ME 452: Machine Design II Spring Semester 2017

Name of Student: ____________________________________________________

Please circle your lecture division number: Division 1 Division 2

9:30 am – 10:20 am 1:30 pm – 2:20 pm

MIDTERM EXAM
Tuesday, March 7th, 2017

OPEN BOOK AND CLOSED NOTES

For full credit you must show all your work and calculations clearly and logically on the sheets
of paper attached to the end of each problem.

Please use only the blank pages for all your work and write on one side of the paper only. In
general, do not write on the exam pages.

Please draw any free body diagrams or other diagrams clearly and to a reasonable scale.

Please staple each problem separately at the end of the exam. Staple this cover sheet in front of
Problem 1.

Problem 1

Problem 2

Problem 3

Problem 4

Total

1
 
ME 452: Machine Design II MIDTERM EXAM

Name of Student: ____________________________ Circle one: Division 1 Division 2

Problem 1 (25 points). The rotating shaft shown in Figure 1 is simply supported by bearings at
points O and C. The radius of the groove at the middle of the shaft is r = 45 mm. The constant
force at point A is FA = 475 N, the constant force at point B is FB = 250 N, and the constant
shaft torque is T = 275 N.m. The shaft has a tensile yield strength Syt = 180 MPa, a
compressive yield strength Syc = 210 MPa, and an ultimate tensile strength Sut = 320 MPa. The
fully corrected endurance strength of the shaft is Se = 100 MPa. The fatigue stress concentration
factors for normal stress are K f = K f m = 2.45 and for shear stress are K fs = K fsm = 2.05. The
infinite life fatigue factor of safety for the critical element of the shaft is n f = 2.
(i) Draw the free body diagram, shear force diagram, bending moment diagram, and torque
diagram of the shaft. Include the important numerical values on your diagrams.
(ii) Determine the diameter d using the distortion energy-modified Goodman criteria of failure.
(iii) Determine the factor of safety guarding against yielding using the Langer line.
(iv) Show the location of the critical element on Figure 1 below. Briefly explain the reasons for
your answer.

50 mm 75 mm 75 mm 50 mm

FA = 475 N FB = 250 N

r = 45 mm

d D
O A B C Z

T = 275 Nm

Figure 1. A simply supported rotating shaft.

2
 
ME 452: Machine Design II MIDTERM EXAM

Name of Student: ____________________________ Circle one: Division 1 Division 2

Problem 2 (25 points). A horizontal cantilever beam has a hole of radius r  10 mm and is fixed
to a vertical wall as shown in Figure 2. The length of the beam is L  OB  600 mm and the
square cross-section is 80 mm  80 mm. A repeated vertical load F, with an alternating
component Fa  20 kN, is acting at point B. The beam is AISI 1080 hot-rolled steel, operating at
room temperature, with a reliability of 99.99%, and miscellaneous effects can be ignored.
(i) Determine the fully corrected endurance strength of the beam.
(ii) Determine the fatigue stress concentration factor K f for the critical element A, see Figure 2.
(iii) Determine the fatigue factor of safety for element A using the ASME elliptic criterion.
(iv) Is the beam safe for infinite life? If not, then determine the number of cycles to failure and
show your answer on an S-N diagram.

 
X
 

 
 
350 mm
 
250 mm

F r = 10 mm O
A

B
Y

40 mm
40 mm

Figure 2. A repeated load F acting at the end of a beam.

3
 
ME 452: Machine Design II MIDTERM EXAM

Name of Student: ____________________________ Circle one: Division 1 Division 2

Problem 3 (25 points).

Part I. (12 points). A single-row 02-series deep-groove ball bearing is to be used to support one
end of a crankshaft which is rotating with a constant speed of 320 rpm. This bearing will be
subjected to a constant radial load of 10 kN and must operate continuously for 7,500 hours. The
application will have poor bearing seals and the bearing manufacturer will be number 2 in the
table of manufacturers, see page 608, Chapter 11.
(i) Select the most appropriate ball bearing which will have a minimum reliability of 95%.
(ii) For the bearing that you have selected in Part (i) calculate the design reliability.
Part II. (13 points). A single row 02-series angular contact ball bearing with a bore diameter of
80 mm is subjected to a constant radial load of 7.5 kN and a constant thrust load of 2.9 kN. The
application is such that the outer ring will be rotating and the inner ring will be stationary.
Estimate the L10 life of this ball bearing.

