Reflections on Practice

Lesson Plan for [First Years, Coordinating the plane]

For the lesson on [12/03/2015]
At [Good Counsel College, New Ross, Wexford], [Shirley Dempsey’s] class
Teacher: [Shirley Dempsey]
Lesson plan developed by: [Shirley Dempsey, Sinead Furlong, Brigid Kennedy, Sean Mac Cormaic]

1. Title of the Lesson: Coordinate geometry – thinking of coordinates as distances

2. Brief description of the lesson: To help students understand the need for a coordinate
system and what a useful coordinate system looks like. To help students come up with a
coordinate system for themselves using their own language.

3. Aims of the Lesson:

Overarching aims
I’d like my students to recognise that very often maths comes from the need to deal with a real-
world problem,
I’d like my students to understand that discussing ideas is an important part of mathematics.
I’d like my students to value working as part of a group to solve a problem.
I’d like my students to recognise that there are different ways to tackle a given problem.
I’d like my students to see the connections between maths and other subjects they study.
I’d like my students to recognise that they can bring a lot to maths just be thinking about a
problem.
I’d like my students to find their maths lessons engaging, stimulating and challenging.
I’d like my students to be comfortable presenting their ideas to their class mates and to me.
I’d like my students to learn to work more independently.
Lesson-specific aims
I’d like my students to understand the need for a coordinate system.
I’d like my students to recognise the presence of coordinate systems in everyday life.
I’d like my students to understand the importance of a starting or reference point for defining a
coordinate system.
I’d like my students to understand that distances from a starting point are a really effective way
for describing different locations.
I’d like my students to become fluent in the language of describing positions on the plane.
I’d like my students to become fluent in using mathematical notation when describing positions on
the plane.
I’d like my students to recognise the convention of stating a position as a horizontal distance
followed by a vertical distance.
I’d like my students to understand the form of the coordinates of points on the horizontal axis and
on the vertical axis.

4. Learning Outcomes:

As a result of studying this topic students will be able to:

 plot points on the plane
 describe points on the plane
 understand coordinates as distances
 calculate distance between two horizontal points or two vertical points

5. Background and Rationale

The idea for this lesson came from observing the difficulties students have with understanding
coordinates as distances from a reference point. These difficulties hinder student understanding in
a number of areas including the application of Pythagoras’s Theorem for determining distance,
application of the length of a line segment formula and understanding the equation of a circle
centred on the origin and not centred on the origin.

As examples of this, it has been observed that many students have difficulty with the following
questions:

Write down the coordinates of C and F.

Calculate the length of [AB]

Write down a relationship between x and y.

We hope that by approaching the introduction to coordinate geometry in a particular way we will
help to prepare students for such questions.

The syllabus states that students should be able to:

‐ coordinate the plane
‐ locate points on the plane using coordinates
by the end of first year. These are the specific learning outcomes we are focusing on but we are
also trying to lay solid foundations for the related learning outcomes further along the sequence of
learning.
Historically students find coordinating the plane relatively straight-forward, if a little boring. We
hope that by presenting the lesson in a particular way we will obtain higher levels of engagement
and understanding.
There are a few problems which students have on a recurring basis with coordinating the plane.
The first problem is the order of the coordinates. We hope that by letting students understand
coordinates for themselves this will not be such an issue.
The second problem that students have is with locating points on the axes. We hope that by
students understanding the importance of a starting point when defining a coordinate system and
that by understanding coordinates as distances from the starting point that they will naturally
come up with coordinates of points on the axes themselves. This will be a good test of the
approach we are using.
During the lesson emphasis will be placed on the use of suitable language for describing locations.
For example we are going to encourage students to describe points as “across 3” or “back 2” or
“up 5” or “down 1”. We hope that this will give students a deeper understanding of what a
coordinate is and will allow them to problem-solve around coordinate geometry more easily.
While the lesson has a number of specific aims we also want it to fit into our overall approach to
the teaching and learning of mathematics. We want students to learn to work independently of
the teacher, to work together effectively, to try out different approaches, to be comfortable
explaining their thinking and to recognize mathematics as useful and doable. We want students to
enjoy their maths lesson and feel challenged by it.

