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This document describes an experiment to analyze stress relaxation in the polymer Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) using a universal testing machine. The experiment subjects an NBR sample to a constant strain and measures the decay of stress over time. According to the Maxwell model, the stress will decay exponentially with time. The experiment finds that the stress relaxation behavior of NBR matches literature values, decaying from an initial stress of 1.5N/mm2 to around 1.35N/mm2 after 800 seconds under the constant strain.

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Mirza Aqeel Ahmed
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125 views7 pages

Utm

This document describes an experiment to analyze stress relaxation in the polymer Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) using a universal testing machine. The experiment subjects an NBR sample to a constant strain and measures the decay of stress over time. According to the Maxwell model, the stress will decay exponentially with time. The experiment finds that the stress relaxation behavior of NBR matches literature values, decaying from an initial stress of 1.5N/mm2 to around 1.35N/mm2 after 800 seconds under the constant strain.

Uploaded by

Mirza Aqeel Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION LAB Mirza Aqeel Ahmed

UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (STRESS RELAXATION) (2016-PE-44)

EXPERIMENT NO.02
STRESS RELEXATION
1. OBEJECTIVE
To gain an understanding of stress relaxation, time-dependent mechanical properties of
polymers by using universal testing machine.

2. INTRODUCTION

i. What is stress relaxation in polymers?


Stress relaxation describes how polymers relieve stress under constant strain.
Because they are viscoelastic, polymers behave in a nonlinear, non-Hookean
fashion. This nonlinearity is described by both stress relaxation and a
phenomenon known as creep, which describes how polymers strain under
constant stress.
ii. Purpose of UTM (Universal Tensile Testing Machine)?
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is useful for testing various types of Materials and
packaging like plastics, paper, wood and metals. Various Compression and Tensile based
tests can be performed in both - Dynamic and Constant Load or Length option. While we
will perform the stress relaxation on UTM. So, stress relaxation is the decay of stress due
to an internal redistribution of molecules, but with the overall displacement remaining
the same.
iii. MATERIAL
Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)
POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION LAB Mirza Aqeel Ahmed
UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (STRESS RELAXATION) (2016-PE-44)

3. WORKING PRINCIPLE

A universal testing machine is used to test the tensile stress and compressive strength of
materials. It is named after the fact that it can perform many standard tensile and
compression tests on materials, components, and structures.
4. UNIVERSAL TENSILE TESTION MACHINE

Fig(2)

5. PROCEDURE
i. Cut the NBR piece in dog bone shape and take the different dimensions of the specimen of
length(25mm) and width(7.37mm) by using the Vernier caliper.
ii. Place specimen in testing machine, and tightly grips the specimen with upper moving jaw and
lower moving jaws.
POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION LAB Mirza Aqeel Ahmed
UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (STRESS RELAXATION) (2016-PE-44)

iii. Insert the dimensions calculated from Vernier caliper. Strain reading on machine should be zero.
iv. Apply the stress of 1.5N/mm2 so it stops at this point and time about 600 sec.
v. Start computer data acquisition.

vi. Record the change of stress with time.


vii. Stop the data acquisition.
viii. Make copies of the data from the computer .
POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION LAB Mirza Aqeel Ahmed
UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (STRESS RELAXATION) (2016-PE-44)

6. CALCULATIONS

. The relaxation of stress of a material can be derived for the Standard Model by solving the differential
equation, assuming a constant strain ε = ε0, and that the initial stress at time t=0 is given by the
instantaneous, purely elastic part of the response.

According to MAXWELL MODEL we have the equation:

In stress relaxation:

So we have

a= ao exp (-t/to)
a=1.35
ao =1.5
t=801.4
to =7104.6099 s
POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION LAB Mirza Aqeel Ahmed
UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (STRESS RELAXATION) (2016-PE-44)

7. TESTING PARAMETERS
POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION LAB Mirza Aqeel Ahmed
UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (STRESS RELAXATION) (2016-PE-44)

8. values:
The following is the literature graph which is taken from the ASTM E328-13 stress relaxation for material
and structure this graph shows the same behavior like above we have done on the NBR.

So, the literature graph values almost matched with our stress relaxation behavior
POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION LAB Mirza Aqeel Ahmed
UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (STRESS RELAXATION) (2016-PE-44)

10 Refrences:
[1] I M Ward, Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 1979.
[2] Cook, M. and Larke, E. C., “Resistance of Copper Alloys to Homogeneous
Deformation in Compression,” Journal of the Instituteof Metals, London, Vol 71, 1945,

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