4
 
ME 452: Machine Design II MIDTERM EXAM

Name of Student: ____________________________ Circle one: Division 1 Division 2

Problem 4 (25 points).

The diameter of the bearing of a journal bearing is 50.05 mm, and the diameter of the journal
is 50.00 mm. The ratio of the length of the bearing to the journal diameter is 0.5. The journal is
rotating at a constant speed of 160 rpm and the bearing is lubricated with an SAE oil which has
an absolute viscosity   90 mPa .s. The radial load acting on the bearing is 1.5 kN. Determine:
(i) The Sommerfeld number.
(ii) The eccentricity of the journal.
(iii) The coefficient of friction.
(iv) The flow rate.
(v) The side leakage.

5
 
 Solution to Problem 1 (25 Points).
(i) 6 Points. The free body diagram, shear force diagram, bending moment diagram, and torque
diagram of the shaft are shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 below.

FA = 475 N FB = 250 N
T = 275 N.m

O C
A E B

RO = 430 N RC = 295 N
Figure 1. The free body diagram of the shaft.

V (N)
+ 430 N

A B C
O Z
- 45 N
- 295 N
Figure 2. The shear force diagram of the shaft.

M (N.m) 21.5 N.m 18.125 N.m 14.75 N.m

O A B
A E B C Z
Figure 3. The bending moment diagram of the shaft.

T (N.m)

275 N.m

Z
Figure 4. The torque diagram of the shaft.
From the sum of the forces in the y-direction, the reaction forces at bearings O and C are
475 x 200  250 x 50
RO   430 N and R C  725  430  295 N (1)
250

6
 
The alternating component of the bending moment acting at the mid-point of the shaft, point E, is
M a  OA x R O  OE x FA  0.125 x 430  0.075 x 475  18.125 N.m (2)

(ii) 6 Points. The diameter of the shaft can be written from the distortion energy-Goodman
criterion, see Eq. (7.8), page 368, as
1/3
 16 n f  1 4  K M   3  K T  
2 2 1/2 1 4  K M   3  K T 
2
  
2 1/2
d   (3)
  S  f a fs a
  f m fs m 
  
  e Sut

The mean and alternating components of the fully reversed bending moment, see Figure 3, are
Mm  0 and M a  18125 N.mm (4)

The mean and alternating components of the constant torque, see Figure 4, are
Tm  275000 N.mm and Ta  0 (5)

The fatigue stress concentration factors for the normal stress and the shear stress are specified as
K f = 2.45 and K fs = 2.05 (6)

Substituting the infinite life fatigue factor of safety n f  2 , the endurance limit, the ultimate
strength, and Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq. (3) the diameter of the shaft at the groove is
d  34.24 mm (7)

(iii) 6 Points. The static factor of safety guarding against yielding for the critical element using
the Langer line, see Eq. (7.16), page 370, can be written as
S yt S yc
ny  or as ny  (8)

 max 
 max

Since the tensile yield strength is less than the compressive yield strength then the static factor of
safety for the critical element guarding against yielding is given by the first equation of Eq. (8).
The maximum von Mises stress for the critical element is given by Eq. (7.15), see page 370,
can be written as
1/2 1/2
   max
 max 2
 3 2max    m   a ) 2  3(m  a ) 2  (9a)
or as
1/2
 32 K f (M m  M a )  2  16 K fs (Tm  Ta )  
2


 max     3   (9b)
 d3   d3  

The mean component of the normal stress and the alternating component of the shear stress are

 m  a  0 (10)

7
 
The alternating component of the normal stress is
32 K f M a 32(2.45)(18125)
a   11.272 MPa (11a)
d3  (34.24)3
The alternating component of the normal stress and the mean component of the shear stress are
16 K fsTm 16(2.05)(275000)
m    71.551 MPa (11b)
d3  (34.24)3
Substituting Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq. (9b), the maximum von Mises stress for the critical element
is
1/2
  11.2722  3(71.551) 2 
 max  124.441 MPa (12)

Substituting the tensile yield strength S yt  180 MPa and Eq. (12) into the first equation of Eq.
(8), the static factor of safety for the critical element guarding against yielding is
180
ny   1.45 (13)
124.441
Conservative approach: The static factor of safety for the critical element guarding against
yielding can be written as
S yt
ny  (14)
 m   a

The von Mises mean stress for the critical element, using Eqs. (10) and (11), is
1/2 1/2
 m   m 2  3m 2   0  3 x 71.552   123.928 MPa (15a)

and the von Mises alternating stress for the critical element, using Eqs. (10) and (11), is
1/2 1/2
 a   a 2  3a 2   11.2722  0  11.272 MPa (15b)

