

 Γ=0 ⇒ |V(z)|=|Vo+|, which is a constant.
Such a line is called to be “flat”.
 Γ≠0 ⇒ standing waves exist:
|V(z)| = |Vo+| · | 1 + |Γ|ej(θ-2βl) |
where
l= –z is the positive distance away from the load at z=0.
θ is the phase of Γ; Γ=|Γ|ejθ.
 The above result shows that the voltage magnitude
oscillates with position z along the line. The
maximum and minimum values occur when the
phase term ej(θ-2βl) = ±1, respectively:
Vmax, min= |Vo+| (1 ± |Γ|)
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Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

 A measure of the mismatch of a line is called the
standing wave ratio (SWR) or the voltage standing
wave ratio (VSWR) can be defined as:

Vmax 1 + Γ
SWR = VSWR = =
Vmin 1 − Γ

 Since |V(z)|=|Vo+|·|1+|Γ|ej(θ-2βl)|,
„ successive voltage maxima (or minima) is λ/2;
„ while the distance between a maximum and a
minimum is λ/4.

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Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Generalized Γ and Zin

 In general Γ and Zin are varying with position on the
transmission line.
IL
Vo+ e − jβz V (l ) = Vo+ e jβl + Vo− e − jβl
Zo , β ZL
I (l ) = (Vo+ e jβl − Vo− e − jβl ) Z o
Vo− e + jβz

l z
z=0
−
V −2 jβl
Γ(l ) = o
e
+
= Γ(0 )e −2 jβl
Vo

V (l ) V + e jβl + Vo−e − jβl 1 + Γ(l )

Z in (l ) = = Z o o+ jβl = Zo
I (l ) Vo e − Vo e − − jβl
1 − Γ(l )

e jβl + Γ(0) e − jβl Z + jZ o tan βl

= Zo = Zo L
e jβl − Γ(0 ) e − jβl Z o + jZ L tan βl

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Special Terminations
Special cases of lossless terminated
transmission lines:

„ Short Circuit: ZL = 0 ⇒ Γ = –1
„ Open Circuit: ZL = ∞ ⇒ Γ = 1
„ Quarter-Wave Transformer : l = λ/4

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Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

SC and OC Terminations
Short Circuit Open Circuit
ZL = 0 ZL = ∞
Γ = −1 Γ =1
VSWR = ∞ VSWR = ∞
V (l ) = j 2Vo+ sin βl V (l ) = 2Vo+ cos βl
2Vo+ 2Vo+
I (l ) = cos βl I (l ) = j sin βl
Zo Zo
Z in (l ) = jZ o tan βl Z in (l ) = − jZ o cot βl

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Quarter-Wave Transformer
 A half-wavelength line (l = nλ/2, n = 1,2,3,…) does not alter or
transform the load impedance, regardless of the characteristic
impedance of the line.
Z L + jZ o tan βl
Z in (l ) = Z o → Z in (λ 2 ) = Z L
Z o + jZ L tan βl

 A quarter-wavelength line (l = λ/4 + nλ/2, n = 1,2,3,…) has the

following input impedance. Such a line is known as a quarter-
wave transformer because it has the effect of transforming the
load impedance, in an inverse manner, depending on the
characteristic impedance of the line.
Z o2
Z in (λ 4 ) =
ZL
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Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Generator and Load Mismatches

Zg IL
Vg Γin Zo , β Γl ZL
Zin

l z
z=0
 The input impedance looking into the transmission line is:
1 + Γl e −2 jβl Z + jZ o tan βl
Z in = Z o = Zo l
1 − Γl e −2 jβl Z o + jZ l tan βl
 The power delivered to the load is: 2
1 1 Z in  1 
Pav =
2
{ }
Re Vin I in* = Vg
2
2

Z in + Z g
Re 
 Z in 
1 2 Rin
= Vg
2 (Rin + Rg )2 + (X in + X g )2
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Conjugate Matching
 Assume the generator impedance, Zg, is fixed and consider
three cases of terminations:

1 2 Zo
Zl = Zo → Pav =
Vg
2 (Zo + Rg )2 + X g2
1 2 Rg
Z in = Z g → Pav = Vg
4(Rg + X g )
2
2
1 2 1
Z in = Z g* → Pav = Vg
2 4 Rg

 The last case is called the conjugate matching, which (for a

given Zg) achieves the maximum power delivered to the load.

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Microwave Engineering December 19, 2000

Summary and Outlook

 Contents Covered
„ Review Terminations of Transmission Lines
Š Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
Š Average Power Flow, Return Loss and Insertion Loss
Š Standing Waves and Special Terminations
Š Generator and Load Mismatches
Š Conjugate Matching

 Next Lecture
„ Review Foundations of Smith Chart
Š Conformal Mapping between Complex Impedance and Complex
Reflection Coefficient
Š The Compressed Smith Chart

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