A GUIDE TO

INSULATED
HVAC DUCT
SYSTEMS

• EFFICIENT AIR DELIVERY

• OCCUPANT COMFORT
• IMPROVED AIR QUALITY
• QUIET, COST EFFECTIVE
• ENERGY CONSERVATION
COPYRIGHT © 2003, NAIMA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................1
General descriptions of types of insulated duct systems ....................................................................................................2-5
How fibrous glass duct insulation improves the indoor environment ......................................................................................6
Codes and Standards ..........................................................................................................................................................7-17
Fibrous glass duct systems ................................................................................................................................................18-21
Sheet metal ducts with fibrous glass insulation liner ........................................................................................................22-25
Sheet metal ducts with fibrous glass insulation wrap........................................................................................................26-29
Fibrous glass insulation boards..........................................................................................................................................30-33
Flexible duct systems..........................................................................................................................................................34-36
Insulating return air systems, ducted and non-ducted ..........................................................................................................37
Guide Specifications: 3-Part Masterformat®
Fibrous Glass Duct Work - Thermal/Acoustical Insulation ........................................................................................38-40
Sheet Metal Ducts - Acoustical Lining Insulation ......................................................................................................40-42
Sheet Metal Ducts - Thermal Insulation Wrap ............................................................................................................42,43
Facts on fibrous glass duct insulation................................................................................................................................44,45
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

and how they provide ...
• Quiet, efficient air delivery
• Improved indoor environmental quality
• Cost-effective energy conservation
• Enhanced occupant comfort

Introduction Types of insulated air duct systems

Fibrous glass has been used as thermal and acoustical The five types of insulated air duct systems described
insulation in forced air heating, ventilating, and air- in this guide can be used to meet all widely used
conditioning systems ever since these systems became architects’ or engineers’ specifications, local codes,
widely available following World War II. Today, fibrous owners’ comfort control requirements, installed and
glass duct systems, duct liners, duct wraps, and life cycle cost criteria, or the contractor’s crew skill
commercial insulation boards contribute to indoor levels and shop fabrication resources.
environmental quality (IEQ) and occupant comfort in
residential, commercial, industrial, and public buildings of Combining types of fibrous glass insulation in duct
all kinds. These include homes, apartments, schools, systems
hotels, motels, medical facilities, theaters, shopping Often more than one of type of fibrous glass insulation
centers, office and government buildings, factories, and treatment may be specified in a single HVAC duct
many other types of structures where occupant comfort system. For example, in a variable air volume system,
and indoor environmental quality are important criteria. sheet metal ducts with fibrous glass duct liner may be
used on the high pressure side if design static pressure
Fibrous glass insulation is used in air duct systems for four exceeds the 2 in. w.g. (500 Pa) limits of the fibrous glass
basic reasons: duct system; the fibrous glass duct system may be used
on the low pressure side; and insulated flexible ducts
• Temperature control - Delivery of heated or cooled air at may be used as run-outs from trunk ducts to diffusers.
comfort levels suited to building occupancy requirements.

• Acoustical control - Absorption of noise generated by

central air handling equipment and movement of air
through the ducts, as well as “cross-talk” carried by ducts
from one space to another.

• Condensation control – Prevents condensation in or on

ducts when installed R-value recommendations are
followed, reducing the likelihood of moisture damage to
ceilings and other interior finishes.

• Energy conservation - Reduction of HVAC system

operating costs by controlling heat loss or gain through air
duct walls, helping systems run more efficiently.

HVAC systems typically operate with internal air

temperatures between 40˚F (4˚C) and 250˚F (121˚C).
Systems operating outside this range are not considered
in this guide, except that fibrous glass insulation boards
may be used in systems operating at internal air
temperatures between 0˚F (-18˚C) and 450˚F (232˚C).

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FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS

Fibrous glass duct system

The fibrous glass duct system is used to conserve heating Duct board products are available with coated or faced
and cooling energy and to control duct-borne noise in airstream surfaces. These products permit rigorous
commercial, institutional, or residential heating, ventilating, cleaning of the duct surface where dust has been allowed
and air-conditioning ductwork operating in the range of + 2 to collect in the duct due to lack of filtration or poor
in. w.g. (+ 500 Pa) static pressure, up to at least 5,000 fpm maintenance. Additionally, some of these products have
(25.4 m/sec) internal air velocity, and internal air higher maximum velocity ratings.
temperature between 40˚F (4˚C) and 250˚F (121˚C). Ducts Duct systems fabricated from fibrous glass duct board
are only for indoor use and should be located in areas products qualify under UL 181 as Class 1 Air Ducts,
where ambient temperature does not exceed 150˚F (66˚C). meeting the fire safety requirements of NFPA 90A and 90B
The fibrous glass duct system is normally made up of including limited combustibility. They also comply with all
nominal four foot (1.2m) modules fabricated from 1, 11/2, widely used model codes. Duct board joint closures are
or 2 in. (25, 38, or 51mm) thick, flat fibrous glass duct sealed using one of three UL 181A listed systems.
board stock having a factory-applied reinforced aluminum
exterior air barrier finish. Duct system modules are
fabricated using either specially designed hand tools or
grooving and closure machines. Duct fittings such as tees,
offsets, elbows, and transitions are also fabricated from
these modules or from flat duct board stock.

UL 181A closure
systems provide
substantially air-tight
sealing
Reinforced aluminum
foil/kraft laminate,
air barrier, and vapor retarder

Factory-molded male and female shiplap

joints between sections

Thermally effective fibrous glass insulation

Internal surface treatments enhance cleanability

Fig. 1. Fibrous glass duct module

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FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

Sheet metal ducts lined with fibrous glass insulation

Fibrous glass duct liners are manufactured to comply with
Fibrous glass duct liner insulation is designed for
ASTM C 1071, Standard Specification for Fibrous Glass
application to the interiors of commercial and residential
Lining Insulation (Thermal and Sound Absorbing Material).
sheet metal heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning ducts
These products are available with coated or faced
to attenuate noise generated by central air handling
airstream surfaces.
equipment, air movement within the ducts, and occupant
cross-talk. It also serves to reduce heat loss or gain
through sheet metal duct surfaces, and helps to prevent
the formation of water vapor condensation both inside the
duct and on its exterior surface. Fibrous glass duct liner
insulation is fabricated along with the sheet metal work in
the shop, providing quality workmanship under controlled
conditions.
Fibrous glass duct liner insulations are manufactured
from glass fibers bonded with thermosetting resin. They
are dimensionally stable, withstand abuse, and provide a
cleanable, fire-resistant interior surface designed to
minimize friction loss. Two forms are available:
(1) Flexible blankets, supplied in roll form;
(2) Rigid boards, supplied in sheet form.

Sheet metal ducts

must be tightly sealed

Available in thicknesses from 1/2 to 2 in.

(13 to 51mm)

Tough airstream surface resists shop,

installation, and service damage

Duct liner secured to sheet metal with

adhesives plus metal fasteners

Fig. 2. Sheet metal duct lined with fibrous glass insulation

3
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS

Sheet metal ducts with exterior fibrous glass exterior

insulation

Flexible Blanket Insulation Boards

Fibrous glass duct wrap insulation is designed for Fibrous glass insulation boards are also available for
application to the exteriors of commercial and residential application to the outside of sealed sheet metal ducts,
sheet metal heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning ducts housings, and plenums. These are available unfaced,
and plenums operating at temperatures between 40˚F or with reinforced foil (FSK) or all-service jacket (ASJ)
(4˚C) and 250˚F (121˚C). Duct wrap insulation reduces vapor retarder facings, in a range of densities and
heat loss or gain through duct walls, conserving energy thicknesses. Some are flexible enough to conform to
and controlling moisture condensation. Fibrous glass duct curved surfaces such as large round or oval sheet
wrap insulations are useful in situations where acoustical metal ducts.
performance is not an issue. Fibrous glass insulation boards can be used in
Fibrous glass duct wrap insulations are flexible, resilient, applications operating within the temperature range of 0°F
light-density blankets of glass fibers factory-laminated (-18°C) to 450°F (232°C).
to vapor retarder facings. These products are easily cut Fibrous glass insulation boards are manufactured to
and fitted to achieve a neat, thermally effective insulation comply with ASTM C 612, Standard Specification for
blanket over the exteriors of rectangular, round, oval, or Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal Insulation.
irregularly shaped ducts.
Fibrous glass duct wrap insulations are manufactured to
comply with ASTM C 1290, Flexible Fibrous Glass Blanket
Insulation USed to Externally Insulate HVAC Ducts.

Sheet metal ducts must first

be tightly sealed

Reinforced
foil/kraft laminate
vapor retarder facing

Resilient fibrous glass insulation,

thicknesses from 11/2 to 4 in.
(38 to 102mm)

Correct installation procedures

assure installed R-values will be met

Fig. 3. Metal duct with exterior insulation wrap

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FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

Fibrous glass insulated flexible ducts

Flexible ducts insulated with fibrous glass are an efficient,

economical way to install connections between trunk
ducts and room diffusers or registers. A spiral
wire-reinforced inner air conduit is wrapped with resilient
fibrous glass and jacketed with a flexible vapor retarder of
reinforced foil or plastic film. These flexible products can
conform to bends when connecting trunk ducts to
diffusers, or when routing ductwork through obstructed
areas. (NAIMA members do not manufacture flexible
ducts, but do supply the flexible duct industry with fibrous
glass insulation.)
Fibrous glass insulated flexible ducts can be used in
applications where internal air temperatures do not
exceed 250°F (121°C).
Fibrous glass insulated flexible ducts systems are
manufactured to comply with Air Diffusion Council Test
Code FD-72-R1. They also meet requirements of UL181,
and comply with all widely used model building codes.

Flexibility is an advantage when

installing in obstructed areas

Exterior plastic or laminate

vapor retarder jacket

Light density fibrous glass insulation

Inner air conduit with spiral reinforcing wire

Fig. 4. Insulated flexible duct

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FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

HOW FIBROUS GLASS DUCT INSULATION IMPROVES THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

Temperature control:
Fibrous glass duct insulation means enhanced comfort. It building materials. Adding insulation is the best way to
helps to ensure that heated or cooled air will be control surface condensation.
transmitted from central air equipment to working and
living spaces at comfort levels suited to occupants’ needs. Mold and fungus resistance:
Increased occupant comfort in commercial buildings Fibrous glass duct insulation will not support the growth
contributes to increased productivity; in residential of mold when tested in accordance with applicable ASTM
buildings, to an enhanced sense of well-being. In either and UL specifications. Furthermore, fibrous glass duct
case, fibrous glass duct insulation allows the building insulation products designed for installation inside air ducts
owner to utilize central equipment effectively—or, in many are tested for mold and bacteria resistance in accordance
instances, to provide desired comfort levels with central with ASTM test procedures. Fibrous glass insulation
equipment of less capacity and cost than would be installed in clean, dry, well-maintained air duct systems will
required when ducts are not thermally insulated. not contribute to mold, fungal, or bacterial amplification
and consequent contamination of the indoor environment.
Acoustical control:
Fibrous glass duct insulation means peace and quiet. Fire safety:
It is a key contributor to the creation of an acoustically Fibrous glass duct insulation means fire safety. ASTM,
satisfying indoor environment by absorbing noise UL, and NFPA fire safety test methods all show fibrous
generated by central air equipment, by expansion and glass to resist flame spread from external or internal fire
contraction of duct components, and from air movement sources. Fibrous glass duct insulations are tested to
noise within the ducts. It also contributes to personal withstand flame penetration. They resist ignition by small,
privacy and productivity by preventing the ductwork from low-energy flames and will not spread fire from such
transmitting unwanted conversations from room to room in sources.
the home or workplace. No other forms of duct insulation,
including elastomeric foams and reflective products, can Durability and integrity:
match the acoustical effectiveness of fibrous glass Fibrous glass duct insulation means durability. Their
insulation applied to control noise in air handling systems. consistent resin-bonded fiber structures and tough, abuse-
resistant, mat-faced or coated airstream surfaces provide
Energy conservation: long-term thermal, acoustical, and condensation control
Fibrous glass duct insulation means energy saved. The performance without deterioration and with no measurable
same thermal performance properties that contribute to fiber erosion. They resist damage both during installation
occupant comfort also enable fibrous glass duct insulation and in service. Fibrous glass insulation products installed
to control heat loss or gain through duct walls with within the ducts may be readily cleaned in situations where
efficiency not equaled by other forms of duct insulation. dust has been allowed to enter the duct system due to
By enabling ducts to transmit heated or cooled air to absence of filtration or poor maintenance.
occupied spaces at design temperatures, building
operating cost is reduced—sparing the environment from Proven performance:
additional greenhouse gases released into the air. Fibrous glass duct insulation means proven performance.
These products are manufactured to meet exacting
Condensation control: physical property and performance requirements set forth
Fibrous glass duct insulation means dry ductwork. When in ASTM, UL, and NFPA standards and test procedures.
warm, humid air comes in contact with the surfaces of The design, fabrication, and installation of air duct
uninsulated cold air ductwork, water vapor will condense systems insulated with fibrous glass are all accomplished
and result in dripping of liquid water from duct surfaces by skilled, trained contractors supported by
onto other building components. Installing insulation with comprehensive industry standards, including NAIMA’s
sufficient R-value along with a low permeance vapor “Work Smart” program which covers recommended
retarder will minimize, and in most cases prevent, practices for the handling and installation of all kinds of
condensation problems and consequent damage to fibrous glass insulation products.

