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I. Etymology: Reform/s As A General Term

The document defines the etymology and definitions of the terms "reform" and "reforms". It provides 17 definitions of political reforms including anti-political dynasty laws, proposed constitutional changes, electoral reforms, taxation reforms, and land or agrarian reforms. It is missing the definition of political reform and 3 examples of other reform types. The document would benefit from adding the missing information to provide a more complete overview of the key terms.

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Alliah Sta Ana
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38 views

I. Etymology: Reform/s As A General Term

The document defines the etymology and definitions of the terms "reform" and "reforms". It provides 17 definitions of political reforms including anti-political dynasty laws, proposed constitutional changes, electoral reforms, taxation reforms, and land or agrarian reforms. It is missing the definition of political reform and 3 examples of other reform types. The document would benefit from adding the missing information to provide a more complete overview of the key terms.

Uploaded by

Alliah Sta Ana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Alliah Dominique M. Sta.

Ana Sir Erickson Calata


BSMA 1 -8 October 25, 2018
I. Etymology

reform (verb.)

c. 1300, "to convert into another and better form," from Old French reformer "rebuild, reconstruct,
recreate" (12c.), from Latin reformare "to form again, change, transform, alter," from re- "again" (see re-)
+ formare "to form" (see form (n.)). Intransitive sense from 1580s.

Meaning "to bring (a person) away from an evil course of life" is recorded from early 15c.; of
governments, institutions, etc., from early 15c. Related: Reformed; reforming. Reformed churches
(1580s) usually are Calvinist as opposed to Lutheran. Reformed Judaism (1843) is a movement initiated
in Germany by Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786). Reform school is attested from 1859.

reform (noun.)

"any proceeding which brings back a better order of things," 1660s, from reform (v.) and in some uses
from French réforme. As a branch of Judaism from 1843.

Definitions

- Reform/s as a General Term

1. Reforms result from the interactive and ongoing process of decision-making by political actors in
response to actual or anticipated demands from groups and individuals in strategic positions.
Reforms are highly technical as they involve individuals, goals, incentives, perceptions,
decisions, rules, resources, and actions at different state levels.
2. Grindle (2004, 2) defines reforms as deliberate efforts to make changes in policies but the general
character of this definition probably applies to the political process as a whole and makes it
difficult to draw a clear distinction between a particular reform effort and “politics as usual”.
3. Reform is integrated depends on (a) the manner and means of presentation (b) the number of
contacts between informed and the uninformed, (c) whether it promises solutions to felt needs, (d)
how sharply it contrasts with existing beliefs, (e) the prestige and charisma of the propagators,
and (f) the intensity of resistance. (Caiden, 1969)
4. Reform implies that something is wrong or at least could be better. It requires no investment from
the public except their agreement.
5. Reform is usually introduced by government initiative or in response to internal and external
pressures, to resolve or prevent an economic, social, or political crisis. Thus reform may be
considered a problem-solving mechanism. The true motives for reform, however, may well differ
from those announced by the reformer.
6. Reform requires systematic changes in expectations and in government behavior to move such
state from a high- to low-corruption equilibrium. Unfortunately, the nation-states that fall into this
4th category are precisely those that lack the centralized authority needed to carry out such
reforms. The decentralized, competitive corrupt system is well entrenched, and no one has the
power to administer the policy shock needed for reform.
7. ‘Reform’ as a description of medieval cultural practice might seem problematic, precisely
because the revolutionary moment claims all power of reform unto itself, committed as it is to
describing the old order as immobile. The very term ‘Reformation’ makes that claim.
8. Reform may have taken place within a less punitive context than a penitentiary but the language
of love was rhetorical and disguised real relationships of power.
9. The traditional notion of reform, implying the re-forming or re-balancing of ancient institutions,
no longer corresponded to actual usage of term by the end of ancient regime. Reformers of all
stripes would continue to express their arguments in terms of legal and historical precedents, but
the real justification lay elsewhere – in guarded references to natural law, to utilitarian ethics, and
to humanitarianism.

- Political Reforms
10. Anti-Political Dynasty
11. Proposed Federal Constitution (Charter Change)
12. Electoral Reforms
13. Taxation Reforms
14. Administrative Reforms - synonymous with the rationalizing process that commenced with the
bureaucratic revolution in the absolutist European monarchies during the Thirty Years War; the
artificial inducement of administrative transformation against resistance. Administrative reform is
power politics in action; it contains ideological rationalizations, fights for control of areas,
services, and people, political participants and institutions, power drives, campaign strategies and
obstructive tactics, compromises and concessions.
15. Land or Agrarian Reforms - - the redistribution of property or rights in land for the benefit of
small farmers and agricultural labourers… This is what land reform has meant in practice, past
and present.: land Reform in Principle and Practice (Oxford, 1969). It is a multidimensional
change, involving political, economic, and social aspects.
16. Law Reforms
17. Philippine Political Party System Reforms

Other Types of Reforms

1. Societal Reform – involves changes in communal attitudes, for which good communications are
essential.
2. Educational Reform – implies that the reform initiative is attempting to correct a deficiency in the
current educational system without changing the essential elements of the system.

MISSING PARTS:
Definition of Political Reform
3 types of reforms
Dagdagan other types
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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