Substituting the tensile yield strength and Eqs. (15) into Eq. (14), the static factor of safety for
the critical element guarding against yielding is
180 180
ny    1.33 (16)
123.928  11.272 135.2
Note that the answer given by Eq. (16) is more conservative than the answer given by Eq. (13).
(iv) 4 Points. The location of the critical element of the shaft is shown on Figure 5 (the same
figure as the handout Figure 1). The reasons why this is the critical element include: (i) The
stress raiser, that is, the groove; (ii) the bending moment and the torque are large at the mid-
section, see Figures 3 and 4 on page 6. The shear force at the mid-section is not large, see Figure
2 on page 6, but is not significant; and (iii) the element is in tension, and the yield strength in
tension is less than the yield strength in compression.

8
 
 Y

50 mm 150 mm 50 mm

FA = 475 N FB = 250 N

d D
O A B C Z

T = 275 Nm

The critical element.

Figure 5. The location of the critical element.

Alternative Approach. The diameter of the shaft at the groove can be written from the
distortion energy-Goodman criterion, see Eq. (3) and Eq. (7.8), page 368, as
1/3
 16 n f A B 
d  (  ) (17)
  Se Sut 

The coefficients in Eqs. (17) are given by Eq. (7.10), see page 369, namely

A  4  K f M a   3  K fsTa 
2 2
N.m (18a)
and
B  4  K f M m   3  K fsTm 
2 2
N.m (18b)

Substituting the given values and Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eqs. (18), the coefficients are

A  4  2.45 x18125   3  2.05 x 0   88.8125 N.m

2 2
(19a)
and
B  4  2.45 x 0   3  2.05 x 275000   976.4436 N.m
2 2
(19b)

9
 
Substituting Eqs. (19) into Eq. (17), the diameter of the shaft at the groove can be written as
1/3
 16 x 2 88.8125 976.4436 
d  (  ) m (20a)
  100 x10
6
320 x106 

which can be written as

1/3 1/3
 16 x 2   16 x 2 x 3.939 
d  (0.888  3.051)    m (20b)
  x10   x10
6 6
 
Therefore, the diameter of the shaft at the groove is
d  34.24 mm (21)

Note that this answer is in exact agreement with Eq. (7).

10
 
Solution to Problem 2 (25 Points).
(i) 9 Points. The ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength of AISI 1080 hot-rolled (HR)
steel, from Table A-20, see page 1040, respectively, are
 
Sut  770 MPa (112 kpsi) and S y  420 MPa (61.5 kpsi)   (1)

The uncorrected endurance strength from Eq. (6-8), see page 282, is

 0.5 Sut Sut  200 kpsi (1400 MPa)

Se'   (2)
100 kpsi Sut  200 kpsi (1400 MPa)

Therefore, the uncorrected endurance strength is

S e'  0.5 (770 MPa)  385 MPa       (3)

The fully corrected endurance strength can be written from Eq. (6-18), see page 287, as

Se  ka kb kc kd ke k f Se' (4)

The Marin factors. The surface factor can be written from Eq. (6-19), see page 287, as

ka  aSut b (5)

For hot-rolled surface finish, from Table 6-2, see page 288, the coefficient and the exponent are
a  57.7 MPa and b   0.718     (6)

Substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (5), the surface factor is

ka  57.7(770) 0.718  0.4883 (7)

The size factor. The size factor can be written from Eq. (6-20), see page 288, as

kb  1.51 de 0.157 (8a)

The equivalent diameter can be written from Eq. (6-25), see page 289, as

de  0.808 h b (8b)

Substituting the square cross-section of the beam into Eq. (8b), the equivalent diameter is

d e  0.808 80  80  64.64 mm (9a)

Substituting Eq. (9a) into Eq. (8a), the size factor is

kb  1.51 (64.64) 0.157  0.7847 (9b)

 

The load factor. Since the stress on the critical element is due to bending then from Eq. (6-26),
see page 290, the load factor is

11
 
 kc  1 (10)

The temperature factor. The beam is at room temperature, therefore, from Table 6-4, see page
291, the temperature factor is
kd  1 (11)

The reliability factor. For the desired reliability of 99.99%, the reliability factor from Table 6-5,
see page 293, is
ke  0.702 (12)

The miscellaneous effects factor. Since the problem states miscellaneous effects can be ignored
then
kf 1 (13)