6. Research
We are not certain as to the best language to use when describing the location of points. We had
lengthy discussions as to whether we should draw from the language used in everyday
coordinates systems (such as maps) and speak about moving north, south, east or west. We
settled on the language of “across”, “back”, “up” and “down” but are still unsure if this is the best
way to communicate the idea of a coordinate system to students. We will have to see how it
works during the lesson.
We are going to use animated PowerPoint to support teaching and learning in the classroom.
Throughout the lesson, students will work on short activities aimed at helping them understand
the basic concepts of coordinates.

The common introductory course for first years states that students should learn to coordinate the
plane and to locate points on the plane using coordinates. We think that this can be done in a way
which makes students think about the underlying maths, how coordinates make sense and the
usefulness of mathematics.

7. About the Unit and the Lesson

To start the lesson students will be presented with a simple task of describing the location of four points. Out
of this task will come the ideal of using a map to locate points and what the important features of a map are:
namely a grid and a starting point.
Students will then be given the opportunity to describe the location of a number of points using a numbered
grid by describing how each point is located relative to the starting point. During this task it is hoped that
students will develop their own language for describing the location of a point.
Students are then presented with the idea of coordinate notation as a shorthand version of their own
language description. Students will be challenged to understand how this coordinate notation relates to their
understanding of locating points and will be expected to become comfortable moving between their own
description of a location, the mathematical notation used for same and how this location looks on a
coordinated plane.

8. Flow of the Unit:

# of lesson
Lesson periods
 Introduction to coordinate geometry

1  How to coordinate the plane 1 x 40min.

2  How to locate points on the plane using coordinates 1 x 40 min.

9. Flow of the Lesson

Teaching Activity Points of Consideration
1. Introduction
Four points, A, B, C and D are shown on the Pupils may explain the position of the points of
board. the board such as ‘top left’ or ‘bottom right’.
Students are asked to describe the position of Can students use everyday language to
these points. describe the positions of the four points.
Students are asked to describe the position of A
in relation to B.
2. Posing the Task
Students are asked what would make this task Can students identify maps as a real-world
easier to complete. example of locating points?
Students are asked if they know of any ways Can students describe the key features of a
used to describe locations in the real world. map?
Students are asked to discuss the key features of Do students identify a grid as a useful tool
any map. when describing locations?
Images of maps are shown on the board.
The existence of a grid is highlighted.

Pupils are asked what else is needed to make a Do students recognize that numbers or letters
map easy to use. are also needed to make good sense of a
Students are asked to describe the location of map?
Wexford on a map of Ireland.
Can students explain that the numbers on a
Students are asked what these numbers on a map of the world refer to how far north or
map means? south you are from the equator and how far
east or west you are from London?
Do students understand the concept of a
starting or reference point?
Pupils are asked to draw a horizontal line and a
vertical line on the centre of their laminated Some pupils may not draw the axes in the
graph paper using a marker. centre of the page and some may not draw
the axes on the heavier lines in the graph
The teacher asks students to identify where the page. Make sure to check each page.
starting point on the map is.

Students are asked to insert numbers onto the Students may not have equal distances
grid. between each number nor include negative
The teacher describes each line as a number line. numbers.
The number lines are inserted on the coordinated
plane displayed on the board.