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FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

CODES AND STANDARDS

Any building project, whether new construction or retrofit, Among the codes developed by ICC, the following most directly
is first subject to state laws and/or local ordinances. These relate to HVAC duct systems in commercial construction:
laws and ordinances in turn reference codes governing a • International Mechanical Code
number of issues that affect the design and construction • International Energy Conservation Code
of HVAC duct systems, among them building safety,
indoor environmental quality and energy conservation. These codes supersede:
These building codes, in turn, reference standards that set • BOCA National Code, 1996 Edition and National
forth how building materials and systems shall be Mechanical Code, 1996 Edition
manufactured, fabricated, installed, and tested to ensure • ICBO Uniform Building Code, 1997 Edition and
compliance with code requirements. Incorporated into Uniform Mechanical Code, 1997 Edition
state laws and local ordinances, these codes and • SBCCI Standard Building Code, 1997 Edition and
standards thus have the force of law. Standard Mechanical Code, 1997 Edition
• CABO (Council of American Building Officials)
1. INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL (ICC) Model Energy Code, 1997 Edition

From early in the last century there existed three major ICC codes relating to HVAC duct systems in residential or
code authorities, each of which had established and was light commercial construction include:
maintaining its own set of model building codes in • International Residential Code
different parts of the United States. These three • International Energy Conservation Code
authorities were:
These codes supersede:
• Building Officials and Code Administrators • CABO One and Two Family Dwelling Code, 1995 Edition
International (BOCA)
• International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) Although these codes also deal with issues such as fire
• Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) safety, indoor environmental quality, and acoustics (among
others), the key concerns relative to HVAC duct system
In 1994, recognizing the need for a single set of codes insulation can be summed up as follows:
without regional limitations, these three groups established
The International Code Council (ICC). Its mission: “To Mechanical codes answer the question, “What physical
promulgate a comprehensive and compatible regulatory properties are required of the insulation?”
system for the built environment, through consistent
performance-based regulations that are effective, efficient Energy codes answer the question, “How much
and meet government, industry and public needs.” insulation is needed in this particular application?”

While the ordinances of some local jurisdictions may still 2. MECHANICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND OTHER
reference BOCA, ICBO, and SBCCI codes, nation-wide STANDARDS
acceptance of the ICC set of codes is fast becoming a
reality, This makes it possible for architects, engineers, ICC codes incorporate by reference the mechanical, fire
manufacturers of building materials and systems, safety, indoor environmental quality, and other standards
contractors, and code enforcement officials to work with promulgated by the following organizations:
the same regulatory system anywhere in the United States. • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
• Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) and its Canadian
It should be noted that some states have established their affiliate (ULC)
own building, energy or environmental codes, • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
and that these codes do not necessarily relate to the ICC
set of codes. Some state codes may be more or less Following is a summary of Standards promulgated by
stringent than the ICC codes. the above authorities which are most important to the
design, fabrication, and installation of HVAC duct
systems incorporating fibrous glass insulation.

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FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

A. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

i. NFPA Standard 90A, Standard for the Installation of of continued combustion and of such composition that
Air Conditioning/Ventilating Systems, 2002 Edition surfaces that would be exposed by cutting through the
material on any plane would have neither a flame spread
This Standard states that “Class 1 rigid or flexible air ducts rating greater than 25 nor evidence of continued
tested in accordance with UL 181 Standard for Safety, progressive combustion.”
Factory-Made Air Ducts and Air Connectors, and installed
in conformance with the conditions of listing, shall be ii. NFPA Standard 90B, Standard for the Installation of
permitted to be used for ducts when the air temperature in Warm Air Heating/Air Conditioning Systems, 1999
the duct does not exceed 121˚C (250˚F) or when used as Edition
vertical ducts up to two stories in height.”
With respect to fire safety of air duct systems, the
This Standard also requires that supplementary materials requirements and definitions of this Standard are
including duct coverings, duct linings, vapor retarder identical to those of NFPA Standard 90A.
facings, adhesives, fasteners, and tapes “shall have, in
the form in which they are used, a maximum flame spread These two companion standards serve as the basis for
index of 25 without evidence of continued progressive many other codes, standards and specifications. They
combustion and a maximum smoke developed index of encompass all of the fibrous glass duct insulation systems
50 when tested in accordance with NFPA 255, Standard discussed herein.
Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of
Building Materials.” The Standard further requires that iii. NFPA 255, Method of Test of Surface Burning
air duct, panel, and plenum coverings and linings “shall Characteristics of Building Materials
not flame, glow, smolder, or smoke” when tested in
accordance with ASTM C 411, Standard Test Method for This Standard sets forth test methods for determining
Hot-Surface Performance of High Temperature Thermal the surface burning characteristics of building materials,
Insulation, “at the temperature to which they are exposed including those used in HVAC duct systems. This
in service.” In no case shall the test temperature be below Standard is considered by most building code officials to
121˚C (250˚F). be equivalent to the following:

The Standard defines a limited combustible material as • ASTM E 84, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning
one “that does not comply with the definition of non- Characteristics of Building Materials
combustible material that, in the form in which it is used, • UL 723, Tests for Surface Burning Characteristics of
has a potential heat value not exceeding 8141 kJ/kg (3500 Building Materials
Btu/lb) (see NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential • CAN/ULC-S102, Tests for Surface Burning
Heat of Building Materials), and that complies with either Characteristics of Building Materials (Canada)
of the following (a) or (b). Materials subject to increase in
combustibility or flame spread rating beyond the limits iv. NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of
herein established through the effects of age, moisture, or Building Materials
other atmospheric condition shall be
considered combustible. (a) Materials having a structural This Standard, is referenced in NFPA 90A, sets forth
base of noncombustible material, with a surfacing not methods of establishing the limited combustibility
exceeding a thickness of 3.2 mm (1/8 in.) and with a flame classification of thermal insulating materials.
spread rating not greater than 50. (b) Materials in the form
and thickness used, other than as described in (a), having
neither a flame spread rating greater than 25 nor evidence

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FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

B. Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL)

i. UL 181, Standard for Safety, Factory-Made Air Ducts ii. UL 181A, Standard for Closure Systems for Use with
and Air Connectors Rigid Air Ducts (2nd Edition, 1994)

This Standard specifies requirements for materials used This standard specifies materials and techniques used in
in the manufacture of factory-made air ducts and air making the following listed closures in rigid duct systems:
connector systems for use in accordance with NFPA
Standards 90A and 90B and the ICC International • Pressure-sensitive aluminum foil tape UL 181A, Part I (P)
Mechanical Code. Fibrous glass duct products and • Heat-activated aluminum foil tape UL 181A, Part II (H)
systems are classified as Class 1, having a flame spread • Glass fiber fabric and mastic UL 181A, Part III (M)
index not exceeding 25 without evidence of continued
progressive combustion and a smoke developed index Under the UL 181A listing procedures an individual
not exceeding 50. This Standard also establishes a test closure system may be qualified for use on all
program applicable to both rigid and flexible fibrous glass manufacturers’ fibrous glass duct materials which meet
duct products and systems as shown in the table below. the UL 181 requirement. Use of any non-listed closure
system voids the UL 181 Class 1 Air Duct Rating.
RIGID FLEXIBLE
Surface burning characteristics • • iii. UL 181B, Standard for Closure Systems for Use with
Flame Penetration • • Flexible Air Ducts and Connectors (1st Edition, 1995)
Burning • •
Corrosion (a) • • This standard specifies materials and techniques used
Mold Growth and Humidity • • in making closures in flexible duct systems by means of
Temperature • • plastic or metal closure straps, tapes, and mastics. Under
Puncture • • the UL 181B listing procedures an individual closure
Static Load • •(b) system may be qualified for use on all manufacturers’
Impact • • flexible duct products which meet the UL 181 requirement.
Erosion • • Use of any non-listed closure system voids the UL 181
Pressure • • Class 1 Air Duct Rating.
Collapse • •
Tension • iv. UL 723, Tests for Surface Burning Characteristics of
Torsion • Building Materials
Bending •
Leakage • • As noted, this Standard is considered by most building
code officials to be equivalent to the surface burning
(a) Applicable to parts of metals not inherently corrosion resistant. characteristics tests set forth in ASTM E 84, NFPA 255,
(b) Test applicable for flexible air ducts and air connectors that and CAN/ULC-S102.
incorporate vapor retarders supported by grommets or other means
of field support. C. American Society For Testing and Materials (ASTM)

i. ASTM E 84, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning

Characteristics of Building Materials

As noted, this Standard is considered by most building

code officials to be equivalent to the surface burning
characteristics tests set forth in UL 723, NFPA 255, and
CAN/ULC-S102.

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FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

ii. ASTM C 411, Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance • ASTM G 21-96, Practice for Determining Resistance of
of High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Synthetic Polymer Materials to Fungi
• ASTM G 22-96, Practice for Determining Resistance of
This Test Method covers determination of the performance Plastics to Bacteria
of block and pipe forms of thermal insulating materials • ASTM C 916, Standard Specification for Adhesives for
when exposed to simulated hot-surface application Duct Liner Insulation
conditions. The term “hot-surface performance” refers to a
simulated use-temperature test in which the heated vii. ASTM C 1290, Flexible Fibrous Glass Blanket
testing surface is in a horizontal position. This test Insulation Used to Externally Insulate HVAC Ducts
method refers primarily to high-temperature insulations
applicable to hot-side temperatures in excess of 200°F This Specification covers the composition, physical
(93°C). It may be used for materials such as preformed properties, and dimensions of fibrous glass duct wrap
insulation, blanket insulations, and insulating cements. insulation as described on pages 26-29 of this Guide.

iii. ASTM C 423, Test Method for Sound Absorption and D. Manufacturing, Fabrication, and Installation
Sound Absorption Coefficients by the Reverberation Standards
Room Method
Standards governing the design, fabrication, and
This Standard establishes methods of determining sound installation of HVAC duct systems include those of the
absorption properties of fibrous glass duct board and duct following organizations:
liner.
• North American Insulation Manufacturers Association
iv. ASTM C 518, Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux (NAIMA). Members of this association include the four
Measurement and Thermal Transmission Properties by manufacturers of fibrous glass air duct insulation products.
Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus • Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning Contractors National
Association (SMACNA). As the name implies, this
This Standard establishes methods of determining association includes companies that fabricate and
thermal performance properties of fibrous glass duct install air duct systems incorporating fibrous glass
board, duct liner, duct wrap, and insulation boards insulation products.
described in this Guide. • Air Diffusion Council (ADC). This organization includes
manufacturers of various classes of flexible duct
v. ASTM C 612, Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber materials including those which incorporate fibrous
Block and Board Thermal Insulation glass insulation.
• Midwest Insulation Contractors Association (MICA).
This Specification covers the composition, physical This organization is chiefly concerned with mechanical
properties, and dimensions of rigid and semi-rigid mineral and industrial insulation, but air duct and plenum
fiber block and board for use as thermal insulation as insulation is included.
described on pages 30-33 of this Guide.
i. North American Insulation Manufacturers Association
vi. ASTM C 1071, Standard Specification for Fibrous Glass (NAIMA)
Duct Lining Insulation (Thermal and Sound Absorbing
Material) a. Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standard, Fifth Edition,
2002, Publication AH 116
This Specification covers the composition, physical
properties, and dimensions of fibrous glass duct liners This Standard contains recommended methods of
(both flexible and rigid) as described on pages 22-25 of fabricating and installing air handing ducts using fibrous
this Guide. This Specification in turn references the glass duct board material as defined herein. It covers
following additional ASTM Standards: duct board performance criteria, assembly, fabrication,
fittings, approved closures, reinforcement, hanging,

10
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

support and damage repair. This standard was acoustical performance, static pressure/ temperature
developed using reliable engineering principles and performance, and leakage. Fabrication and installation
research, plus information obtained from manufacturers, guidelines are included.
contractors, testing laboratories, and others with
specialized experience. A 3-part CSI Masterformat ®
iv. Midwest Insulation Contractors Association (MICA)
specification is included.
a. National Commercial and Industrial Insulation
b. Fibrous Glass Residential Duct Construction Standard, Standards, Fifth Edition, 1999
Third Edition, 2001, Publication AH 119
This standard includes installation and fabrication
This Standard is based on the Fibrous Glass Duct specifications for fibrous glass duct wrap and duct liner,
Construction Standard cited above, but focuses on as well as for rigid fibrous glass exterior board insulation
recommended methods of fabricating and installing air over metal ducts.
handling ducts in residential and light commercial structures.
A 3-part CSI Masterformat specification is included.
R 3. ENERGY CONSERVATION STANDARDS

c. Fibrous Glass Duct Liner Standard, Third Edition, 2002, The Department of Energy's Federal Energy Policy Act
Publication AH 124 of 1992 required states to certify that their commercial
building energy codes meet or exceed the energy
This standard sets forth important properties of fibrous conservation requirements of ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1989,
glass duct liner materials, acoustical and thermal an energy standard promulgated by ASHRAE, the
performance, contribution to indoor environmental quality, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
and installation procedures. A 3-part CSI Masterformat R Conditioning Engineers. This act also required states'
specification is included. residential building energy codes to meet or exceed
the energy conservation requirements of CABO's
ii. Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Model Energy Code.
Association (SMACNA)
DOE conducts ongoing review of subsequent versions of
a. Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards, Seventh these and other energy codes to determine whether these
Edition, 2003 might be the basis for a better national energy policy. In
2002, for commercial construction DOE updated the
This standard served as a basis for the scope and content Federal Energy Policy Act to recognize a later version of
of the above cited NAIMA standard. the ASHRAE energy standard, ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1999.
DOE is also currently reviewing another ASHRAE energy
b. HVAC Duct Construction Standards, Second Edition, 1995 standard, ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 2001. For energy
conservation in residential construction, DOE now
This standard includes sections on installation of fibrous glass recognizes the ICC's International Energy Conservation
duct liner materials and insulated flexible duct systems. Code (IECC), 2003 Edition.

iii. Air Diffusion Council (ADC) Most State energy conservation codes are currently being
updated to reflect DOE recognition of these more recent
a. Flexible Duct Performance and Installation Standards, ASHRAE and ICC energy standards and to maintain
Fourth Edition, 2003 compliance with the Federal Energy Policy Act.