Summary: The Marin factors, see Eqs. (7), (9b), (10), (11), (12), and (13), are
ka  0.4883, kb  0.7847, kc  1, kd  1, ke  0.702, k f  1 (14)

The fully corrected endurance strength can be written from Eq. (6-18), see page 287, as
 
Se  ka kb kc kd ke k f Se         (15) 

Substituting Eqs. (3) and (14) into Eq. (15), the fully corrected endurance strength is
Se  0.4883  0.7847 1 1 0.702  1 385  103.65 MPa          (16) 

(ii) 6 Points. The fatigue stress concentration factor acting on element A from Eq. (6-32), see
page 295, can be written as
K f  1  q (K t  1) (17)
The ratio
d d 20
   0.25         (18)
w h 80
Therefore, the theoretical stress concentration factor from Figure A-15-2, see page 1026, is
K t  2.2 (19)

The notch sensitivity from Eq. (6-34), see page 296, can be written as
1
q           (20)
a
1
r
Neuber’s constant from Eq. (6-35a), see page 296, can be written as

a  0.246  3.08(103 ) Sut  1.51(105 ) Sut 2  2.67(108 ) Sut 3     (21)

12
 
Substituting the ultimate tensile strength Sut  112 kpsi into Eq. (21), Neuber’s constant is

a  0.0529 in  0.2666 mm (22)

Substituting Eq. (22) into Eq. (20), the notch sensitivity is

1
q  0.9222 (23)
0.2666
1
10

Substituting Eqs. (19) and (23) into Eq. (17), the fatigue stress concentration factor acting on
element A is
K f  1  0.9222 (2.2  1)  2.1066 (24)

(iii) 6 points. The mean and alternating components of the bending moment acting on the critical
element A are
M m  M a  5000 N.m (25)

The second moment of area of the beam at the hole, see Table A-18, page 1036, and Figure A-
15-2, see page 1026, is
( w  d )h3 (80  20)803
I   2.56 x106 mm 4 (26)
12 12
The nominal value of the alternating and mean component of the normal stress are

M a c M m c 5.0(40)(106 )
 a ,nom  m ,nom     78.125 MPa (27)
I I 2.56(106 )

The alternating component and the mean component of the normal stress are
 a   m  K f a , nom  K f  m,nom (28a)

Substituting Eqs (24) and (27) into Eq. (28a), the alternating and mean components of the normal
stress are
 a   m  2.1066(78.125)  164.5781 MPa (28b)

The fatigue factor of safety for the ASME elliptic criterion of failure from Table 6-8, see page
308, can be written as
1
n 2f  (29)
a 2 m 2
( ) ( )
Se Sy

Substituting Eqs (1), (16) and (28) into Eq. (29), the fatigue factor of safety using the ASME
elliptic criterion of failure is
n f  0.61 (30)

13
 
(iv) 4 Points. Since the fatigue factor of safety is less than one then the beam is not safe for
infinite life. The number of cycles to failure from Eq. (6-16), see page 285, can be written as
1
  b
N  a            (31)
 a 
where the coefficient and exponent from Eqs. (6-14) and (6-15), see page 285, respectively, are

( f Sut ) 2 1  f Sut 
a                        and                    b   log        (32)
Se 3  Se 

Substituting Sut  112 kpsi into Figure 6-18, see page 285, the fatigue strength fraction is

f  0.835 (33)

Substituting Eqs. (1), (16), and (33) into Eq. (32), the coefficient and exponent are

(0.835  770) 2 1  0.835  770 

a  3992.1 MPa and b   log     0.2643 (34)
103.55 3  103.55 
Substituting Eq. (34) into Eq. (31), the number of cycles to failure is
1
 164.5781   0.2643
N    1.7362 x105 cycles (35)
 3992.1 
The S-N diagram and the number of cycles to failure for critical element A is shown in Figure 1.

Log (Sf )

Sut = 770 MPa

Sm = f Sut The state of stress for element A.
σa = 164.5781 MPa

Se = 103.5519 MPa

5 6
1.7363(10 ) 10 Log (N)

Figure 1. The S-N Diagram.