Students are now asked to insert points A, B, C

and D onto their grid. Can students look at the coordinated plane on
Students are encouraged to describe how they the board and figure out where to plot the
located each point on the plane with specific points on their own plane?
reference to the starting point. Can students describe how they knew where
to locate each point?
Do students start to use their own description
of each points location e.g. “out 3 and up 4”
etc.?
3. Anticipated Student Responses Show-me board are of great benefit in this
Students should find the activity engaging as it is activity as they allow the teacher to monitor
based on real-life and involves them solving the progress of every student in the class. The
some basic problems. teacher can target particular students for
Most students should find the task fairly additional help or to share their thinking
straightforward. accordingly.
Some students might find it difficult to correctly
place numbers on their planes.
Some students might find it difficult to transfer
the four points on the board to their own
coordinated plane.
Some students might find it difficult to explain
their reasoning for drawing the four points where
they did.
Some students will come up with their own
language for describing how they located each
point.
Some students might choose to talk about While students have to understand the
locating the points as a vertical distance followed convention of , as opposed to , there
by a horizontal distance. is no need to have this discussion yet.
4. Comparing and Discussing
The teacher asks different groups how they If different groups use different approaches to
located each point. locating each point it is important to recognize
The teacher encourages students to explain their these differences.
thinking. If some students choose to talk about the
The teacher uses the animated PowerPoint to vertical distance before the horizontal distance
reinforce the idea of movement horizontally the teacher should highlight this difference in
followed by movement vertically. approach and ask students if this is okay.

5. Posing the Task

Students are presented with the short-hand Can students verbalise the meaning of the
notation for describing the location of point A. coordinates?
Do students use language such as “left 4
Students are asked to explain what this short- units”, “back 4 units”, “4 units in the negative
hand notation means in their own terms? direction” etc.?
It is important the teacher encourages
students to read the short-hand notation as a
description of the location of the points.

Students are asked to name the three remaining

points using the same short-hand notation.

6. Anticipated Student Responses

Students may not link the short-hand notation to The opportunity may arise here to discuss the
the work they have previously done. agreed order of coordinates. Students who
Students may not see the efficiency of the short- treat the vertical distance first can be
hand notation for locating points. identified through their show-me boards. The
Students may write the coordinates in the teacher could show two conflicting answers to
incorrect order. locating the same point. This could form the
Students may miss out on including the basis for a discussion on needing to agree an
appropriate signs on their coordinates. order for the short-hand notation.
7. Comparing and Discussing The teacher may use some simple examples to
The teacher asks different groups to explain their help students remember the order of
choice of short-hand notation. coordinates. Some examples include “h comes
The teacher highlights the efficiency of the short- before v in the alphabet so we always write
hand notation in locating a point. the horizontal coordinate followed by the
The teacher highlights the problem with the vertical coordinate” and “A plane must travel
short-hand notation in that the order of the along the runway before it can rise into the
coordinates must be agreed by everyone. air”.
8. Posing the task This is a “think, pair, share” activity.
Students are presented with a table with a Can students rewrite the locations using
description of the location of a number of points coordinate short-hand?
using everyday language. Do students get the order of the coordinates
Students are instructed to write the short-hand correct?
notation for the location of each point. Do students relate the negative sign to “back”
Students are encouraged to explain their and “down” and the positive sign to “forward”
thinking. and “up”?
Students are encouraged to mark each point in Can students explain why they wrote the
on their coordinated plane. coordinates in the way they did?
9. Anticipated student responses
Most students should have little difficulty with Students who list the coordinates in the
this task. incorrect order can be readily identified using
Some students will write the short-hand notation their show-me boards. It is important that the
in the incorrect order. teacher takes time to discuss with those
Some students may have difficulty with signs. students why this is now incorrect.
10. Comparing and Discussing
The teacher asks all students to show their Did students successfully complete the task?
answers on their show-me boards.

The teacher draws in an additional point on the Do students recognize the importance of the
coordinated plane and intentionally writes its agreed order when writing locations using
coordinates in the incorrect order. The teacher coordinate short-hand?
asks students to identify the error and to explain
why it is an error.

The teacher draws in an additional point on the Do students recognize the important role that
coordinated plane and intentionally writes its signs play in a coordinate system?
coordinates in the correct order but with
incorrect signs. The teacher asks students to
identify the error and to explain why it is an
error.