This standard sets forth specific methods of classifying, Insulation R-values required by these standards are given
testing, marking, and installing flexible ducts in air on the following four pages.
distribution systems. It references ADC Test Code FD-
72R1, which establishes values and procedures for testing
insulated flexible ducts in terms of air friction loss,

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FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

A. ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1989, Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings Except Low Rise Residential Buildings

This widely accepted National Voluntary Consensus conditions between the space within which the duct is
Standard was developed under the auspices of ASHRAE, located and the design air temperature in the duct. The table
the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and below shows these required minimum R-values related to
Air-Conditioning Engineers; it was co-sponsored by the duct insulation thickness.
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. This
standard includes energy-efficient design requirements for As required by the Energy Policy Act of 1992, each State
HVAC systems and equipment intended to improve utilization must certify that its commercial building code energy
of energy in buildings. It provides minimum required thermal provisions meet or exceed the requirements of this ASHRAE
resistance (R) values for air ducts, plenums, and enclosures Standard. Some states have their own energy codes and/or
based on the temperature differential (TD) at design amendments to these codes which provide greater R-values.

TABLE 9-2 (ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1989). Minimum duct insulation (a)

COOLING (b) HEATING (c)

ANNUAL COOLING INSULATION ANNUAL HEATING INSULATION
DEGREE DAYS R-VALUE (d) DEGREE DAYS R-VALUE (d)
Base 65oF (18oC) (RSI value) Base 65oF (18oC) (RSI value)

DUCT LOCATION BUILDING EXTERIOR

Below 500 (Below 278) 3.3 (0.58) Below 2,500 (Below 833) 3.3 (0.58)
500 - 1,150 (278 - 638) 5.0 (0.88) 1,500 - 4,500 (833 - 2,500) 5.0 (0.88)
1,151 - 2,000 (639-1,111) 6.5 (1.15) 4,501 - 7,500 (2,501 - 4,167) 6.5 (1.15)
Above 2,000 (Above 1,111) 8.0 (1.41) Above 7,500 (Above 4,167) 8.0 (1.41)

DUCT LOCATION INSIDE OF BUILDING ENVELOPE OR IN UNCONDITIONED SPACES: (g)

TD (e) < 15oF (TD (e) < 8.3oC) Not required Not required
40oF > TD, > 15oF (22oC > TD, > 8.3oC) 3.3 (0.58) 3.3 (0.58)
TD > 40oF (TD > 22oC) 5.0 (0.88) (f) 5.0 (0.88) (f)

(a) Insulation R-values shown are for the insulation as installed and do not include film resistance. The required minimum thicknesses do not
consider water vapor transmission and condensation. Additional insulation, vapor retarders, or both, may be required to limit vapor
transmission and condensation. For ducts which are designed to convey both heated and cooled air, duct insulation shall be as required by the
most restrictive condition. Where exterior walls are used as plenum walls, wall insulation shall be as required by the most restrictive condition of
this section or Section 8 of ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1989.
(b) Cooling ducts are those designed to convey mechanically cooled air or return ducts in such systems.
(c) Heating ducts are those designed to convey mechanically heated air or return ducts in such systems.
(d) Insulation resistance measured on a horizontal plane in accordance with ASTM C 518-85 at a mean temperature of 75˚F (24˚C) at the installed
thickness.
(e) TD is defined as the temperature difference at design conditions (see ASHRAE Standard 9.4.1) between the space within which the duct is
located and the design air temperature in the duct.
(f) Insulation thermal resistance for run-outs to terminal devices less than 10 feet (3.05m) in length need not exceed R-value of 3.3 (RSI = 0.58).
(g) Unconditioned spaces include crawl spaces and attics.

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FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

B. ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2001, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low Rise Residential Buildings

This National Voluntary Consensus Standard was conservation standard in commercial construction.
developed under the auspices of ASHRAE. It was co- Minimum duct system R-values are keyed to building
sponsored by both the American National Standards envelope criteria tables found in Appendix B of the
Institute (ANSI) and the Illuminating Engineering Society of Standard, and to climate zone conditions found in
North America; it supersedes ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1989 Appendix D. Minimum R-values are given in Tables
and is recognized by DOE as the minimum energy 6.2.4.2A and 6.2.4.2B below.

TABLE 6.2.4.2A (ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2001). Minimum Duct Insulation R-Value, (a) Cooling and Heating Only
Supply Ducts and Return Ducts
Climate Zone Duct Location

Unvented Unvented
Attic with Attic with Uncon- Indirectly
Envelope Ventilated Backloaded Roof ditioned conditioned
Criteria Table HDD65 CDD50 Exterior Attic Ceiling Insulation Space(b) Space(c) Buried

Heating Only Ducts

B-1 to B-7 0-1800 all none none none none none none none
B-8 to B-12 1801-3600 all R-3.5 none none none none none none
B-13 to B-15 3601-5400 all R-3.5 none none none none none none
B-16 to B-18 5401-7200 all R-6 R-3.5 none none none none R-3.5
B-19 to B-20 7201-9000 all R-6 R-6 R-3.5 none none none R-3.5
B-21 to B-22 9001-10800 all R-8 R-6 R-6 none R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-23 10801-12600 all R-8 R-6 R-6 none R-6 none R-6
B-24 12601-16200 all R-8 R-8 R-6 none R-6 none R-6
B-25 16201-19800 all R-10 R-8 R-8 none R-6 none R-6
B-26 19801+ all R-10 R-10 R-8 none R-8 none R-6

Cooling Only Ducts

B-15, 18, 20, all 0 – 1800 R-1.9 R-1.9 R-1.9 R-1.9 R-1.9 none none
22 to 26
B-12, 14, 17, 19, 21 all 1801-3600 R-3.5 R-1.9 R-3.5 R-1.9 R-1.9 none none
B-7, 9, 11, 13, 16 all 3601-5400 R-3.5 R-3.5 R-6 R-1.9 R-1.9 none none
B-4, 6, 8,10 all 5401-7200 R-6 R-6 R-6 R-3.5 R-1.9 none none
B-3, B-5 all 7201-9000 R-6 R-6 R-6 R-3.5 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-2 all 9001-10800 R-6 R-6 R-8 R-3.5 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-1 all 10801+ R-8 R-8 R-8 R-3-5 R-3-5 none R-3.5

Return Ducts
B-1 to B-26 all climates R-3.5 R-3.5 R-3.5 none none none none

(a) Insulation R-values, measured in (hr•ft2•˚F)/Btu, are for the insulation as installed and do not include film resistance. The required minimum
thicknesses do not consider water vapor transmission and possible surface condensation. Where exterior walls are used as plenum walls, wall
insulation shall be as required by the most restrictive condition of 6.2.4.2 or Section 5 of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2001 Insulation resistance
measured on a horizontal plane in accordance with ASTM C518 at a mean temperature of 75˚F at the installed thickness.
(b) Includes crawl spaces, both ventilated and non-ventilated.
(c) Includes return air plenums with or without exposed roofs above.

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FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

TABLE 6.2.4.2B. Minimum Duct Insulation R-Value,(a) Combined Heating and Cooling Ducts

Climate Zone Duct Location

Unvented Unvented
Attic with Attic with Uncon- Indirectly
Envelope Ventilated Backloaded Roof ditioned Conditioned
Criteria Table HDD65 CDD50 Exterior Attic Ceiling Insulation Space(b) Space(c) Buried

B-1 0 - 900 10801+ R-8 R-6 R-8 R-3.5 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-2 0 - 900 9001-10800 R-6 R-6 R-8 R-3.5 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-3 0 - 900 7201-9000 R-6 R-6 R-6 R-3.5 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-4 0 - 900 0 - 7200 R-6 R-3.5 R-6 R-3.5 R-1.9 none R-3.5
B-5 901-1800 7201+ R-6 R-6 R-6 R-3.5 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-6 901-1800 5401-7200 R-6 R-6 R-6 R-3.5 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-7 901-1800 0-5400 R-3.5 R-3.5 R-6 R-1.9 R-1.9 none R-1.9
B-8 1801-2700 5401+ R-6 R-6 R-6 R-3.5 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-9 1801-2700 0-5400 R-6 R-3.5 R-6 R-1.9 R-1.9 none R-1.9
B-10 2701-3600 5401+ R-6 R-6 R-6 R-3.5 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-11 2701-3600 3601-5400 R-6 R-6 R-6 R-3.5 R-3.5 none R-1.9
B-12 2701-3600 0-3600 R-3.5 R-3.5 R-3.5 R-1.9 R-1.9 none R-1.9
B-13 3601-5400 3601+ R-6 R-6 R-6 R-3.5 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-14 3601-5400 1801-3600 R-6 R-3.5 R-6 R-1.9 R-3.5 none R-1.9
B-15 3601-5400 0-1800 R-3.5 R-3.5 R-3.5 R-1.9 R-1.9 none R-1.9
B-16 5401-7200 3601+ R-6 R-6 R-6 R-3.5 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-17 5401-7200 1801-3600 R-6 R-6 R-6 R-1.9 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-18 5401-7200 0-1800 R-6 R-3.5 R-3.5 R-1.9 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-19 7201-9000 1801+ R-8 R-6 R-6 R-1.9 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-20 7201-9000 0-1800 R-6 R-6 R-6 R-1.9 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-21 9001-10800 1801+ R-8 R-6 R-6 R-1.9 R-6 none R-3.5
B-22 9001-10800 0-1800 R-8 R-6 R-6 R-1.9 R-3.5 none R-3.5
B-23 10801-12600 all R-8 R-6 R-6 R-1.9 R-6 none R-6
B-24 12601-16200 all R-8 R-8 R-8 R-1.9 R-6 none R-6
B-25 16201-19800 all R-10 R-8 R-8 R-3.5 R-6 none R-6
B-26 19801+ all R-10 R-10 R-8 R-3.5 R-8 R-3.5 R-6

(a) Insulation R-values, measured in (hr•ft2•˚F)/Btu, are for the insulation as installed and do not include film resistance. The required minimum
thicknesses do not consider water vapor transmission and possible surface condensation. Where exterior walls are used as plenum walls, wall
insulation shall be as required by the most restrictive condition of 6.2.4.2 or Section 5 of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2001. Insulation resistance
measured on a horizontal plane in accordance with ASTM C518 at a mean temperature of 75˚F at the installed thickness.
(b) Includes crawl spaces, both ventilated and non-ventilated.
(c) Includes return air plenums with or without exposed roofs above.

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FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

C. International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), D. International Residential Code (IRC), 2002 and 2003
2003 Edition Edition

Promulgated by the International Code Council (ICC), this Promulgated by the International Code Council (ICC), this
national code establishes minimum regulations for the energy national code applies to one and two family dwellings and
efficient design and construction of both residential and townhouses up to three stories and limited by glazing
commercial buildings using prescriptive and performance- area. It consists of a comprehensive collection
related provisions. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 contain various of basic minimum construction regulations, containing
compliance paths for residential buildings; Chapters 7 and 8 prescriptive provisions ranging from structural and fire
contain the same for commercial buildings. safety to electrical, plumbing, mechanical, and energy
conservation. Chapter 16, Duct Systems, covers HVAC
Table 503.3.3.3 of the IECC 2003 edition contains duct construction and acceptable duct materials,
minimum HVAC duct insulation requirements for including fibrous glass insulation as covered in this guide.
residential buildings.
Section N1 103.3 of this code contains the following duct
Duct insulation requirements for commercial buildings are insulation requirements: “All portions of the air distribution
established in Chapter 7 by reference to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA system ... shall be insulated to an installed R-5 when system
90.1-2001, tables 6.2.4.2a and 6.2.4.2b (see pages 13 and components are located within the building but outside of
14 of this publication). The IECC 2000 Edition references conditioned space, and R-8 when located outside of the
ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1989, table 9.2 (see page 12). Finally, building. When located within a building envelope
Section 803.2.8 contains the following alternate commercial assembly, at least R-8 shall be applied between the duct
duct insulation requirements: and that portion of the assembly furthest from conditioned
space. Exceptions: Exhaust air ducts and portions of the air
“All supply and return air ducts and plenum shall be distribution system within appliances or equipment.”
insulated with a minimum of R-5 insulation when located in
conditioned spaces and with a minimum of R-8 insulation
when located outside the building. When located within a
building envelope assembly, the duct or plenum shall be
separated from the building exterior or unconditioned or
exempt space by a minimum of R-8 insulation. Exceptions:
1. When located within equipment. 2. When design
temperature differential between the interior and exterior of
the duct or plenum does not exceed 15oF (8oC)“.

Table 503.3.3.3 – Minimum Duct Insulation

Insulation R-Value (hr•ft2•˚F/Btu)

Annual Ducts in unconditioned attics Ducts in unconditioned basements,

Heating or outside building crawl spaces, and other unconditioned spaces
Degree Days Supply Return Supply Return

Below 1,500 8 4 4 0
1,500 to 2,500 8 4 6 2
2,501 to 7,500 8 4 8 2
Above 7,500 11 6 11 2

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FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

4. SUMMARY

Consult the table below to determine applicability of the codes, standards, and specifications listed herein with respect to
each of the fibrous glass HVAC duct insulation products described in this Guide.

