ye of temperature, dufdt, 4, Since the thermometer se (—K) as the constant vd from the differential w 8) » different times because mn(1)and the “arbitrary” quation (1) C = 60, 50 we have 4 ig condition (3). Putting 6) 6 s available entation that, in certain J into another substance, 815] ‘Simple chemical c wersion 49 the time rate of change of the amount x of unconverted substance is propor. tional to x. Let the amount of unconverted substance be known at some specified time; that is, let x = xp at ¢= 0. Then the amount x at any time ¢ > 0 is deter ‘mined by the differential equation dx a and the condition that x = Xp when r'= 0, Since the amount x is decreasing as time increases, the constant of proportionality in equation (1) is taken to be (—h) From equation (I) it follows that kes a x=Cew, But x = xp when ¢ = 0, Hence C Xo. Thus we have the result xoe™, @ Let us now add another condition, which will enable us to determine k. Suppose it is known that at the end of half a minute, at ¢ = 30 (sec), two. thirds ofthe original amount xo has already been converted. Let us determine how much unconverted substance remains at ¢ = 60 (sec). When two-thirds of the substance has been converted, one-third remains unconverted. Hence x = 4xq when t = 30, Equation (2) now yields the relation from which k is easily found to be sin 3. Then with ¢ measured in seconds, the amount of unconverted substance is given by the equation. x = xo exp (—sht In 3), @ 4 X= xp €xp(~2n3) = xo(3)"? = dx Exercises 1. ‘The radivs of the moon is roughly 1080 miles. The acceleration of gravity att surface of the moon is about 0.165g, whore gis the acceleration of gravity at the surface ofthe earth. Determine the velocity of escape for the moon. ANS. 1S miles/see figures, the velocity of escape for each ofthe celestial bodies listed below. The data given are rough and g may be taken to be 6.1(10)~? rilesee? 2, Determine, to two significaElementary Applications Accel of gravity Radius Ans. in at surface in miles iles/sze Venus 085g 3800 63 Mars 038g 2,100 31 Jupiter 26 43,000 37 Sun 2e 432,000 380 Ganymede 012g 1,780 16 3. A thermometer reading 18°F is brought into ® room where the temperature is 70°F; Lmin later the thermometer reading is 31°F. Determine the temperature reading as function of time and, in particular, find the temperature reading Sin after the thermometer i fist brought into the room. ANS. -u = 10 — S2exp (0294); when t= 5,0 = 58, 4. A thermometer reading 75°F ig taken out where the temperature is 20°F. The reading is 30°F 4 min later, Find (a) the thermometer reading 7 min after the ther- _mometer was brought outside, and (b) the time taken forthe reading to drop from 75°P to within a half degree ofthe air temperature. ANS. (a) 23°F ; (6) L1.S min 45, At1:00 pat, a thermometer reading 70°F is taken outside wlire the air temperature is —10°F (Cen below 2e10) At 1:02 Pat, the reading is 26°F. At 1:05 ras, the ther- ‘mometer is taken back indoors where the ar is at 70°F. What is the thermometer reading at 1:09 ras? 6, At9 At, a thermometer reading 70°F is taken outdoors where the temperature is 15°F, At0:05 at, the thermometer eadingis 45°F.At9: 10a, the thermometer is taken back indoors where the temperature is ixed at 70°F. Find (a) the reading at 9:20 am. and (b) when the reading, to the nearest degres, will show the correct (00°F) indoor temperature, ANS. (a) 58°F; (0) 9:46 a. ‘At 2:00 rat, a thermometer reading 80°F is taken outside where the ar temperature is 20°F, At2:03 pat, the temperature reading yielded by tho thermometer is 42°F. Later, the thermometer is brought insce whore the aris at 80°F, At 2:10 pa, the reading is 71°F, When was the thermometer brought indoors? ANS At 2:05 pat '8, Suppose that a chemical reaction proczeds according to the law given in Section Sabove. Ifhal the substance A has been converted atthe end of 10 sec, find when nine-tenths ofthe substance will have been converted. ANS. 33sec, 9, The conversion of a substance B follows the law used in Section 15 above. If only 1 fourth ofthe substance has been converted at the end of 10 se find when nine {enths of the substance will have been converted Ans. 80 se. 10, For a substance C, the time rate of conversion is proportional to the square of theamount x of unconverted substance. Let kbe the numerical value ofthe constant ‘of proportionality and let the amount of unconverted substance be xp at time 1 = 0, Determine x forall: ANS, x= all + xokth 11, Two substances, A and B, are being converted into single compound C. In the Inboratory it has been shown that, for these substances, the following law of eon: version holds: the time rate of change of the amount x of compound C is propor ‘ional to the product of the amounts of unconverted substances A and B Assumeeee : 1ch.3 15] Simple chemical conversion 51 the units of measure so chosen that one unit of compound C is formed from the ius aa in combination of one unit of A with one unit of B, If at time ¢ = 0 there are a units ites inilesjsec of substance A, b units of substance B, and none of compound C present, show that = = the lw of cnienon iy beens by enon io i & a # o-mo—a xo 7; Sole his ation withthe ge ni onion, Axs. 106 A ax = FORE ON ry og a lt Dexp— alke—a ake fom where the temperature is eas ae 12, Inthe solution of exercise 11 above, assume that k > Oand investigate the behavior Sea of xas t+ 2, ANS IDE ax sib Saxo b, ee 15, Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the quantity of radium present (0290); when t = 5,41 = 58 Suppose tha itis found that in 25 years approximately 11% ofa certain quantity the temperature is 20°F, The of radium has decomposed. Determine approximately how long it will take for ing Taare ‘one-half the original amount of radium to decompose. ANS, 1600 years. for the reading to drop from 14, & certain radionctive substance has a halflife of 38 he. Find how long it takes for O°F, What is the thermometer loors where the température is \69:10aae, the thermometeris side where the ar temperature sd by the thermometer is 42°F, airs at 80°F, At 2:10 Pa, the indoors? ans, At 2:08 at gto the law given in Section atthe end of 10 seo find when where ko? is the magnitude of the resisting foree furnished by the medium ii 4 ant. 33500 1, Solve the differential equation of exercise 16 with the initial condition that » = vp ‘if vd in Section 1S above. IF only when f= 0. Introduce the constant a? = w/k to simplify the formulas. ‘ond of 10 sea ind when nine= ANS. 80 sec Ans i proportional to the square of i sumerical value ofthe constant 18, Lista consistent set of units forthe dimensions ofthe variables and parameters of sted substance be xo at time exercises 16 and 17 above, ANS. insec gin f/see? : Axa x = aol + xo vin sec Kin (Ib)sec*yn? the + single compotind C. In the win ain see 105, the following law of con- 19, There are mediums that resist motion through them with a force proportional Hl it x of compound C is propor- to the first power of the velocity. For such a medium, state and solve problems 14 J substances A and BAssume ‘analogous to exercises 16 through 18 above, except that for convenience @ constant I