BASIC MECHANISM

OF SENSASITION

dr. MUH. ARDI MUNIR, M.Kes, Sp.OT, FICS, M.H

Orthopedic & Traumatology Dept. / Anatomy Dept.
Medical Faculty of Tadulako University
 The Sensory System

• What are the senses ?

• How sensory systems work
• Body sensors and homeostatic maintenance
• Sensing the external environment
• Mechanisms and pathways to perception
 Sensation and Perception
• Sensation is the process of receiving,
converting, and transmitting information
from the outside world.
– Sensory organs contain receptors that
transduce sensory energy into nerve impulses
that are carried to the brain.
 Perception
• Perceptual processes
include:
– Selection refers to choosing
which of many stimuli that will
be processed.
– Organization involves
collecting the information into
some pattern.
– Interpretation involves
understanding the pattern.
Three Types of Processing:

1. Transduction: converts sensory stimuli into

neural impulses that are sent on to the brain

2. Sensory Reduction: filters and analyzes

incoming sensations before sending on to the
brain

3. Coding: converts particular sensory input into

a specific sensation sent to differing parts of
the brain
Sensation/Perception
General Properties of Sensory Systems
• Stimulus
– Internal
– External
– Energy source
• Receptors
– Sense organs
– Transducer
• Afferent pathway
• CNS integration
General Properties of Sensory Systems
 Sensory Receptors
• Somatic • Visceral

-- Chemoreceptors (taste, -- Chemoreceptors (chemicals

smell) in blood, osmoreceptors)
-- Thermoreceptors -- Baroreceptors (bp)
(temperature, pain)
-- Photoreceptors (vision)
-- Proprioreceptors (muscle
stretch)
--Mechanoreceptors (touch,
pain, audition, balance).
Sensory Receptor Types
 Special Senses – External Stimuli

• Vision
• Hearing
• Taste
• Smell
• Equilibrium
Special Senses – External Stimuli
 Somatic Senses – Internal Stimuli

• Touch
• Temperature
• Pain
• Itch
• Proprioception
 Somatic Pathways

• Receptor
– Threshold
– Action potential
• Sensory neurons
– Primary – medulla
– Secondary – thalamus
– Tertiary – cortex
• Integration
– Receptive field
– Multiple levels
Somatic Pathways
 Sensory Modality

• Location
– Lateral inhibition
– Receptive field
• Intensity
• Duration
• Tonic receptors
• Phasic receptors
• Adaptation
 Receptor adaptation

• Tonic receptors
-- slow acting, -- no adaptation: continue to for
impulses as long as the stimulus is there
(e.g., proprioreceptors)

• Phasic receptors
-- quick acting, adapt: stop firing when stimuli are
constant (e.g., smell)
 The Somatosensory System
• Types of receptors
- Mechanoreceptors:
-- Proprioreceptors in tendons, ligaments
and muscles  body position
-- Touch receptors in the skin: free nerve endings, Merkel’s
disks and Meissner’s corpuscles (superficial touch), hair
follicles, Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini’s ending
- Thermoreceptors: Warm receptors (30-45oC) and cold
receptors (20-35oC)
- Nociceptors: respond to noxious stimuli
Touch (pressure)
Skin touch receptors
Sensory
pathways
• The sensory pathways
convey the type and
location of the sensory
stimulus

• The type: because of the

type of receptor activated

• The location: because the

brain has a map of the
location of each receptor
 Temperature

• Free nerve endings

• Cold receptors
• Warm receptors
• Pain receptors
• Sensory coding:
– Intensity
– Duration
 Pain perception

• Fast pain: sharp and well localized, transmitted by

myelinated axons
• Slow pain: dull aching sensation, not well localized,
transmitted by unmyelinated axons
• Visceral pain: not as well localized as pain originating
from the skin  pain impulses travel on secondary
axons dedicated to the somatic afferents  referred
pain
Pain and Itching
 STIMULUS RESEPTOR SENSASI PERSEPSI

Sumber energi fisik

yang menghasilkan Proses organ
respon pada organ sensoris/reseptor
sensoris/reseptor merespon stimulus

Proses seleksi, analisis,

BIOLOGICAL TRANSDUCER/ interpretasi dan integrasi
TRANSFORMATOR: alat (ujung stimuli yang melibatkan
saraf) yang bisa mengubah satu organ sensoris/reseptor
bentuk energi ke bentuk energi lain dan otak

Contoh: alarm/sirene tanda bahaya

STIMULUS

OTAK (info) EFEKTOR

RESEPTOR (info.)

