Research Question

GD 8014 Metodologi Penelitian

Dewi Kania Sari NIM 35105002

<[email protected]>
Program Studi Teknik Geodesi & Geomatika ITB
Outline
What is research?

“Research is the term applied to any form

of systematic and organised investigation
to establish facts or collect information,
and is usually related to a problem that
needs to be solved.”

Source: www.dissertationsuccess.com
Structure of Research
Most research projects share the same general structure

Source: William M.K. Trochim (2006) <www.socialresearchmethods.net>

 Research Cycle

… the first research

problem is to find
something to
research, which we
call 'the research
question’…

Source: www.dissertationsuccess.com
 Research questions

• A Research Question is
 a statement that identifies the phenomenon to
be studied [www.theresearchassistant.com]
 a formulation of uncertainty about science or
engineering that you wish to explore or resolve
[Hulley SB & Cumming SR, 1988]
• It should be the central question of a
research.

Once you start researching,

your research question may
begin to change.
 Research questions

• Your research question is the most critical part of your research

proposal—
• it defines the proposal,
• it guides your arguments and inquiry, and
• it provokes the interests of the reviewer.
• If your question does not work well, no matter how strong the
rest of the proposal, the proposal is unlikely to be successful.
• It is common to spend more time on the researching,
conceptualizing and forming of each individual word of the
research question than on any other part of the proposal.

Source: Regents of the University of California (2001)

<http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/DisspropWorkshop/>
 Research question: examples

1. Does sleep have an effect on reflexes?

2. What are the pros and cons of Japanese management
style?
3. What resources are helpful to new and minority drug
abuse researchers?
4. To what extent is foreign aid for agricultural development
in India benefiting the country?
5. Will the application of GIS, GPS, and remote sensing
technology be effective in determining the extent of the
potential impacts of over a decade of land use change
upon the Radnor Lake watershed?
Formulating a research question

• Identifying a good research question

• Sources of good research questions
• Common problems with research
questions
Identifying a good research question

A good research question is described by the

acronym FINER (Hulley & Cummings, 1998)
Some tips for finding a good research
question:
Some tips for finding a good research
question:
To write a strong research question
you will need time…
 Source: Regents of the University of California (2001)
<http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/DisspropWorkshop/>
 EVOCATIVE Research Questions

• Evocative questions are ones that catch the interest of

the reviewer and draw her/him into the proposal.
• Questions tend to be evocative because of the ways
they engage with challenging topics.
• There is no single way to form a conceptually
innovative question.
 Make it timely

Evocative questions are often distilled from

very contemporary social or theoretical
concerns.
For example, questions regarding the energy crisis,
international tribunals, nationalism, or the rise of
anti-globalization protests are likely to peak the
interests of others because they are questions
whose relevance will be clearly discernable for
reviewer.
 Frame it as a paradox

Frame your question around a provocative

paradox.
For example,
 why have indigenous organizations in Bolivia
markedly declined while the number and quantity
of funding sources has increased?
or
 why have violent conflicts over forest resources
increased in the last ten years while the very
people involved in these conflicts have become
less and less dependent on forest resources for
their livelihoods?
 Take a distinctive approach

• a question that approaches an old problem in a

refreshingly new way, or proposes a
surprising angle of analysis on a difficult
dilemma, is likely to prove evocative for
reviewers.
 This could involve a new methodology, a new conceptual
approach, or the linking of two previously disparate fields
of knowledge.
 RELEVANT Research Questions

• Questions that clearly demonstrate their

relevance to society, a social group, or
scholarly literature and debates are likely to
be given more weight by reviewers.
• As a general rule, research is more likely to be
funded if it is seen as part of a larger intellectual
project or line of inquiry, not just a way for the
researcher to get a degree.
 Fill in the missing piece

If your proposal can lay out a given field or dilemma

and then point to a specific portion that is missing
in that field or dilemma—a gap which will be filled
by the answer to your research question—your
research is likely to garner a great deal of support.
 Make connections