The teacher asks students if there is anything Do students understand that some points can
interesting about the final point in the table. lie on the number lines?
The teacher identifies that this point lies on the Do students understand what a coordinate of
vertical number line. the form 0, means?
Do students understand what a coordinate of
 the form , 0 means?
The teacher could take this opportunity to get
the class to do some algebraic reasoning.
Students could be asked what the coordinates
of any point on the horizontal number line
would look like and why this must be so.
11. Posing the task This is a “think, pair, share” activity.
Students are presented with a table of Can students interpret coordinates in terms of
coordinates and are asked to write out the long everyday language?
description of what these coordinates mean. Can students use the every-day language as a
Students are encouraged to plot each point on support to graph each point on their
their coordinated plane. coordinated plane?
Can students interpret the coordinates of the
point 0, 4 using everyday language and
graph this point correctly?
12. Anticipated student responses It is important that students are encouraged to
Students may find it easy to describe the discuss the meaning of the coordinates using
coordinates in everyday terms. everyday language.
Students may struggle with describing the If students struggle interpreting the
meaning of negative coordinates. coordinates of the point on the number line, it
Students may find it difficult to interpret the is important to support these students in their
coordinates of points on the number lines. thinking using appropriate questioning.
Some students may still struggle with signs and
order.
13. Comparing and discussing
The teacher asks different groups to describe
each pair of coordinates in their own terms.

The teacher takes time to remind students of the

importance of order and signs.

14. Posing the task This is a “think, pair, share” activity.

Students are presented with a list of coordinates
and are asked to graph them on their It is important to encourage students to
coordinated plane. verbalise the meaning of each pair of
coordinates.
Some students may find it beneficial to draw
lines out from the vertical axis and up from the
horizontal axis to locate each point.
15. Anticipated student responses The teacher can use this activity to assess how
Most students should have little difficulty with the learning outcomes were met by everyone.
this. It is important to support students in their
Some students will have problems with order and thinking around points located on either axis
signs. or at the origin, with appropriate questioning.
Some students may struggle with points located If students get different answers it is
on either axis or the point located at the origin. important to encourage them to understand
the discrepancy.
16. Comparing and discussing
The teacher asks different groups for their
answers to each part of the task.
The teacher commends the class for their
excellent work.
17. Summing up
The teacher asks students what they have
learned during the lesson.
The teacher encourages students to summarise
the most important concepts discussed in the
lesson.

10. Evaluation
There will be three observers in the lesson along with the teacher. Observers will record instances
of the following:
 student engagement with the lesson
 student understanding of the lesson content
 student difficulties with the lesson content
 if students work collaboratively as a group and stay on task while participating in group
work
 if students ask questions of each other and of the teacher and the type of questions they
ask
 if students are willing to explain their reasoning to the teacher and to the class

11. Board Plan

12. Post-lesson reflection

The lesson proved a great success with students engaged in the lesson at all times.
Using show-me boards worked really well as it helped to keep all students on task and allowed the
teacher to observe which students were having difficulties with each task.
In spite of our best efforts and perhaps partly because of the approach we used, many students
still had difficulties remembering the order in which coordinates should be stated and also the
need for this convention. In hindsight we think it might be good to get students to use their show
me boards to write the coordinates of a particular point and let students see that different
students write the coordinates in different ways i.e. (x,y) and (y,x). The point could then be made
that this represents a problem and that we need to agree on the order of coordinates. A simple
memory aid like “An airplane must travel horizontally before going up” might be useful for helping
students remember the agreed order.
It was surprising to us that students used the term “axis” when discussing the task presented to
them. The teacher specifically did not mention this word and yet many students were aware of it
already. Where did this knowledge come from? Perhaps from primary school or from science
class.
Students were presented with pre-labelled axes for most of the tasks they worked on. Towards
the end of class, students were presented with un-labelled axes for one task and many of them
struggled with filling in values on the axes. This was surprising as we almost took it for granted
that students would be able to do this. Many were not.
Students liked the use of the terms “over”, “back”, “up” and “down” and could readily use this
language to describe the location of points.