(Sensoris) (Motoris)
Tepi/perifer Pusat Tepi/perifer
SIST. SENSORIS SIST. MOTORIS
Sist. somatosensoris Sist. somatomotoris
Jaringan somatik Otot skelet
Kulit, otot skelet, tendo,
ligamentum, sendi, tulang,

Sist. viserosensoris Sist. viseromotoris

Organ/visera/alat dalam, Otot polos (dinding visera
dan vasa), sel kelenjar
Vasa/pembuluh darah
 MACAM STIMULUS & RESEPTOR

STIMULUS RESEPTOR

MEKANIK MEKANOSEPTOR
(sentuhan/rabaan/taktil,
1 tekanan, regangan, vibrasi,

F Propriosepsi: sikap, posisi) PROPRIOSEPTOR

I TEMPERATUR
S TERMOSEPTOR
I (panas, dingin)
K VISUAL (gelombang
elektromagnetik/foton)
FISIKORESEPTOR
AUDITORIS (gelomb.
getaran udara)
 STIMULUS RESEPTOR
2

K OLFAKTORIS
I (membau: molekul gas)
M KEMORESEPTOR
I GUSTATORIS
A (pengecapan:
molekul terlarut)

FISIK:
-tekanan kuat
-temp. (dingin/panas) NOSISEPTOR
NYERI -regangan (noxious: nyeri)
-jejas/ injury)
KIMIA: zat asam;
histamin
 Sistem yang mengangkut informasi
SISTEM SENSORIS
dari tepi/periferi (reseptor) ke pusat

Pusat
Perifer/tepi (otak, med.
(info.)
(reseptor) spinalis)

SIST. SOMATOSENSORIS
(reseptor terletak di jaringan somatik:
Otot skelet, tulang, tendo (urat),
ligamentum, sendi)
SIST.
SENSORIS SIST. VISEROSENSORIS
(reseptor di alat-alat/organ dalam: jantung,hati,
usus dll. (dinding: otot polos),
vasa (pembuluh darah)
 MENGINDERA (SENSING) DUNIA LUAR

1. KEKUATAN/INTENSITAS
(dikaji dalam psikofisika: kajian
sifat2 fisik stimulus dan respon
seseorang terhadap stimulus)
STIMULUS
Dunia fisik Dunia psikologik
(Psikofisika)
(di luar) (di dalam)
(atribut
stimulus) 2. AMBANG (THRESHOLD)
Ambang mutlak: batas minimum/terkecil/
terendah yang harus diberikan agar
stimulus tsb. dapat dideteksi
SENSE ORGAN
 (Fig. 6.3; 6.4; 6.5)
ANATOMI MATA
ANATOMI
MATA

Mata terletak di dalam rongga

mata (orbita)
Otot-otot ekstraokuler/penggerak
bola mata:1. m. rektus (superior ,
inferior, lateral, medial),
2. m. oblikuus (superior, inferior)
m: muskulus (otot)
Anatomy of the Eye
 Accommodation
• Accommodation refers to automatic
adjustments of the eye, which occurs
when muscles change the shape of the
lens so that it focuses light on the retina
from objects at different distances.
– Nearsightedness
– Farsightedness
Eye as optical instrument
Light refraction
Three layers of eye
Structure of the Eye: Retina
 Retinal Photoreceptors

• Light passes through the

retinal layers to reach the
photoreceptors at the inner
retinal surface.
• Photoreceptors and bipolar
cells conduct potentials to
the ganglion cells, which in
turn initiate action potentials
which are transmitted to the
thalamus.
 STIMULUS: RESEPTOR OTAK
Gelomb. EM/foton (info) (fotoreseptor (info) (korteks visual
di retina) di lobus oksipitalis)
C
a
h OTAK
a (korteks visual)
y
a Warna cahaya yang
MATA
dipersepsi ditentukan
Absorpsi oleh 3 dimensi:
Refleksi*
OBJEK 1. Hue
2. Saturation
* Yang terlihat oleh mata adalah 3. Brightness
cahaya refleksi/pantulan dari objek
 PERJALANAN CAHAYA
SAMPAI KE RETINA

