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Reconstruction PDF

This document discusses the sampling theorem and how it relates to reconstructing an original continuous-time signal from its sampled version. It states that if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency present in the original signal, then the original signal can be perfectly reconstructed. It also describes concepts like folding, aliasing, and how a zero-order hold can be used but is an imperfect reconstruction method.

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52 views

Reconstruction PDF

This document discusses the sampling theorem and how it relates to reconstructing an original continuous-time signal from its sampled version. It states that if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency present in the original signal, then the original signal can be perfectly reconstructed. It also describes concepts like folding, aliasing, and how a zero-order hold can be used but is an imperfect reconstruction method.

Uploaded by

RamaDinakaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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16CI622 Digital Control Systems

Reconstruction of Original Signal

O. V. Ramana Murthy

B206, AB2
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore

1 Ramana Murthy
Sampling Theorem
To reconstruct the original signal from a sampled signal, there is a
certain minimum frequency that the sampling operation must satisfy.

Frequency spectrum of x(t) is shown below. We assume that x(t)


does not contain any frequency components above 1 rad/sec.

Ramana Murthy 2
Sampling Theorem
If s, defined as 2/T is greater than 21, where 1 is the
highest-frequency component present in the continuous-time
signal x(t), then the signal x(t) can be reconstructed
completely from the sampled signal x*(t).

The frequency spectrum:


1 k 
X ( j )   X ( j  j s k )
*

T k  
1 1 1
 ...  X ( j (  s ))  X ( j )  X ( j (  s ))  ...
T T T

Ramana Murthy 3
Sampling Theorem

𝜔𝑠 > 10𝜔1 , 20𝜔1

Ramana Murthy 4
Ideal Low-pass filter
The ideal filter attenuates all complementary components to zero and
will pass only the primary component.
If the sampling frequency is less than twice the highest-frequency
component of the original continuous-time signal, even the ideal
filter cannot reconstruct the original continuous-time signal.

Ramana Murthy 5
Ideal Low-pass filter
1,  12 s  w  12 s
G I ( j )  
0, elsewhere
1  j t
g I (t )   I
G ( j  ) e d
2
1  s / 2 j t
 s / 2 e d
2

2jt
e
1 1 / 2  jst
 e 1 / 2  jst  For the ideal filter an
output is required prior to
1 st the application of the input
 sin to the filter – physically not
t 2
1 sin(st / 2) realizable.

T st / 2
6
Frequency-Response
Characteristics of the ZOH
Transfer function of ZOH 1  e Ts
Gh 0 ( s ) 
s
1  e Tj
Gh 0 ( j ) 
j
2e 1 / 2 Tj (e1 / 2 Tj  e 1 / 2 Tj )

2 j
sin( T / 2) 
sin(T / 2) 1 / 2 Tj  G ( j  )   T e  1 / 2 Tj

T T / 2
h0
e
T / 2   sin
T
 e  
 1 / 2 Tj

2
 T T
Ramana Murthy 7   sin 
2 2
Frequency-Response
Characteristics of the ZOH
 Frequency-Response Characteristics of the ZOH(cont.)

Ramana Murthy 8
Frequency-Response
Characteristics of the ZOH
ZOH is a low-pass filter, although its function is not quite good.
The accuracy of the ZOH as an extrapolator depends on the
sampling frequency.

Ramana Murthy 9
Folding
The phenomenon of the overlap in the frequency spectra.
The folding frequency (Nyquist frequency): N
1 
 N  s 
2 T
In practice, signals in control systems have high-frequency components,
and some folding effect will almost always exist.

Ramana Murthy 10
Aliasing
The phenomenon that the frequency component ns 2 shows
up at frequency 2 when the signal x(t) is sampled.
To avoid aliasing, we must either choose the sampling frequency
high enough or use a prefilter ahead of the sampler to reshape the
frequency spectrum of the signal before the signal is sampled.

Ramana Murthy 11
References
 Section 3.4, Chapter 3, Discrete-time Control Systems, K.
Ogata, 2nd edition.

12 Ramana Murthy

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