14
 
Solution to Problem 3 (25 Points).
Part I. (i) 8 Points. The desired dimensionless life measure (or design life in multiples of the
rating life), see Eq. (11-4), pages 575 and 576, and Example 11-3, page 578, can be written as
LD 60 LD nD
xD     (1a)
LR L10

where the desired life LD  7,500 hours, the desired speed nD  320 revs/min, and the rating life
is L10 life = 1 x 106 revolutions. Substituting these values into Eq. (1a), the design life in
multiples of the rating life is

60 × 7,500 × 320
xD  6  144   (1b)
1×10

The basic dynamic load rating can be written from Eq. (11-6), see page 578, as
1/ a
 xD 
C10  (a f FD )  1/ b 
(2)
 xO  (  xO )[ln (1/ RD )] 
For ball bearings, see page 574, the exponent is
a3 (3)
The application factor (that is, the factor of safety to increase the design load to account for
overload, dynamic loading, and uncertainty) for an application with poor bearing seals from
Table 11-5, see page 583, is
a f  1.2 (4)

The desired radial load is given as the load rating, that is

FD  Fr  10 kN (5)

From the Weibull distribution parameters (the rating lives) for Manufacturer 2 on page 608;
also see page 576, and Example 11-2. The minimum value of the variate is
xO  0.02 (6a)
the characteristic parameter is
  4.459 (6b)
and the shape parameter which controls the skewness, see the note on page 576, is
b  1.483 (6c)
Subtracting the variate from the characteristic parameter, that is, Eq. (6a) from Eq. (6b), gives
  xO  4.459  0.02  4.439 (6d)

The reliability goal (or the design reliability) in Eq. (2) is specified as

15
 
 RD  0.95 (7)

Substituting Eqs. (1b) and (3)-(7) into Eq. (2), the basic dynamic load rating with which to enter
a bearing catalog can be written as
1/3
 144 
C10  (1.2 x10.0)  1/1.483 
        (8a) 
 0.02  (4.459  0.02)[ln (1/ 0.95)] 
Therefore, the basic dynamic load rating is
C10  73.8 kN (8b)

Therefore, the ball bearing to be selected from a bearing catalog must have a basic dynamic load
rating
C10  73.8 kN (9)

Using Table 11-2, see page 581, select a single-row 02-series deep groove ball bearing with a
bore diameter 85 mm, which has the basic dynamic load rating
C10  83.2 kN (10a)
and the basic static load rating
C0  53.0 kN (10b)

Note that for ball bearings, the basic dynamic load rating, in general, is greater than the basic
static load rating (see Table 11-2, see page 581).
(ii) 4 Points. The design reliability (that is, the estimated reliability in use) from Eq. 11-18, see
page 600, can be written as

  a 
b
 x  f D   x  
a F
  D  C  O
 
R  exp    10 
  xO   (11a)
   
   
   

Substituting Eqs. (1) and (3)-(5) into Eq. (12a), the design reliability is
1.483
  3
 

 144   1.2  10.0  
    0.02  
R  exp   83.2    (11b)
  4.439  
   
  
that is
1.483
R  exp (  0.0928 )  0.9710  97.1% (11c)

16
 
Part II. 13 points. The equivalent radial load can be written from Eq. (11-9), see page 580, as
Fe  X i V Fr  Yi Fa (1)

The radial factor X i and the axial factor Yi depend on the geometry and the construction of the
individual bearings, see Table 11-1, page 580. The subscript i  1 when the dimensionless
parameter is
Fa
 e    (2a)
V Fr

and the subscript i  2 when the dimensionless parameter is

Fa
e (2b)
V Fr

where e is the limit value and V is the rotation factor. Since the outer ring is rotating then
V  1.2 (3)

Substituting the radial load Fr  7.5 kN and the axial load Fa  2.5 kN and Eq. (3) into the
left hand side of Eq. (2) gives
Fa 2.5
  0.2778   (4)
V Fr 1.2 x 7.5

From Table 11-2, see page 581, for a single-row 02-series angular-contact ball bearing with
bore diameter 80 mm, the basic dynamic load rating is
C10  80.6 kN (5a)
and the basic static load rating
C0  55 kN (5b)

The ratio of the thrust load to the basic static load rating from Eqs. (3b) and (5b) is
Fa 2.5
  0.04545 (6)
CO 55

The limit value from Table 11-1, see page 580, is

0.24  e  0.26 (7)

Note that the dimensionless parameter given by Eq. (4) is greater than the range of the limit
value e , given by Eq. (7), that is
Fa
0.2778  0.26 namely e (8)
V Fr

Therefore, the conclusion is that the thrust load cannot be neglected. Equation (2b) is the valid
condition and the subscript i  2 in Eq. (1), that is, the equivalent radial load is

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 Fe  X 2 V Fr  Y2 Fa (9)

From Table 11-1, see page 580, with Fa / C0  0.04545 , see Eq. (6), the radial factor is