Kamera okuli anterior Pupil Lensa

(cahaya) Kornea
(KOA isi: humor vitreos)

Kamera okuli posterior

Retina
(KOP) isi: humor akueos

* Kornea: selaput protektif transparan (jendela)

* KOA: ruang, isi: cairan agak kental/gelatinosa (humor vitreos)
* Pupil: lubang/pintu dibatasi oleh iris (otot radier dan sirkuler (warna: biru
muda – coklat tua); fungsi: akomodasi (mengatur sinar masuk) * Lensa:
padat, transparan; memfokuskan cahaya sehingga terfokus di retina; proses
akomodasi kontraksi otot2 iris
* KOP: ruang, isi: cairan (humor akueos)
* Retina: energi EM diubah menjadi pesan yang dapat dipakai otak
 KELAINAN FOKUS TIDAK JATUH DI RETINA
PENGLIHATAN (DI DEPAN/BELAKANG)
AKIBAT KELAINAN
LENSA CITRA TIDAK JATUH DI RETINA

 Dalam keadaan normal: fokus lensa /citra jatuh di retina

(disebut: emetrop/emmetropia)
 Pada kelainan penglihatan (karena kelainan lensa):
1. Miop/myopia fokus jatuh di depan retina
(disebut juga: rabun jauh/near sightness)
Bola mata terlalu panjang Koreksi: lensa konkaf (minus)
Lensa terlalu kuat
2. Hipermetrop/hypermetropia/hyperopia Fokus jatuh di
belakang retina
(disebut: farsightness/rabun dekat)
Bola mata terlalu pendek Koreksi: lensa konveks (plus)
Lensa terlalu lemah
3. Astigmatisme Sinar tidak terfokus/difus
Refraksi lensa tidak sama atau
kornea tidak rata
Koreksi: lensa silindris (lensa khusus, bisa
mengkompensasi sinar difus)
 Anatomy of the Ear

(Sound Waves)
 Cross-
section
of
cochlea
 Hearing Loss

• Conduction deafness: Middle-ear

deafness resulting from problems with
transferring sound waves to the inner-ear.
• Nerve Deafness: Inner-ear deafness
resulting from damage to the cochlea, hair
cells, or auditory nerve.
 Olfaction

• Receptors are embedded in a mucus-coated

membrane called the olfactory epithelium.
• When chemical molecules in the air pass
through the nose, the receptors initiate a neural
impulse which travels to the olfactory bulb,
where most olfactory information is interpreted.
 The Body Senses
• Skin Senses: there are three basic skin
sensations: touch, temperature, and pain.
• Vestibular Sense: sense of body orientation
with respect to gravity and three-dimensional
space
– The semicircular canals provide the brain with balance
information.
• Kinesthetic Sense: sensory system for body
posture, orientation and movement
– Kinesthetic receptors are found throughout the muscles,
joints, and tendons of the body.
Sensation of Taste –
Anatomy of Taste - cont.

Receptors:
• Located in taste buds in:
–Tongue
–Epiglottis
–Soft Palate
–Pharynx
Anatomy of Taste Buds – cont.
Anatomy of Taste Buds - cont

Papillae are found on the front, sides and back of the tongue.
(The response is not as specific as indicated on the right).
Anatomy of Taste Buds - cont

• Each taste bud is innervated by 50 nerve fibers

• There are about 4500 taste
buds per average tongue • Each nerve fiber receives input from about 5 taste
buds
Nerve supply of tongue

Fibres from:
•Epiglottis
•Palate
•Pharynx

VAGUS
 Taste Pathway

Vagus Nerve Frontal Operculum

Mouth & Larynx

Insular Cortex

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Tongue

Thalamus

Nucleus Solitary Tract

Chorda Tympani Nerve (NST)
Taste Pathway
Taste Pathway