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Stat With Excel

Statistics with Excel Introduction

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Stat With Excel

Statistics with Excel Introduction

Uploaded by

scorober87
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Chapter 1

Introduction
to Statistics
with Excel

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-1


Learning Objectives
• Define statistics
• Become aware of a wide range of
applications of statistics in business
• Differentiate between descriptive and
inferential statistics
• Classify numbers by level of data and
understand why doing so is important
• Become aware of the statistical analysis
capabilities of Excel

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-2


What is Statistics?
• Science of gathering, analyzing,
interpreting, and presenting data
• Branch of mathematics
• Course of study
• Facts and figures
• A death
• Measurement taken on a sample
• Type of distribution being used to
analyze data
© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-3
Population Versus Sample

• Population — the whole


– a collection of persons, objects, or items
under study
• Census — gathering data from the
entire population
• Sample — a portion of the whole
– a subset of the population

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-4


Population

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-5


Population and Census Data

Identifier Color MPG

RD1 Red 12
RD2 Red 10
RD3 Red 13
RD4 Red 10
RD5 Red 13
BL1 Blue 27
BL2 Blue 24
GR1 Gree 35
GR2 n
Gree 35
GY1 n
Gray 15
GY2 Gray 18
GY3 Gray 17

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-6


Sample and Sample Data

Identifier Color MPG

RD2 Red 10

RD5 Red 13

GR1 Gree 35
n

GY2 Gray 18

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-7


Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics

• Descriptive Statistics — using data


gathered on a group to describe or
reach conclusions about that same
group only

• Inferential Statistics — using sample


data to reach conclusions about the
population from which the sample was
taken
© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-8
Parameter vs. Statistic

• Parameter — descriptive measure of


the population
– Usually represented by Greek letters

• Statistic — descriptive measure of a


sample
– Usually represented by Roman letters

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-9


Symbols for Population Parameters

µ denotes population parameter

σ
2
denotes population variance
σ denotes population standard deviation

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-10


Symbols for Sample Statistics

x denotes sample mean


2
S denotes sample variance
S denotes sample standard deviation

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-11


Process of Inferential Statistics

Calculate x
to estimate µ
Population Sample
µ x
(parameter) (statistic)

Select a
random sample
© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-12
Levels of Data Measurement

• Nominal - Lowest level of measurement


• Ordinal
• Interval
• Ratio - Highest level of measurement

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-13


Nominal Level Data
• Numbers are used to classify or
categorize
Example: Employment Classification
– 1 for Educator
– 2 for Construction Worker
– 3 for Manufacturing Worker
Example: Ethnicity
– 1 for African-American
– 2 for Anglo-American
– 3 for Hispanic-American
– 4 for Oriental-American

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-14


Ordinal Level Data
• Numbers are used to indicate rank or order
– Relative magnitude of numbers is meaningful
– Differences between numbers are not comparable

Example: Taste test ranking of three brands of soft


drink
Example: Position within an organization
– 1 for President
– 2 for Vice President
– 3 for Plant Manager
– 4 for Department Supervisor
– 5 for Employee
© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-15
Example of Ordinal Measurement

1 f
6 i
2 n
4 i
3 s
5 h

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-16


Ordinal Data

Faculty and staff should receive preferential


treatment for parking space.

Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly


Agree Disagree

1 2 3 4 5

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-17


Interval Level Data
• Distances between consecutive integers
are equal
– Relative magnitude of numbers is
meaningful
– Differences between numbers are
comparable
– Location of origin, zero, is arbitrary
– Vertical intercept of unit of measure
transform function is not zero

Examples: Fahrenheit Temperature, Calendar


Time, Monetary Units
© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-18
Ratio Level Data
• Highest level of measurement
– Relative magnitude of numbers is meaningful
– Differences between numbers are
comparable
– Location of origin, zero, is absolute (natural)
– Vertical intercept of unit of measure
transform function is zero

Examples: Height, Weight, and Volume


Monetary Variables, such as Revenues, and
Expenses
Financial ratios, such as P/E Ratio, Inventory
Turnover
© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-19
Usage Potential of Various
Levels of Data
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal

Nominal

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-20


Data Level, Operations,
and Statistical Methods
Statistical
Data Level Meaningful Operations
Methods

Nominal Classifying and Counting Nonparametric

Ordinal All of above plus Ranking Nonparametric

Interval All of above plus Addition, Parametric


Subtraction, Multiplication,
and Division

Ratio All of the above Parametric

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-21


Qualitative vs Quantitative Data

Qualitative Data is data of the nominal or


ordinal level that classifies by a label or
category. The labels may be numeric or
nonnumeric.

Quantitative Data is data of the interval


or ratio level that measures on a naturally
occurring numeric scale.

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-22


Discrete and Continuous Data

Discrete Data is numeric data in which the


values can come only from a list of specific
values. Discrete data results from a
counting process.

Continuos Data is numeric data that can


take on values at every point over a given
interval. Continuous data result from a
measuring process.

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-23


Summary of Data Classifications
Data
Data

nal Ordinal Ratio


Nominal Ordinal Interval
Interl Ratio

Qualitative Quantitative
Qualitative
(Categorical) Quantitative

Numeric
Nonnumeric
Nonnumeric Numeric Numeric
Numeric

Discrete or
Discrete
Discrete Discrete
Continuous or
Continuous

© 2002 Thomson / South-Western Slide 1-24

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