Fibrous Fibrous Fibrous

Glass Glass Glass Insulation Insulated
Duct Board Duct Liner Duct Wrap Boards Flexible Duct
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION
NFPA 90A • • • • •
NFPA 90B • • • • •
NFPA 255 • • • • •
NFPA 259 • • • • •
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES INC.
UL 181 • •
UL 181 A •
UL 181 B •
UL 723 • • • • •
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
ASTM E 84 • • • • •
ASTM C 411 • • • • •
ASTM C 423 • •
ASTM C 518 • • • • •
ASTM C 612 •
ASTM C 1071 •
ASTM G 21 •
ASTM G 22 •
ASTM C 916 (adhesive) •
ASTM C 1290 •
MANUFACTURING, FABRICATION, AND INSTALLATION STANDARDS
NAIMA Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standard •
NAIMA Fibrous Glass Residential Duct Const. Std. •
NAIMA Fibrous Glass Duct Liner Standard •
SMACNA Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards•
SMACNA HVAC Duct Construction Standards • •
ADC Flexible Duct Performance & Installation Stds. •
MICA Commercial and Industrial Insulation Standards • • •

ENERGY CONSERVATION STANDARDS AND CODES:

ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1989 • • • • •
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA0.1-2001 • • • • •
ICC – INTL. ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE • • • • •
ICC – INTL. RESIDENTIAL CODE • • • • •

16
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

National Fire Protection Association Building and

Energy Codes

This organization has published a building code,

NFPA 5000 TM, Building Construction and Safety Code.
Comparable in scope to the ICC code set, it
was developed in partnership with the International
Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials
(IAPMO), Western Fire Chiefs Association (WFCA),
and ASHRAE.

NFPA has also issued Proposed Standard 900,

Building Energy Code, which establishes minimum
energy-efficient requirements for new and existing
buildings.

Further information concerning codes and standards may be obtained by visiting the following websites:

National Fire Protection Association......................................................................................................................www.nfpa.org

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. ................................................................................................................................www.ul.com
American Society for Testing and Materials ......................................................................................................www.astm.org
North American Insulation Manufacturers Association ....................................................................................www.naima.org
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers ..............................................www.ashrae.org
International Code Council ..............................................................................................................................www.iccsafe.org
Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning Contractors National Association ................................................................www.smacna.org
Air Diffusion Council ..................................................................................................................................www.flexibleduct.org
Midwest Insulation Contractors Association ........................................................................................www.micainsulation.org

17
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

FIBROUS GLASS DUCT SYSTEMS

Fabrication tools are available to produce ten-sided

(essentially round) fibrous glass duct modules. Preformed
round fibrous glass duct is also available in a range of
diameters and wall thicknesses up to 2 in. (51mm).

Features and benefits:

Single-component system

Thermal and acoustical insulation plus essentially air-tight

performance are provided with one product installed by a
single contractor.
Figure 5. Fibrous glass duct module Factory-controlled insulation thickness

Uses: Factory-controlled insulation thickness assures that

specified R-values are met.
The fibrous glass duct system is used to conserve heating
and cooling energy and to control duct-borne noise in Acoustically efficient
commercial, institutional, or residential heating, ventilating,
and air-conditioning ductwork operating in the range of Fibrous glass insulation absorbs fan and air turbulence
+2 in. w.g. (+ 500 Pa) static pressure, up to at least 5,000 noise, reduces popping noises caused by expansion,
fpm (25.4 m/sec) internal air velocity, and internal air contraction, and vibration.
temperature between 40oF (4oC) and 250oF (121oC). Ducts
are only for indoor use and should be located in areas Light weight
where ambient temperature does not exceed 150oF (66oC).
Fibrous glass duct components are easy to fabricate,
Description: transport, and install. Compared with metal ductwork, they
impose less load on the building structure.
The fibrous glass duct system is normally made up of
nominal four foot (1.2m) modules which are fabricated Essentially air-tight
from 1, 11/2, or 2 in. (25, 38, or 51mm) thick, flat fibrous
glass duct board stock having a factory-applied Closures made with UL 181A listed pressure-sensitive
reinforced aluminum exterior air barrier finish. Duct tape, heat-activated tape, or glass fabric and mastic, save
system modules are fabricated using either specially energy by virtually eliminating air leakage.
designed hand tools or grooving and closure machines.
These modules may have factory shiplapped male and Code compliance
female ends which assure close-fitting, smooth joints
when duct sections are joined. Ducts with spans up to 96 Fibrous glass duct systems qualify under UL 181 as
in. (2.4m) may be constructed when proper reinforcement Class 1 Air Ducts, meeting the fire safety requirements of
is used. Duct fittings such as tees, offsets, elbows, and NFPA 90A and 90B including limited combustibility. They
transitions are also fabricated from these modules or from also comply with all widely used model codes including
flat duct board. Equipment such as electric or hot water ICC, BOCA, CABO, ICBO, and SBCCI.
in-line heaters, manual or powered volume dampers,
registers and grilles, diffuser drops, and access doors Backed by industry standards
may be incorporated into a fibrous glass duct system.
Fibrous glass duct boards are available with a durable Fabrication and installation standards published by
interior surface treatment to enhance cleanability when NAIMA and SMACNA help the contractor to provide
NAIMA guidelines are followed. reliable, long-term system performance.

18
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

Microbial growth resistance: Condensation control:

Fibrous glass duct systems resist fungal and bacterial Figure 6 shows the R-values of fibrous glass duct board
growth when tested in accordance with UL 181 and required to prevent moisture condensation on the outer
standard practices ASTM G 21-96 (fungus test) and duct surface under varying conditions of ambient
G 22-96 (bacteria test). temperature and relative humidity. Curves are based on
cold duct internal temperatures of 55˚F (13˚C) and no air
Thermal performance: movement on the exterior surface.

Fibrous glass duct board minimizes heat loss or gain NOTE: R-values as required by ASHRAE 90.1-1989 may
through duct walls, efficiently delivering conditioned air not be sufficient for condensation control, as may be seen
to occupied spaces at or near design temperatures. in the figure below.
Values, measured in accordance with ASTM C 518, are
shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Thermal performance

Thermal values Thicknesses, in. (mm)

1 (25) 11/2 (38) 2 (51)

R-value*, hr•ft2•˚F/Btu 4.3 6.5 8.7

(RSI, m2•oC/W) (0.76) (1.14) (1.53)
k value, Btu•in/hr•ft2•˚F 0.23 0.23 0.23
( , W/m•˚C) (0.033) (0.033) (0.033)
C value, Btu/hr•ft2•˚F) 0.23 0.16 0.12
(C, W/m2•˚C) (1.32) (0.88) (0.65)
Thermal values are for insulation only as determined by ASTM C 518 at 75oF Figure 6. Required R-values to prevent moisture
(24oC) mean temperature and do not include air films or reflective surfaces. condensation
Values are subject to normal testing and manufacturing tolerances.
Leakage control:
Acoustical performance:
Fibrous glass duct systems have inherently low leakage.
The fibrous glass insulation absorbs fan and air While air duct leakage is a relative concept and
turbulence noise and reduces the popping noises caused air-tightness not an absolute requirement, ducts should be
by expansion and contraction. Typical acoustical sufficiently air-tight to ensure quiet, economical
performance values are shown in Table 2. performance. Duct leakage also reduces the delivered
volumes of air at diffusers and grilles; this must be
Table 2. Acoustical performance (ASTM C 423) compensated for by increasing the total quantity of supply
air. For details on test results, refer to NAIMA Fibrous
Thickness Sound absorption coefficients, Hz Glass Duct Construction Standard, current edition.
in. (mm) 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 NRC
Reinforcement:
1 (25) .03 .18 .61 .83 .89 .93 .65
11/2 (38) .09 .33 .89 .96 .95 .94 .80 Tie rods or sheet metal channels may be used when
2 (51) .17 .63 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.06 .95 reinforcement is required to restrain duct wall deflection due
to duct span and/or operating pressure. Reinforcement
Type A mounting per ASTM E 795. Consult individual manufacturers for specific details are found in Section V of the NAIMA Fibrous Glass
acoustical performance data. Duct Construction Standard previously referenced.

19
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

FIBROUS GLASS DUCT SYSTEMS

Closure:

Longitudinal and transverse joints of fibrous glass duct

modules are sealed using one of three UL 181A listed
closures:
• UL 181A, Part I (P) — Staples and pressure-sensitive
aluminum foil tape. 21/2 in. (64mm) wide tape may be
used in making closures with 1 in. (25mm) duct board.
3 in. (76mm) wide tape is recommended for 11/2 in.
(38mm) duct board, and is mandatory with 2 in. (51mm)
duct board.
• UL 181A, Part II (H) – Heat-activated aluminum
foil/scrim tapes, 3 in. (76mm) wide.
• UL 181A, Part III (M) – Mastic reinforced with 3 in. (76mm)
wide glass fiber fabric (scrim). This closure system may be
required when the system is part of a fire-rated assembly. Fig. 7. Closure with pressure-sensitive foil tape

Equipment connections:

When connecting fibrous glass duct systems to sheet

metal components such as equipment flanges, fasteners
such as sheet metal screws and washers are used to
carry the mechanical load. Mastic and glass fiber fabric
are used to seal the connections at these points. However,
approved pressure-sensitive aluminum foil tape may be
used to seal fibrous glass ducts to sheet metal when
operating pressure is less than 1 in. w.g. (250 Pa) and
when sheet metal surfaces are cleaned in accordance
with tape manufacturers’ instructions. Closure details may
be found in Section IV of the NAIMA Fibrous Glass Duct
Construction Standard. Fig. 8. Closure with heat-activated foil tape

The use of non-listed closure materials or techniques

voids the UL 181 Class 1 Air Duct rating.

Fig. 9. Closure with glass fiber fabric and mastic

20
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

Hanging and support:

Fibrous glass ducts are light in weight and can be

supported with a minimum of hangers. Care must be Short Form Field Inspection Check List (Refer to NAIMA Fibrous
taken as to placement of hangers and support. Details
Glass Duct Construction Standard for details)
may be found in Section VI of the NAIMA Fibrous Glass
YES NO
Duct Construction Standard.
• Is duct system static pressure within specified limits?
Note: NAIMA Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standard • Is the EI rating (475, 800, or 1400) printed
on the board?
(AH116) is applicable to all types of duct construction.
For residential construction, NAIMA Fibrous Glass • Are all sheet metal accessories of galvanized steel?
Residential Duct Construction Standard (AH119) may • Is foil closure tape marked UL 181 A-P or UL 181 A-H?
be used. • Is all duct stock labeled UL 181?
• Do glass fabric and mastic closures meet
UL 181 A-M requirements?
• Are all seams and joints properly stapled or, where
stapling flaps are not available, are tape tabs used,
minimum of one per side, 12 in. (300mm) on center?
• Does fitting fabrication meet NAIMA
standard requirements?
• Does equipment installation meet NAIMA
standard requirements?
• Do reinforcement elements meet NAIMA
standard requirements?
• Do hangers and supports meet NAIMA
standard requirements?
• Are ducts free from unrepaired tears or punctures?

Fig. 10. Hand grooving fibrous glass duct board

Fig. 11. Machine grooving fibrous glass duct board

Fig. 12. Fibrous glass duct closure machine

21
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

SHEET METAL DUCTS WITH FIBROUS GLASS INSULATION LINER

Features and benefits:

Acoustically effective

Fibrous glass duct liner absorbs fan and air turbulence

noise, reduces noises caused by expansion, contraction
and vibration typical of sheet metal ducts.

Thermally efficient

Factory controlled insulation thickness assures that

specified R-values will be met when installed in
Fig. 13. Fibrous glass Fig. 14. Fibrous glass accordance with manufacturers’ instructions.
duct liner, Type I (flexible) duct liner, Type II (rigid)
Mat-faced or coated air stream surface
Uses:
Fibrous glass duct liner minimizes air friction loss while
Fibrous glass duct liner insulation is designed for enabling the insulation to withstand easily the duct
application to the interiors of commercial and residential cleaning process when NAIMA recommendations are
sheet metal heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning ducts followed.
operating at internal air temperatures not exceeding 250oF
(121oC). Duct liner helps to attenuate noise generated by Factory-applied edge coating
central air handling equipment, air movement within the
ducts, and occupant cross-talk. It also serves to reduce This coating saves fabricators the time and cost
heat loss or gain through sheet metal duct surfaces, and involved in coating transverse joints to meet industry
helps to prevent the formation of water vapor requirements.
condensation both inside the duct and on its exterior
surface. Fibrous glass duct liner insulation is fabricated Bacteria and fungus resistant
along with the sheet metal ductwork in the shop, providing
quality workmanship under controlled conditions. Fibrous glass duct liners resist fungal and bacterial growth
when subjected to microbial attack as described in ASTM
Description: C 1338, required for airstream surfaces per ASHRAE 62.1-
2001; and, additionally, ASTM G 21-96 (fungus test) and G
Fibrous glass duct liner insulations are manufactured from 22-96 (bacteria test), required by ASTM C 1071.
glass fibers bonded with thermosetting resin. They are
dimensionally stable, withstand abuse, and provide a Code Compliance
cleanable, fire-resistant interior surface designed to
minimize friction loss. This interior treatment may be in the Fibrous glass duct liners meet the physical property
form of a coating and/or a mat facing. Two forms are requirements of ASTM C 1071 as well as meeting the fire
available. Both are designed to meet physical property safety requirements of NFPA 90A and 90B including
requirements of ASTM C 1071, Standard Specification for limited combustibility. They also comply with all widely
Duct Lining Insulation (Thermal and Sound Absorbing used model codes including ICC, BOCA, CABO, ICBO,
Material): and SBCCI.
• Type I – Flexible blankets, supplied in roll form;
thicknesses of 1/2 to 2 in. (13 to 51 mm) in 1/2 in. (13 mm) Thermal performance:
increments.
• Type II – Rigid boards, supplied in sheet form; ASTM C 1071 establishes the following maximum thermal
thicknesses of 1 to 2 in. (25 to 51mm) in 1/2 in. (13mm) conductivity values for fibrous glass duct liners at 75˚F
increments. (24˚C). (See Table 3, page 23.)