X 2  0.56 (10)

The axial factor Y2 can be obtained from interpolation, that is

1.71  1.85 Y2  1.85

 (11a)
0.056  0.042 0.04545  0.042
or
 0.14 Y2  1.85
 (11b)
0.014 0.00345
Rearranging Eq. (11b), the axial factor is
Y2  1.85  0.0345  1.8155 (12)

Substituting the given radial and axial loads and Eqs. (3), (10), and (12) into Eq. (9), the
equivalent radial load can be written as
Fe  0.56  1.2  7.5  1.8155  2.5 kN that is Fe  5.04  4.53875  9.58 kN (13)

Note that the equivalent radial load is greater than the given radial load, that is
Fe  Fr since 9.58 kN  7.5 kN (14)

The life of the bearing can be written from Eq. (11-3), see page 575, as
a
C 
L10   10  (15)
 Fe 
For ball bearings, see page 574, the exponent is
a3 (16)
Substituting Eqs. (5a), (12), and (16) into Eq. (15), the life of the ball bearing can be written as
3
 80.6 
L10     596 (17a)
 9.58 
Therefore, the life of the ball bearing is

L10  596 x 106 revolutions (17b)

This result indicates that 10% of an identical group of bearings are predicted to have failed after
596 million revolutions.

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Solution to Problem 4 (25 Points).
(i) 6 points. The Sommerfeld number (or the bearing characteristic number) can be written from
Eq. (12.7), page 622, as
2
 r  N
S   (1)
c P
The absolute viscosity of the SAE oil is specified as

  90 m Pa .s  90 103 Pa .s (2a)

and the speed of the journal is

160
N  2.6667 revs/sec (2b)
60
The radial clearance can be written from page 622 as
D d
c  (3a)
2 2
where the diameter of the bearing and the diameter of the journal, respectively, are
D  50.05 mm and d  50 mm (3b)

Substituting Eq. (2b) into Eq. (2a), the radial clearance is

50.05 50
c   0.025 mm (4)
2 2
The nominal bearing pressure (the load per unit projected area of the journal), see page 622, can
be written as
W
P (5)
2rl
The radius of the journal is
r  25 mm (6a)
and the length of the bearing is
l  0.5 d  0.5  50 mm  25 mm (6b)

Substituting the given radial load W  1.5 kN and Eqs. (6) into Eq. (5), the pressure is

1.5 103
P 3 3
 1.2 106 Pa (7)
2  (25 10 )  (25 10 )

Substituting Eqs. (2), (4), (6a), and (7) into Eq. (1), the Sommerfeld number is
2
 25  103  90  103  2.6667
S  3 
 0.2 (8)
 0.025  10  1.2  106

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(ii) 5 points. The eccentricity ratio, see page 625, is defined as
e
 (9)
c
Using the Sommerfeld number S = 0.2 and l / d  0.5 , the eccentricity ratio from Figure 12.16,
see page 636, is
  0.68 (10)
Substituting Eqs. (4) and (10) into Eq. (9), and rearranging, the eccentricity is

e  0.68  0.025  0.017 mm (11)

(iii) 5 points. Using the Sommerfeld number S = 0.2 and l / d  0.5 , the dimensionless
coefficient of friction variable from Figure 12-18, see page 639, is
r
f  5.5 (12a)
c
From Eqs. (2a) and (6a), the radial clearance ratio, see Eq. (12-7), page 622, is
r 25
  1000 (12b)
c 0.025
Substituting Eq. (12b) into Eq. (12a), and rearranging, the coefficient of friction is
5.5
f   5.5 x 103  0.0055 (13)
1000
(iv) 5 points. Using the Sommerfeld number S = 0.2 and l / d  0.5 , the dimensionless flow
variable from Figure 12-19, see page 640, is
Q
 5.1 (14a)
rcNl

Substituting Eqs. (2b), (4), (6a), and (6b) into Eq. (14a), the flow rate is

Q  5.1 25  0.025  2.6667  25  212.5 mm3 /s (14b)

(v) 5 points. Using the Sommerfeld number S  0.2 and the slenderness ratio l / d  0.5 , the
flow ratio from Figure 12-20, see page 640, is
Qs
 0.80 (15a)
Q

This supports the claim that for a short bearing the side flow rate (or side leakage) cannot be
ignored. Substituting Eq. (14b) into Eq. (15a), and rearranging, the side leakage is

Qs  0.80  212.5  170 mm3 / s (15b)

 

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