Even if you are working on a narrow topic or in a

specific place, ask questions that help relate the
research to broader trends, patterns, and
contexts.
 Doing this will help show how funding a seemingly distinct
research project helps fuel larger debates.
 CLEAR Research Questions

• Clear questions tend to be short,

conceptually straightforward, and
jargon-free.
• Work to keep your questions as lucid and
simple as possible.
 Ground the questions

• Keep your questions close to the topic or

place you are researching.
• You must still link your question to a larger
context, but ground that connection in
temporal and spatial specifics.
 Limit variables

If a question is burdened with too many variables

or too many clauses it becomes both difficult to
read and difficult to research.

Two contrasting examples from the SSRC web site:

“Was the decline of population growth in Brazil the

result of government policies?”

is much easier to understand than

“Was the decline in population growth in Brazil

related more to sex education, the distribution of
birth control, or resource depletion?”
 RESEARCHABLE Research Questions

• Research questions need to be clearly “doable.”

• One of the most common rationales for rejecting
proposals is that the question is simply too
expansive (or expensive) to be carried out by
the applicant.
 There are many questions that you will need to ask
yourself to avoid this pitfall. Above all else, consider
your limitations!

Source: Regents of the University of California (2001)

Institute of International Studies’ Online Dissertation Proposal Workshop
<http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/DissPropWorkshop/>
Sources of good research questions
Not all sources of research questions are
necessarily to be seen as reliable…
Common problems with research questions
 The question is too broad to be manageable

1. What is the history of Christianity?

Try instead,
How did the conversion of Emperor
Constantine affect the history of Christianity?
2. How are environmental disasters being fought?
Try instead,
How effective are the current practices for
cleaning oil spills?
 The question is too narrow

• Does Sweden have nationalized healthcare?

Try instead,
What was the political process that enabled
Sweden to establish nationalized healthcare?
• How did the UAW affect the economy in
Dayton, Ohio in 1973?
Try instead,
What influence did the automobile labor unions
have on the economy in the early 1970's?
 The question cannot be answered

• What are the pros and cons of evolution?

Try instead,
How does teaching of evolution in public
schools affect children who are raised in
religions that embrace creationism?
• How many girls are forced into prostitution
each year?
Try instead,
What are the traits that make girls vulnerable
for being forced into prostitution?
 Practical questions need to be considered
when choosing your research question

• How long will the research take to carry out?

• do you have the appropriate background to carry out the
research?
• Are there ethical constraints?
• Is the project likely to be approved by your advisor and
your university’s committee for the protection of human
subjects?
• Can you obtain the cooperation from all the necessary
individuals, communities and institutions you need to answer
the question you have asked?
• Are the costs of conducting the research more than you will
be likely to raise?
• If I can’t complete this project well, can I break it down
and address the most important component?
 References

• Developing a Research Question <www.esc.edu>

• Formulating a Research Question <www.theresearchassistant.com>
• On-line Workshop on Formulating a Research Question and Hypothesis
<www.ryerson.ca>
• The Research Question <www.theresearchassistant.com>
• The Research Question - Institute of International Studies’ Online Dissertation
Proposal Workshop - Regents of the University of California
<http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/DissPropWorkshop/>
• David A. Padgett and Christopher W. Norwood (2006) Geographical Information
Systems and Remote Sensing in Support of Urban Forest Preservation and
Environmental Education, Geographical Information Sciences Laboratory
Nashville,TN.
• Gwendolyn Reece (2007) Section 1: Choosing a Research Topic
<www.library.american.edu >
• Hulley, SB & Cummings SR (ed) 1998 Designing clinical research, Williams & Wilkins,
Baltimore.
• How to formulate a research question, Research Bites Issue 3, August 2002, The
University of New South Wales – Sydney Australia.
• William M.K. Trochim (2006) Structure of Research
<www.socialresearchmethods.net>