22
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

Table 3. Other properties established by Specification

Maximum thermal conductivity values (ASTM C 518) ASTM C 1071:

Apparent thermal conductivity Corrosiveness

Fibrous glass duct liner k, Btu•in/hr•ft2•˚F ( , W/m•˚C)
Fibrous glass duct liner shall not corrode stainless steel,
Type I, flexible: 0.31 (0.045) copper, or aluminum in contact with duct liner to an extent
Type II, rigid: 0.27 (0.039) greater than sterile cotton.
Thermal values are for insulation only as determined by ASTM C 518 at 75oF
(24oC) mean temperature and do not include air films or reflective surfaces. Temperature resistance
Values are subject to normal manufacturing and testing tolerances.
The air stream surface shall have no evidence of flaming,
Acoustical performance: glowing, smoldering, visible smoke, or delamination,
cracking, deformation or reduction in thickness at
When tested in accordance with ASTM C 423, Mounting minimum service temperature of 250˚F (121˚C).
A, fibrous glass duct liner insulation shall have sound
absorption coefficients not less than those in Table 4. Erosion resistance

Table 4. Maximum sound coefficients (ASTM C 423) The insulation shall not break away, flake off, or show
evidence of delamination or continued erosion when air is
Thickness Sound absorption coefficients, Hz passed through sections at 21/2 times rated air velocity.
in. (mm) 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 NRC
Odor emission
Type I (Flexible)
1
/2 (13) .02 .07 .18 .37 .52 .67 .30 The insulation shall have no detectable odor of
1 (25) .04 .19 .35 .55 .69 .72 .45 objectionable nature as determined by an odor panel.
11/2 (38) .03 .31 .58 .75 .82 .81 .60
2 (51) .16 .42 .76 .85 .85 .83 .70 Moisture vapor sorption

Type II (Rigid) Moisture vapor sorption shall not exceed 3% by weight.

1 (25) .02 .20 .52 .73 .82 .84 .55
1 /2 (38)
1
.05 .40 .77 .88 .88 .86 .75 Installation
2 (51) .12 .67 .99 .97 .91 .87 .90
Fibrous glass duct liner insulations are applied to interior
Consult individual manufacturers for specific acoustical performance surfaces using adhesives complying with the property
and/or data on thickness not listed. requirements of ASTM C 916, Standard Specification for
Adhesives for Duct Thermal Insulation, plus mechanical
fasteners designed specifically for this purpose, spaced
as shown in Figure 16. All joints and seams in the sheet
metal ductwork should be tightly sealed. Corner joints are
made as shown in Figures 17a, 17b, 17c.

Fig. 15. Shop fabricating with fibrous glass duct liner

23
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

SHEET METAL DUCTS WITH FIBROUS GLASS INSULATION LINER

LINER ADHERED TO 1 8
/ ” MAX.
DUCT WITH 90% (MIN.) NOMINAL INSULATION THICKNESS (3mm)
ADHESIVE COVERAGE
D (TYP)
B AIR FLOW
When velocity exceeds 4,000 FPM (20.3 m/sec), Install
CORNERS LAPPED AND BUTTED metal nosing on edges of duct liner facing air stream.

FASTENER SCHEDULE

ALL TRANSVERSE Mechanical fasteners shall be located with respect to interior

EDGES COATED duct dimensions, regardless of air flow direction, as follows:
Velocity, feet per minute 0 – 2,500 2,501 – 6,000
(meters per second) (0 – 12.7) (12.7 – 30.5)
C (TYP)
A From corners of duct 4” (100mm) 4” (100mm)
B From transverse end of liner 3” (75mm) 3” (75mm)
D A C Across width of duct,
(TYP) on centers, min. 1 per side 12” (300mm) 6” (150mm)
B C D Along length of duct,
A (TYP)
on centers, min. 1 per side 18” (450mm) 16” (400mm)

Figure 16. Mechanical fastener spacing for fibrous glass duct liner

Fig. 17a. Type I duct liner: three corners folded, one Fig. 17c. Type II duct liner: corners lapped, side pieces
corner lapped supporting top piece

Fig. 17b. Type I duct liner: corners lapped and slightly

compressed

24
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

Condensation control:
Short Form Field Inspection Check List
Figure 18 shows the installed R-values of fibrous glass YES NO
duct liner required to prevent moisture condensation on • Has duct liner been installed with airstream surface
printing visible?
the outer duct surface under varying conditions of ambient
temperature and relative humidity. Curves are based on • Does duct liner completely cover all inside surfaces
of the system, including fittings?
internal air temperature of 55˚F (13˚C) and no air
movement on the external surface. • Is the duct liner free of visible damage
(tears, punctures, abrasions?)
NOTE: R-values as required by ASHRAE 90.1-1989 may • Is duct certified to comply with ASTMC 1071?
not be sufficient for condensation control, as may be seen • Has duct liner been adhered to sheet metal with
in the figure below. adhesive meeting ASTM C 916?
• Are fasteners of the proper type and properly
installed perpendicular to sheet metal?
• Are fastener washers cupped or beveled, installed
so as not to cut into duct liner?
• Are fasteners spaced correctly for system air velocity?
• Do fastener heads or washers compress duct liner
no more than 1/8 in. (3mm)?
• Are leading edges and transverse joints factory-coated
or are they field-coated with adhesive meeting
requirements of ASTM C 916?
• Are transverse joints firmly butted, with no gaps
or open seams?
• Are all corner joints compressed and overlapped
Figure 18. Required R-values to prevent moisture or folded?
condensation • Are longitudinal joints at corners unless duct size or
product dimensions prohibit?
Table 5. • Are top panels of duct liner board supported
Commonly available fibrous glass duct liner R-values by side panels?
• Are all leading edges finished with sheet metal nosing
Thickness, in. (mm)R-value, hr•ft2•˚F/Btu (RSI, m2•˚C/W) if air velocity requires it?
• If installation is two layer, is second layer securely
bonded to first layer?
Type I
/2
1
(13) 1.9 – 2.2 (0.34 – 0.38) • Are all sheet metal joints sealed to prevent air leakage?
1 (25) 3.6 – 4.3 (0.63 – 0.77) • Has construction debris been blown or removed
11/2 (38) 5.4 – 6.3 (0.94 – 1.11) from ducts?
2 (51) 7.1 – 8.3 (1.26 – 1.47) • Are sources of potential moisture controlled in order
to keep duct liner dry?
Type II
1 (25) 4.3 (0.76)
11/2 (38) 6.2-6.5 (1.10-1.15)
2 (51) 8.3-8.7 (1.47-1.53)
Thermal values are for insulation only as determined by ASTM C518 at 75°F
(24°C) mean temperature and do not include air films or reflective surfaces.
Values are subject to normal manufacturing and testing tolerances.

25
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

SHEET METAL DUCTS WITH FIBROUS GLASS INSULATION WRAP

Features and benefits:

Condensation control

When installed thickness recommendations are followed,

fibrous glass duct wrap insulation installed over sealed
sheet metal ducts reduces the likelihood of condensation
occurring on the vapor retarder facing, and of moisture
damage to ceilings and other interior finishes.

Enhanced comfort control

By reducing heat loss or gain through duct walls,

conditioned air reaches occupied spaces at temperatures
close to design conditions. Central air equipment may
therefore be operated at reduced levels, saving energy.
Fig. 19. Fibrous glass duct wrap with FSK facing
Flexible, easily installed
Uses:
Fibrous glass duct wrap insulation is easily cut to proper
Fibrous glass duct wrap insulation is designed for fit. For ease of application, a staple flap is provided by the
application to the exteriors of commercial and residential manufacturers.
sheet metal heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning ducts
and plenums operating at temperatures between 40˚F Code compliance
(4˚C) and 250˚F (121˚C). Duct wrap insulation reduces
heat loss or gain through duct walls, conserving energy Fibrous glass duct wraps meet the physical property
and controlling moisture condensation. Fibrous glass duct requirements of ASTM C 1290 as well as meeting the fire
wrap insulations are useful in situations where acoustical safety requirements of NFPA 90A and 90B including
performance is not an issue. limited combustibility. They also comply with all widely
used model codes including ICC, BOCA, CABO, ICBO,
Description: and SBCCI.

Fibrous glass duct wrap insulations are flexible, resilient, Assured thermal performance:
light-density blankets of glass fibers factory-laminated to
vapor retarder facings. These products are easily cut and When installed in accordance with manufacturers’
fitted to achieve a neat, thermally effective insulation instructions, fibrous glass duct wraps will provide
blanket over the exteriors of rectangular, round, oval, or specified thermal performance as printed on the vapor
irregularly shaped duct surfaces. They are available in retarder facing. This is achieved by determining the
a range of R-values depending on product type, thickness “stretch-out” cutting dimension required so that, once
and density. installed, the duct wrap is not compressed to less than
75% of nominal (out-of-package) thickness.

26
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

Condensation control:

Commonly available R-values as published by Figures 20 and 21 show the installed R-values of fibrous
manufacturers show fibrous glass duct wrap insulations to glass duct wrap required to prevent moisture
perform in the R-value ranges shown in Table 6. condensation on the vapor retarder surface under varying
conditions of ambient temperature and relative humidity.
Table 6. Commonly available installed R-values Curves are based on cold duct internal temperatures of
55˚F (13˚C) and no air movement on the external surface.
Thickness R-value*, hr•ft2•˚F/Btu (RSI, m2•˚C/W)
in. (mm) NOTE: R-values as required by ASHRAE 90.1-1989 may
not be sufficient for condensation control, as may be seen
1 (25) 3.1 – 3.6 (0.54 – 0.68) in the figures below.
11/2 (38) 4.2 – 6.2 (0.74 – 1.09)
2 (51) 5.6 – 8.3 (0.99 – 1.46)
21/2 (64) 6.0 – 7.0 (1.06 – 1.28)
3 (76) 8.3 – 10.3 (1.46 – 1.81)
31/2 (89) 10.0 – 12.0 (1.76 – 2.11)
4 (102) 11.2 – 16.6 (2.00 – 3.00)

Thermal values are for insulation only as determined by ASTM C 518 at 75oF
(24oC) mean temperature and do not include air films or reflective surfaces.
Values are subject to normal manufacturing and testing tolerances.

Fig. 20. Required R-value, emissivity 0.1 (FSK)

Fig. 21. Required R-value, emissivity 0.9 (vinyl, PSK)

Note (Figs. 20, 21) that condensation will occur at higher

relative humidity. Condensation on the sheet metal duct
surface is controlled by using a sealed vapor retarder
of sufficient perm rating.

27
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

SHEET METAL DUCTS WITH FIBROUS GLASS INSULATION WRAP

Installation:

Fibrous glass duct wrap insulations are installed with

facings away from the duct surface. See Figure 22. A
stapling flap, prepared at the time of installation,
overlapping the insulation and facing at the other end of
the piece of duct wrap, is stapled to form a longitudinal
seam. Where a vapor retarder is required, the seam is
sealed with pressure-sensitive tape. Adjoining duct wrap
sections are similarly stapled and sealed using the facing
flap on one edge of the duct wrap as produced
at the factory. Seams and joints may also be sealed with
mastic and glass fiber fabric. For complete installation
details, consult manufacturers or National Commercial and
Industrial Insulation Standards, 1999, 5th Edition, Midwest
Insulation Contractors Association (MICA).

Fig. 22. Fibrous glass duct wrap may be installed on

round, oval, or rectangular ducts after joints have been
tightly sealed

WHERE VAPOR RETARDER IS

BUTT JOINT REQUIRED, CLOSE JOINTS WITH
SECURE FLAP WITH
PRESSURE-SENSITIVE TAPE OR
TAPE OR STAPLES
TAPE JOINT GLASS FABRIC AND MASTIC

2 IN. (50mm) TAPE FLAP

BUTT TIGHTLY

DISCARD
STRETCH-OUT
INCLUDES 2 IN. TAPE FLAP
(SEE TABLE 7)

Fig. 23. Installing fibrous glass duct wrap insulation to assure full installed R-value

28
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

Dimensions in Table 7 are established by ASTM C 1290

and should be used when cutting duct wrap insulation so
that, once installed, it is not compressed to less than 75%
of nominal (out-of-package) thickness.

Table 7. Installation stretch-out dimensions, in. (mm) (ASTM C 1290)

Nominal thickness Average installed INSULATION STRETCH-OUT DIMENSIONS, P* + in. (mm)

(as manufactured), thickness, Round duct, Square duct, Rectangular duct,
in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm)

1 (25) /4
3
(19) P+7 (178) P+6 (152) P+5 (127)
11/2 (38) 11/8 (29) P + 91/2 (241) P+8 (203) P+7 (178)
2 (51) 11/2 (38) P + 12 (305) P + 10 (254) P+8 (203)
21/2 (64) 17/8 (48) P + 141/2 (368) P + 121/2 (318) P + 91/2 (241)
3 (76) 21/4 (57) P + 17 (432) P + 141/2 (368) P + 111/2 (292)
31/2 (89) 25/8 (67) P + 191/2 (495) P + 161/2 (419) P + 13 (330)
4 (102) 3 (76) P + 22 (559) P + 19 (483) P + 16 (406)

Stretch-out dimension must be followed to achieve labeled installed R-values. *P = perimeter of sheet metal duct

Short Form Field Inspection Check List

(Refer to MICA National Commercial & Industrial Insulation
Standards for details)
YES NO
• Is duct system operating within humidity and
temperature range for which duct wrap
insulation is rated (40˚F – 250˚F, or 4˚C – 121˚C)?
• Were all joints in ductwork tightly sealed before
applying duct wrap insulation?
• Is duct wrap certified to comply with ASTMC 1290?
• Is the duct wrap insulation’s installed R-value clearly
printed on the facing?
• Are all seams and joints properly stapled with
outward clinching staples every 6 in. (150mm) or
tacked using tape across seam?
• When a vapor retarder is required, are seams
tightly taped with pressure-sensitive tape or sealed
with glass fabric and mastic?
• Was correct stretch-out dimension used so wrap
is not excessively compressed?
• If rectangular ducts are 24 in. (600 mm) wide or greater,
is duct wrap secured to bottom of duct with
mechanical fasteners to prevent sagging of insulation?

29
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

FIBROUS GLASS INSULATION BOARDS

Features and benefits:

Versatility

Fibrous glass insulation boards are available in a range

of stiffnesses, faced or unfaced, and in a range of
thicknesses. They may be applied to round, rectangular,
oval, or irregularly shaped ducts, plenums, and
equipment.

Thermally efficient

These insulations reduce heat loss or gain through duct,

plenum, and equipment walls, saving energy and helping
to reduce equipment operating costs.

Mechanical strength

Fig. 24. Fibrous glass insulation boards. Higher density insulations resist compression. They are
especially suited for use in mechanical rooms, where
Uses: traffic is frequent and a neat finished appearance is
desired.
Fibrous glass insulation boards may be applied to the
exterior of sheet metal ducts, housings, and plenums. Easy to install
These semi-rigid to rigid boards are also suitable for
insulating chillers and other cold or hot equipment, Fibrous glass insulation boards can be installed simply
and can be used in applications operating within the by impaling on weld pins and securing with speed clips or
temperature range of 0˚F (-18˚C) to 450˚F (232˚C). washers, or using special weld pins with integral cupped
They are available in thicknesses from 1 in. (25 mm) head washers. Panels are easy to handle, cut, and install.
to 4 in. (102 mm) in 1/2 in. (13 mm) increments. They are frequently used as insulations in systems
exposed to the weather.
Description:
Acoustical performance
These products are composed of glass fibers bonded
together with a thermosetting resin. They are These fibrous glass insulations provide excellent sound
manufactured in various stiffnesses. Fibrous glass absorption properties for vibration damping but do not
insulation boards are available unfaced, or faced with FSK control airborne noise. Consult manufacturers’ literature for
(foil/scrim/kraft) or ASJ (all-service jacket) facings. Both specific sound absorption data.
are excellent vapor retarders; FSK provides a metallic
finish, while ASJ presents a white finish. Code compliance

Fibrous glass insulation boards meet the physical

property requirements of ASTM C 612 as well as meeting
fire safety requirements of NFPA 90A and 90B including
limited combustibility. They also comply with all widely
used model codes including ICC, BOCA, CABO, ICBO,
and SBCCI.

30
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

Condensation control:

Figures 26 and 27 show the installed R-values of fibrous

glass insulation boards required to prevent moisture
condensation on the vapor retarder surface under varying
conditions of ambient temperature and relative humidity.
Curves are based on internal air temperatures of 55˚F
(13˚C) and no air movement on the exterior surface.

NOTE: R-values as required by ASHRAE 90.1-1989 may

not be sufficient for condensation control, as may be seen
in the figures below.
Fig. 25. Seams and joints of faced boards are sealed with
glass fabric and mastic or with pressure sensitive tape.

Thermal performance:

Manufacturers’ published literature shows these products to

perform in the following R-value ranges shown in Table 8,
depending on product type and density:

Table 8. Commonly available R-values

Thickness, R-value, hr•ft2•˚F/Btu (RSI, m2•˚C/W)

in. (mm)

1 (25) 4.0 – 4.5 (0.70–0.79) Fig. 26. Required R-value, emissivity 0.1 (FSK)
11/2 (38) 6.0 – 6.8 (1.06–1.20)
2 (51) 8.0 – 9.0 (1.41–1.58)
21/2 (64) 10.0 – 11.4 (1.75–2.01)
3 (76) 12.0 – 13.6 (2.11–2.39)
31/2 (89) 14.0 – 16.0 (2.46–2.82)
4 (102) 16.0 – 18.0 (2.82–3.17)

Thermal values above are for insulation only as determined by

ASTM C 518 at 75oF (24oC) and do not include air films or reflective
surfaces. Values are subject to normal manufacturing and testing
tolerances.

Fig. 27. Required R-value, emissivity 0.9 (ASJ)

31
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

FIBROUS GLASS INSULATION BOARDS

Installation:

On exterior duct surfaces, insulation is installed by

impaling it on weld pins and securing with speed clips or
washers, or using special weld pins with integral cupped
head washers. Unfaced boards can then be finished with
reinforced insulating cement, canvas, or weatherproof
mastic, or with sheet metal, depending upon the
application. See Figure 28. Faced boards can be installed
in the same way. Joints between boards are sealed with
pressure-sensitive tape or glass fabric and mastic.

MECHANICAL FASTENERS AS REQUIRED

TO SECURE INSULATION, STARTING 3” (75mm) VAPOR RETARDER OVER JOINTS,
(MAXIMUM) FROM BUTT JOINT BREAKS, AND PENETRATIONS
OF INSULATION JACKET

FIBROUS GLASS INSULATION BOARD,

CORNERS STRAIGHT OR KERFED
RECTANGULAR DUCT

RECTANGULAR DUCT

WEATHER BARRIER MASTIC REINFORCED WITH

FABRIC OR MESH FOR OUTDOOR APPLICATIONS.
OPTIONAL: SHEET METAL LAGGING

ADHESIVE SPOTTED AS REQUIRED TO ASSIST DURING INSTALLATION

Fig. 28. Installation of fibrous glass insulation board on duct or plenum exterior
(From National Commercial & Industrial Insulation Standards, Midwest Insulation Contractors Association)

32
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

Insulating for personnel protection:

Insulation thickness is considered sufficient to provide

personnel protection when its surface temperature Short Form Field Inspection Check List
installed on a hot surface does not exceed 140˚F (60˚C). YES NO
Table 9, based on the NAIMA 3E Plus® Program, gives the • Are insulation boards certified to comply
with ASTM C 612?
thicknesses of fibrous glass insulation boards that will
achieve such protection at operating temperatures to • Were all joints in sheet metal ductwork tightly sealed
before installing insulation?
450˚F (232˚C).
• Are mechanical fasteners spaced on 16 in. to 18 in.
Table 9. Thickness required for personnel protection (400mm to 450mm) centers starting no more than
3 in. (76mm) from joints?
System Insulation Insulation • Are mechanical fasteners spaced at the
Operating Thickness Thickness correct intervals?
Temperature (FSK facing) (ASJ or bare) • Where a vapor retarder is required, are seams
o
F (oC) in. (mm) in. (mm) of insulation boards tightly taped or sealed with
glass fabric and mastic?
150 (66) /2
1
(13) 1
/2 (13) • Is pressure-sensitive tape at least 3 in. (76mm) wide
200 (93) /2
1
(13) 1
/2 (13) over all seams and joints?
250 (121) 1 (25) 1
/2 (13) • Is field-jacketing material evenly and uniformly
300 (149) 1 (25) 1
/2 (13) applied, with no gaps or seams?
350 (177) 11/2 (38) 1 (25) • Where a vapor retarder is required, are all fasteners
400 (204) 2 (51) 1 (25) tightly sealed with pressure-sensitive tape
450 (232) 21/2 (64) 1 (25) matching the insulation facing?

Conditions: Vertical flat surface, average ambient temperature:

75oF (24oC), no air movement at exterior surface.

33
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

FLEXIBLE DUCT SYSTEMS

Features and benefits:

Acoustically effective

The fiber glass insulation absorbs fan and vibration noise

from central air equipment and eliminates the popping
noises caused by expansion and contraction
of sheet metal ducts.

Thermally efficient

The fiber glass insulation helps the flexible duct system to

deliver to occupied spaces conditioned air at or close to
design temperatures, saving energy and contributing to
comfort.

Fast installation
Fig. 29. Flexible duct
Flexible duct is easily cut to required lengths and quickly
Uses: attached to trunk ducts and room registers using sheet
metal collars and closure straps, tapes, or glass fiber
Fibrous glass insulated flexible ducts are used in fabric and mastic.
residential and commercial heating, ventilating, and air
conditioning systems operating at static pressures from 1/2 Flexibility
to 10 in. w.g. (125 to 2500 Pa), 6,000 fpm (30.5 m/sec)
maximum air velocity, and 250˚F (121˚C) maximum internal This characteristic simplifies completion of the system,
air temperature. Flexible ducts are designed for use as run- especially when ducts must be routed through spaces
outs from trunk ducts to room registers, diffusers, and with obstructions such as attics or above suspended
mixing boxes. They may also be used as supply and return ceilings.
air ducts when the product’s flexibility is an advantage in
routing ducts through spaces with obstructions. Code compliance

Description: Fibrous glass insulated flexible duct systems meet

requirements of UL 181, and comply with all widely
Fibrous glass insulated flexible ducts consist of a spiral used model codes including ICC, BOCA, CABO, ICBO,
wire reinforced inner air barrier core wrapped with resilient and SBCCI.
fibrous glass insulation and jacketed with an exterior vapor
retarder of reinforced foil or plastic film. The light density Thermal performance:
fibrous glass insulation provides both thermal efficiency
and effective noise control. Insulated flexible ducts are Commonly available R-values range from 4.1 to 8.0.
available in sizes encompassing most residential and Consult manufacturers’ literature for their products’
commercial system requirements. (NAIMA members do R-values, as well as for the following performance
not manufacture flexible ducts, but do supply the flexible properties.
duct industry with fibrous glass insulation.)
Friction loss:

Friction loss is determined in accordance with Air Diffusion

Council Test Code FD-72-R1.

34
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

Acoustical performance: Connections:

Acoustical performance is determined in accordance Insulated flexible ducts are connected to fiber glass
with ASTM E 477 and/or Air Diffusion Council Test Code or sheet metal trunk ducts using standard sheet metal
FD-72-R1. dove-tail or spin-in collars. The flexible duct is mechanically
attached either with plastic closure straps, metal clamp
Static pressure / temperature performance: straps, or approved tape. Connections should be made
without bends in excess of 90 degrees, using the shortest
These properties are determined in accordance with Air possible lengths of flexible duct material.
Diffusion Council Test Code FD-72-R1 under conditions of
140˚F (60˚C) for 160 hours and 180˚F (82˚F) for 4 hours. Support:

Leakage: Insulated flexible ducts are supported at intervals as

recommended by manufacturers, but at a distance not
Leakage is determined in accordance with Air greater than 5 feet (1.5 m), with maximum permissible sag
Diffusion Test Council Test Code FD-72-R1 for flexible duct of 1/2 in. per foot (15mm per 300 mm) of spacing between
only; leakage including connections is determined in support points.
accordance with UL 181 requirements
Details of flexible duct connection and support are
available in Air Diffusion Council (ADC) Flexible Duct
Performance & Installation Standards, 4rd edition, 2003.

5 FEET (1.5m) (MAX.)

RIGHT

SAG 1/2 in. (15mm)

PER FOOT
OF SUPPORT SPACING

CEILING JOISTS

WRONG
11/2 in. (38mm) (MIN.)

Fig. 30. Correct ways to connect and support flexible duct

35
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

FLEXIBLE DUCT SYSTEMS

Short Form Field Inspection Check List

(Refer to ADC Flexible Duct Installation Manual for details
YES NO
• Is duct system static pressure within product limits?
• Does insulation R-value meet code requirements?
• Is the UL 181B label attached to flexible duct material?
• Is the UL label attached to the flexible duct jacket?
• Are connections to trunk ducts air-tight and insulated?
• Do closures otherwise meet ADC manual requirements?
• Does flexible duct support meet ADC manual
requirements?
• Is the duct system free from sharp bends or kinks?
• Are vertical flexible duct runs correctly supported?

Fig. 31. Applying plastic closure strap to flexible duct

36
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

INSULATING RETURN AIR SYSTEMS, DUCTED AND NON-DUCTED

General:

Provisions must be made for the return of conditioned air Thermal insulation is also important on return systems
from occupied spaces to central air equipment. Without because the temperature differential between the ambient
adequate provisions for return air flow, the system may air and the return air in the duct is often large.
deliver insufficient air to occupied spaces and may also
lose overall thermal efficiency. This is an especially critical Non-ducted return systems
factor in today’s tight, energy-efficient construction.
Stud cavities and spaces between floor joists are often
There are two basic approaches to providing for return air: used as return air paths. Unless these paths are tightly
ducted and non-ducted. (Many systems are sealed, return air may be drawn into central equipment
combinations of these two approaches.) from unconditioned spaces such as hot or cold attics,
basements, and crawl spaces, and supplied to occupied
Ducted return systems spaces. Such unwanted air can easily enter a non-ducted
return system through numerous construction openings
Ducted return systems are preferable because ducts such as wiring conduits and chases.
provide the most thermally and acoustically efficient path
for air to return to central units. Ideally, every room or Fig. 33 shows ways in which leakage can be minimized
space should have a return air register ducted into the when stud and joist cavities are used as return ducts.
return system. This makes it unnecessary to resort to such
expedients as placing grilles in doors, under-cutting doors The builder and the HVAC contractor should work together
so return air can flow under them, or (in worst cases) in the early stages of construction to ensure opportunities
simply leaving doors open and suffering the resulting lack to provide for return air systems when it can still be done
of privacy. right - before interior walls, ceilings, and other construction
block access to potential
It is often important that return ducts be acoustically locations for return air paths.
treated to prevent central equipment noise from reaching
occupied spaces. Fibrous glass ducts, insulated flexible
ducts, and sheet metal ducts with fibrous glass duct liners
can all be used to provide acceptable noise control. Duct
wraps provide no acoustical benefit.

C STUD CAVITY USED AS SPACE BETWEEN JOISTS

C RETURN DUCT USED AS RETURN DUCT

D BLOCK OFF TO PREVENT ENCLOSE SPACE WITH

D C AIR INFILTRATION DUCT BOARD

C D C
B
A
C

A. FRESH AIR INTAKE (NOT ALWAYS PRESENT)

B. CENTRAL HEATING/COOLING EQUIPMENT SEAL EDGES
C. SUPPLY DUCT SYSTEM TO PREVENT
D. RETURN DUCT SYSTEM AIR INFILTRATION

Fig. 32. Air distribution system including ducted return Fig. 33. Ways to provide non-ducted air return

37
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS - 3-Part Masterformat®

Fibrous Glass Duct Work - Thermal/Acoustical Insulation, Section 15082, Commercial / Residential Duct Systems

PART 1.00 - GENERAL

1.01 Scope
A. Work covered by this specification consists of w.g. (+ 500 Pa) shall be fabricated from one of the following:
furnishing all labor, equipment, materials and accessories,
and performing all operations required, for correct 1. Type 475-EI or Type 800-EI fibrous glass duct board
fabrication and installation of air duct systems using 1 in. (25mm) thick having an R-value of 4.3 (RSI, 0.76).
fibrous glass duct board, in accordance with applicable 2. Type 800-EI duct board 11/2 in. (38mm) thick having
project drawings and specifications, subject to terms and an R-value of 6.5 (RSI, 1.14).
conditions of the contract: 3. Type 800-EI or Type 1400-EI duct board 2 in. (51mm)
thick having an R-value of 8.7 (RSI,1.53).
1. All air duct systems operating at internal static
pressures not exceeding + 2 in. w.g. (+ 500 Pa), internal B. Duct board shall be imprinted with the manufacturer’s
air velocities not exceeding 5,000 fpm and 12 m/sec to name, board type, and R-value in a repeat pattern.
25.4 m/sec and internal air temperatures not exceeding Additionally, each full duct board sheet shall have a UL
250oF (121oC) and not lower than 40˚F (4˚C). Class 1 Air Duct label adhered to the facing of the board.
Flexible ducts shall be identified in a similar manner.
B. The finished duct system shall meet the
requirements of NFPA 90A and 90B by complying with the C. The duct board shall have an air barrier/vapor retarder
requirements of Underwriters Laboratories Standard for facing of aluminum foil/kraft laminate reinforced with scrim.
Safety UL 181 for Class 1 Air Duct.
2.01 Alternate material specification
C. Dimensions shown on the plans are finished inside A. Lined or coated duct board products are
dimensions. Fabrication and installation shall conform to the available for use where it is desired to have the airstream
manufacturer’s recommendations and to the requirements of surface coated or faced to (1) isolate the glass fiber
the latest edition of the North American Insulation substrate, (2) inhibit penetration of the insulation by dust,
Manufacturers Association’s Fibrous Glass Duct Construction dirt or other pollutants, and (3) provide a surface that is
Standard (hereinafter referred to as NAIMA FGDCS). easily cleanable. These products may be rated for internal
air velocities exceeding 2,400 fpm (12 m/s).
D. Grooves and shiplaps shall be made using specific
tools and/or machines designed for that purpose. Ends shall 2.02 Closure materials
meet so that shiplaps fit without ridges or rough edges.
Closure materials shall be one of the following:
1.02 Delivery and storage of materials
A. All materials and/or fabricated duct sections and A. Pressure-sensitive aluminum foil tapes listed and
fittings shall be delivered to the job site in good condition labeled under UL 181A, Part I (P), identified by name,
and stored in a safe dry place. date of manufacture, product name/number, and UL
181A-P. Minimum width of pressure-sensitive tape for
B. All means necessary shall be used at the job site 1 in. (25mm) duct board is 21/2 in. (64mm). 3 in. (76mm)
to protect materials from dust, dirt, moisture, and physical pressure-sensitive tape is recommended for 11/2 in. (38mm)
abuse before and during installation. duct board and required for 2 in. (51mm) duct board.

PART 2.00 - PRODUCTS B. Heat-activated tapes listed and labeled under UL

181A, Part II (H), identified by name, date of manufacture,
2.01 Insulated duct system product name/ number, and UL 181A-H, may be used in
A. All rectangular supply ducts, return ducts, and related all applications except for bonding to sheet metal. Tapes
fittings of 96 in. (2400mm) span or less operating at + 2 in. shall be at least 3 in. (76mm) wide.

38
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

C. Mastic as listed under UL181A, Part III (M) and

applied in conjunction with 3 in. (76mm) wide glass fabric E. Heat-activated tape closures shall be sealed with an
tape. This closure system may be used as an alternative iron (a heat gun may not be used) using a smearing action.
to either pressure-sensitive or heat-activated tapes for all Heat-sealing equipment must be capable of maintaining a
closure applications, and must be used to bond duct sufficient temperature at the duct surface to assure an
board to sheet metal when system operating pressure is adequate bond. Colored dots on tape surface shall become
greater than 1 in. w.g. (125 Pa). It may also be required in darkened, indicating that satisfactory bonding temperature
some fire-rated assemblies. has been reached. Staples may be omitted when closures
are made by machine using heat-activated tape. Joint shall
PART 3.00 - EXECUTION be allowed to cool before stressing.

3.01 Receiving Inspection F. Mastic shall be brushed onto joint and glass fabric
A. All materials shall be inspected to verify that the duct imbedded in it. A second coat of mastic shall be brushed
system may be installed in accordance with project over the glass fabric until the fabric is filled. Mastic shall
drawings, operating performance parameters, limitations, be applied in accordance with application instructions on
and standards published in NAIMA FGDCS. the container, and allowed to cure before stressing.

3.02 Fabrication, straight duct and fittings 3.04 Reinforcement

A. All straight duct sections shall be fabricated in A. All straight ducts and fittings shall be reinforced to
accordance with NAIMA FGDCS, Section II, and all fittings prevent ballooning, collapsing, or sagging using either the
shall be fabricated in accordance with NAIMA FGDCS, formed sheet metal system or the tie rod system in
Section III, using proper machinery, tools, and techniques. accordance with the provisions of Section V of NAIMA
FGDCS. Tie rod washers shall be 21/2 in. (64mm) square or 3
3.03 Closure in. (76mm) diameter and shall be made of plated or
A. Mechanical fasteners of the types shown in galvanized sheet metal of at least 0.028 in. (0.7mm)
NAIMA FGDCS, Section IV, shall be used to connect the thickness, with turned edges to prevent cutting into the facing
duct board to sheet metal before application of closure of the duct board. Hole size shall be approximately 0.150 in.
material. (4mm) to allow the tie rod to move freely through the washer.

B. Flaps on all field joints shall be stapled B. To prevent sagging of top panels of supply ducts
approximately 2 in. (50mm) on centers with 1/2 in. (13mm) over 48 in. (1200mm) wide reinforced with formed sheet
(min.) outward clinching steel staples near the edge of the metal channel, #10 plated sheet metal screws with 21/2 in.
flap. On fitting joints where stapling flaps cannot be (64mm) square or 3 in. (76mm) diameter galvanized steel
included as part of the construction, tape tabs 8 in. washers shall be installed inside the duct on the
(200mm) (min.) in length shall be applied. Tape tabs shall longitudinal centerline of the duct. When tie rod
be centered over the joint, a minimum of one tab per duct reinforcement is used, sag support shall consist of 1/2 in.
side and/or 12 in. (300mm) (max.) on centers. (13mm) rigid galvanized steel conduit and 21/2 in. (64mm)
square or 3 in. (76mm) diameter galvanized steel washers
C. On field joints, all taping surfaces shall be wiped inside the duct on the longitudinal centerline 3 in. (76mm)
clean before sealing. If the surface is contaminated with from the male shiplap edge. For all negative pressure
grease or oil, it shall be cleaned with a solvent systems, refer to NAIMA FGDCS for proper spacing of
recommended by the tape manufacturer. reinforcement and proper attachment to the duct board.

D. Pressure-sensitive tape shall be firmly rubbed in 3.05 Hanging and support

place immediately after application using a squeegee tool. A. The duct system shall be supported in accordance
When the duct surface temperature is below with the provisions of Section VI of NAIMA FGDCS.
50˚F (10˚C), a heat-sealing tool shall be used to assure
bonding. Pressure-sensitive tapes may be used to seal to B. All hangers, supports, and attachments to the
properly cleaned sheet metal when system operating structure must be capable of withstanding three times the
pressure is less than 1 in. w.g. (125 Pa). anticipated load.

39
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

apply to the work. Manufacturer’s Material Safety Data

3.06 Accessories Sheets (MSDS) shall be consulted when appropriate.
A. Doors, coils, dampers, registers, grilles, diffusers, air
turning vanes, air volume extractors, and other accessory Sheet Metal Ducts - Acoustical Lining Insulation
items shall be installed as detailed in NAIMA FGDCS with Section 15291, Commercial/Residential Duct Systems
adequate reinforcement and support to accommodate
additional weight without damage to the duct board. PART 1.00 - GENERAL

Dampers over 2 square feet (0.19m2) shall be supported 1.01 Scope

by sheet metal sleeves with all moving parts shielded with A. Work covered by this specification consists of
galvanized sheet metal at abrasion points. All 90˚ elbows furnishing all labor, equipment, materials and accessories,
shall contain turning vanes spaced at 3 in. (75mm) (max.) and performing all operations required, for correct
intervals, mounted in accordance with the turning vane fabrication and installation of fibrous glass duct liner in
manufacturer’s instructions. Turning vanes shall not be sheet metal commercial or residential air duct systems, in
considered as reinforcing members. If air volume accordance with applicable project drawings and
extractors or splitter dampers are required on side take-off specifications, subject to terms and conditions of the
and split duct connections, these shall be fabricated using contract:
appropriate hardware. Slip-in electric heating coils shall be 1.Installation of all air duct systems operating at
supported independently of the duct system and installed internal air velocities not exceeding rated duct liner
in galvanized sheet metal sleeves extending 6 in. limitations and internal air temperature not exceeding
(150mm) (min.) on both sides of the coils. 250˚F (121˚C).
2. Duct liner products shall conform to the
Accessory items shall be connected to the duct system using requirements of ASTM C 1071 and ASTM C 665.
21/2 in. (64mm) square or 3 in. (76mm) round galvanized or 3. Duct liner products shall perform in accordance
plated steel washers and #10 sheet metal screws of with the requirements of ASHRAE 62-2001.
appropriate length to spread the load to the duct board. 4. The manufacturer’s product identification, R-value,
NFPA 90A/90B, and other required labeling
3.07 Final Inspection information shall appear on the air stream surface.
A. Upon completion of installation of the duct system 5. Duct liner adhesive shall conform to the
and before operation is to commence, the system shall be requirements of ASTM C 916.
visually inspected to verify that it has been correctly 6. The finished duct system shall meet the
installed using the Inspection Check List in NAIMA requirements of NFPA 90A and 90B, including
FGDCS. Any scraps and loose pieces of material shall be 7. Duct liner products shall conform to the
removed from inside the duct system. requirements of ASTM E 84 with a flame spread
index not greater than 25 and a smoke developed
B. All dampers shall be opened and fans turned on to index not greater than 50 per NFPA 255, UL 723,
blow all remaining loose material out of the duct system. and CAN4/ULC-S102.
8. The air stream surface shall have no evidence of
C. The duct system shall be checked to ensure that flaming, glowing, smoldering, visible smoke, or
there are no air leaks through joints or through tears or delamination, cracking, or reduction in thickness
punctures of the air barrier facing. If tears or punctures are when tested in accordance with ASTM C411 at a
found, these shall be repaired using procedures as temperature not less than 250oF (121oC).
detailed in Section VIII, NAIMA FGDCS. 9. When tested in accordance with NFPA 259, the
insulation shall, have a potential heat value not
3.08 Safety precautions exceeding 3500 Btu/lb (8141 Kj/kg).
A. All job site operations shall be conducted in 10.Duct liner products shall exhibit no microbiological
compliance with applicable provisions of the amplification per ASTM C 1338 when tested per
Occupational Safety and Health Act, NAIMA’s Health and ASTM G 21-96 (fungi test) and ASTM G 22-96
Safety Partnership Program (HSPP) and all state and/or (bacteria test)
local safety and health codes and regulations that may

40
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

B. Dimensions shown on the plans are finished no interruptions or gaps. Duct liner shall be installed with
inside dimensions. the surface printing exposed to the air stream.

C. Fabrication and installation shall conform to B. Duct liner shall be adhered to the sheet metal with
manufacturer’s recommendations and to the requirements 90% (minimum) coverage of adhesive complying with
of the latest edition of North American Insulation requirements of ASTM C 916.
Manufacturers Association Fibrous Glass Duct Liner
Standard (hereinafter referred to as NAIMA FGDLS) or of C. If not already coated by the duct liner manufacturer,
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National all transverse edges not receiving sheet metal nosing shall
Association HVAC Duct Construction Standards - Metal and be coated. Longitudinal joints in duct liner should occur at
Flexible (hereinafter referred to as SMACNA HVAC DCS). the corners of ducts. If duct size and standard duct liner
product dimensions may make exposed longitudinal joints
1.02 Delivery and storage of materials necessary, exposed joints shall be coated with adhesive
A. All materials and/or fabricated, insulated duct designed for duct liner application meeting requirements of
sections and fittings shall be delivered to the job site in ASTM C 916. Such joints shall be secured with mechanical
good condition and stored in a safe, dry place. fasteners in accordance with NAIMA FGDLS, treated as
transverse joints.
B. All materials shall be protected from dust, dirt, moisture,
and physical abuse before, during, and after installation. Wet D. Duct liner shall be mechanically fastened with
or contaminated duct liner shall be replaced. weld-secured or impact-driven fasteners so as to
compress the insulation no more than 1/8 in. (3 mm) based
PART 2.00 - PRODUCTS on nominal insulation thickness, installed
perpendicular to the duct surface. Spacing of mechanical
2.01 Insulated duct system fasteners with respect to interior duct dimensions shall be
A. All supply ducts, return ducts, and related fittings in accordance with NAIMA FGDLS or SMACNA HVAC
shall be insulated with duct liner meeting the requirements DCS. Fastener heads or washers shall have a minimum
of ASTM C 1071 as follows: area of 0.75 in.2 (5cm2) with beveled or cupped edges.
1. Type I - Flat, in roll form, in thicknesses of 1/2 to 2 in.
(13 to 51mm) in 1/2 in. (13mm) increments. Maximum E. Metal nosings (channel or zee) shall be securely
thermal conductivity at 75˚F (24˚C) mean installed over transverse liner edges facing the airstream
temperature: at fan discharge and at any point where lined duct is
0.31 Btu•in/hr•ft2•˚F ( = 0.045 W/m•˚C). preceded by unlined duct. Also, where air velocities
2. Type II - Flat, in sheet form, in thicknesses of 1 to 2 exceed 4,000 fpm (20.3 m/sec), metal nosing shall be
in. (25 to 51mm) in 1/2 in. (13mm) increments. installed on upstream edges of all lined duct sections.
Maximum thermal conductivity at 75˚F (24˚C) mean
temperature: F. Flexible duct liner shall be folded and compressed
0.27 Btu•in/hr•ft2•˚F ( = 0.039 W/m•˚C). at corners of rectangular duct sections, or shall be cut and
fit to assure a lapped, compressed corner joint.
PART 3.00 - EXECUTION
G. Rigid duct liner shall be cut and fit to assure tight,
3.01 Receiving Inspection overlapped corner joints. Top pieces of rigid duct liner
A. All materials shall be inspected to verify that the duct shall be supported at the edges by side pieces.
liner product may be installed in accordance with project
drawings, operating performance parameters and H. Installation of two layers of duct liner is not
limitations, and provisions of NAIMA FGDLS or SMACNA recommended. If the specification forces the use of
HVAC DCS. multiple layers, the following steps shall be taken:

3.02 Insulation of straight ducts and fittings 1. First layer of duct liner shall be adhered to the sheet
A. All portions of duct designated to receive duct liner metal in the usual manner.
shall be fully insulated, with all joints neatly butted and

41
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

2. Top layer of duct liner shall be adhered to bottom Sheet Metal Ducts - Thermal Insulation Wrap Section
layer using a minimum of 90% adhesive coverage. 15082, Commercial/Residential Duct Systems
3. Mechanical fasteners shall be of the proper length
for the double layer of duct liner. PART 1.00 - GENERAL
4. Leading edges of double layer duct linings shall be
treated to prevent separation of the two layers in 1.01 Scope
accordance with requirements for single layer A. Work covered by this specification consists of
applications as determined by air velocity. furnishing all labor, equipment, materials and accessories,
and performing all operations required, for correct
I. All ductwork joints and seams shall be sealed in fabrication and installation of fibrous glass thermal
accordance with specification seal class rating. insulation wrap on exterior surfaces of sheet metal
commercial or residential air duct systems, in accordance
3.03 Final Inspection with applicable project drawings and specifications,
A. Upon completing installation of lined duct and before subject to terms and conditions of the contract:
HVAC system start-up, ductwork shall be visually 1. All air duct systems operating at internal air temperatures
inspected to verify that duct liner has been correctly not exceeding 250oF (121oC) or lower than 40˚F (4˚C).
installed and to confirm that the duct system is free from
construction debris. B. Duct wrap insulation shall meet the requirements of
ASTM C 1290, Type II, to maximum service temperature of
3.04 Commissioning 250oF (121oC). Facing material shall meet the requirements
After the lined duct system is completely installed and of ASTM C 1136, Type II, when surface burning
ready for service, a final inspection of the entire system characteristics are determined in accordance with ASTM E
shall be conducted. This inspection should include, at 84 with the foil surface or polymer surface of the material
minimum, the following steps: exposed to the flame as it is in the final composite.
1. All registers, grilles, and diffusers shall be checked to
ensure that they are clean and free from construction C. Dimensions shown on the plans are finished
debris. inside dimensions.
2. All filters shall be checked in accordance with their
manufacturers’ instructions. Specified grade of filters D. Duct wrap shall be installed in accordance with
shall be used at all times system is operating. manufacturer’s instructions in such a manner that the
3. Supply openings shall be covered with filter media insulation will provide the installed R-value as published
prior to system start-up to catch any loose material for the product and printed on the facing, thus assuring
that may remain inside the ductwork. specified in-place thermal performance.
4. The HVAC system shall be turned on and allowed to
run until steady state operation is reached. 1.02 Delivery and storage of materials
5. Temporary filter media shall be removed from supply
openings and, along with it, any loose material blown A. All insulation materials and fabricated duct sections
downstream and caught by the filter media. and fittings shall be delivered to the job site in good
6. Air delivery performance shall be checked to ensure condition and stored in a safe, dry place.
that it meets all requirements and complies with
SMACNA leakage specifications. B. All means necessary shall be used at the job site to
protect materials from dust, dirt, moisture, and physical
3.05 Safety precautions abuse before and during installation.
A. All job site operations shall be conducted in
compliance with applicable provisions of the Occupational PART 2.00 - PRODUCTS
Safety and Health Act, NAIMA’s Health and Safety
Partnership Program (HSPP) and all state and/or local 2.01 Insulated duct system
safety and health codes and regulations that may apply to A. All supply ducts, return ducts, and related fittings
the work. Consult manufacturer’s Material Safety Data shall be insulated with faced duct wrap insulation meeting
Sheet (MSDS) when appropriate. the R-value called for in project specifications or drawings.

42
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

The duct wrap insulation shall consist of a blanket of corners. Seams shall be stapled approximately 6 in.
glass fibers factory-laminated to a scrim reinforced (150mm) on center with 1/2 in. (13mm) (min.) steel outward
foil kraft vapor retarder facing with a 2 in. (50mm) (min.) clinching staples.
stapling and taping flange on one edge.
E. Where a vapor retarder is required, seams shall be
PART 3.00 - EXECUTION sealed with pressure-sensitive tape matching the
insulation facing, either plain foil or scrim-reinforced. All
3.01 Receiving Inspection tears, punctures, and other penetrations of the duct wrap
A. The duct wrap shall be inspected to verify that it can facing shall be sealed with tape or mastic to provide a
be installed in accordance with project drawings and with vapor-tight system.
operating performance parameters and limitations.
3.03 Final Inspection
3.02 Insulation of straight duct and fittings
A. Upon completion of installation of duct wrap and
A. Before applying duct wrap, sheet metal ducts shall before operation is to commence, the system shall be
be inspected to ensure that they are clean, dry, and tightly visually inspected to verify that it has been correctly
sealed at all joints and seams. installed.

B. All portions of duct designated to be externally B. All system dampers shall be opened and fans turned
insulated shall be completely covered with duct wrap. on to blow all scraps and other loose pieces of material
out of the duct system. Such material shall be removed.
C. To ensure installed thermal performance, duct wrap
shall be cut to “stretch-out” dimensions in Table A below. C. The duct system shall be checked to ensure that
Remove a 2 in. (50mm) (min.) piece of insulation from the there are no air leaks through joints.
facing at the end of the piece of duct wrap to form an
overlapping stapling and taping flap. 3.04 Safety precautions
A. All job site operations shall be conducted in
D. Duct wrap insulation shall be installed with facing compliance with applicable provisions of the
outside so that the tape flap overlaps the insulation and Occupational Safety and Health Act, NAIMA’s Health and
facing at the other end of the piece of duct wrap. Adjacent Safety Partnership Program, and all state and/or local
sections of duct wrap insulation shall be tightly butted with safety and health codes and regulations that may apply to
the 2 in. (50mm) (min.) stapling and taping flap the work. Manufacturer’s Material Safety Data Sheet
overlapping. If ducts are rectangular or square, insulation (MSDS) shall be consulted when appropriate.
shall be installed so it is not excessively compressed at

Table A. Stretch-out dimensions to assure installed thermal performance

Nominal thickness Average installed INSULATION STRETCH-OUT DIMENSIONS, P* + in. (mm)

(as manufactured), thickness, Round duct, Square duct, Rectangular duct,
in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm)
1 (25) 3
/4 (19) P+7 (178) P+6 (152) P+5 (127)
11/2 (38) 11/8 (29) P + 91/2 (241) P+8 (203) P+7 (178)
2 (51) 11/2 (38) P + 12 (305) P + 10 (254) P+8 (203)
21/2 (64) 17/8 (48) P + 141/2 (368) P + 121/2 (318) P + 91/2 (241)
3 (76) 2 /4
1
(57) P + 17 (432) P + 14 /2
1
(368) P + 11 /2
1
(292)
31/2 (89) 25/8 (67) P + 191/2 (495) P + 161/2 (419) P + 13 (330)
4 (102) 3 (76) P + 22 (559) P + 19 (483) P + 16 (406)
Stretch-out dimension must be followed to achieve labeled installed R-values. *P = perimeter of sheet metal duct

43
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

FACTS ON FIBROUS GLASS DUCT INSULATION Health and safety:

Fiber glass has been commercially manufactured for more NAIMA and its member companies are committed to
than 75 years. Today, fiber glass is an important ensuring that fiber glass products can be safely
component of the nation’s economy, providing energy- manufactured, installed and used. NAIMA member
conserving products that help reduce pollution and companies have funded tens of millions of dollars of
preserve the environment. research at leading independent laboratories and
universities in the United States and abroad. The weight
One of the world’s most useful materials, fiber glass can of the scientific research shows no association between
absorb sound, help control heat flow, diminish impurities exposure to glass fibers and respiratory disease or
from liquids and gases, reinforce other materials and, with cancer in humans.
a vapor retarder, help control condensation. Fiber glass
duct insulation will not support the growth of mold or In October 2001, an international expert review by the
bacteria when tested in accordance with specifications of International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
the American Society for Testing and Materials re-evaluated the 1988 IARC assessment of glass fibers
(ASTM C 1338) or Underwriters Laboratories Inc. and removed glass wools from its list of possible
UL 181. In addition, fiber glass duct insulation materials carcinogens by changing the classification of these
installed internal to the duct system are tested per fibers from Group 2B (possible carcinogen) to Group 3
ASTM G 21-96 and G 22-96 for mold and bacteria. (not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans). Fiber
glass wools that are commonly used for thermal and
Commitment to product stewardship: acoustical insulation are included in this classification.
IARC noted specifically:
In May 1999, the North American Insulation Manufacturers
Association (NAIMA) began implementing a comprehensive “Epidemiologic studies published during the 15 years
voluntary work practice partnership with the U. S. since the previous IARC Monographs review of these
Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA). This fibers in 1988 provide no evidence of increased risks of
Health and Safety Partnership Program (HSPP) will train lung cancer or mesothelioma (cancer of the lining of the
workers to keep airborne exposures below 1 fiber-per- body cavities) from occupational exposures during
cubic-centimeter (1 f/cc). The HSPP sets a voluntary manufacture of these materials, and inadequate evidence
permissible exposure limit, or PEL, of 1-fiber-per-cubic- overall of any cancer risk.”
centimeter (1f/cc).
IARC retained its Group 3 classification for continuos glass
NAIMA has produced a pamphlet entitled, “Working with filaments and the Group 2B “possible carcinogen”
Fiber Glass, Rock Wool and Slag Wool Products,” that classification for certain special purpose glass fibers
describes the recommended work practices. Included in
the pamphlet are recommendations for minimizing dust The IARC decision is consistent with the conclusion
generation, maintaining adequate ventilation, wearing reached by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, which
appropriate clothing and personal protective equipment, in 2000 found “no significant association between fiber
and removing fibers from skin and eyes. It also details exposure and lung cancer or nonmalignant
specific work practices for blowing insulation in attics, respiratory disease in the MVF [man-made vitreous fiber]
installing cavity fill, batt, blanket and roll insulation, manufacturing environment.”
fabricating pipe and board, installing ceiling tiles and
spray applied fireproofing and handling bulk unbonded IARC’s comprehensive review of the extensive studies
products, and removing previously installed products. developed over the past 15 years indicates that some of
These recommendations are supported by OSHA as part the prior reviews now need to be updated. Many of these
of the HSPP. The pamphlet, along with a video describing earlier reviews do not account for the new science. For
the work practice recommendations, is available free by example, the U. S. Department of Health and Human
contacting NAIMA or visiting the NAIMA web site at Service (HHS, Shalala 1994) included fiber glass on its list
www.naima.org. of potential carcinogens based primarily on the
1988 IARC classification. Similarly, the California listing of

44
FIBROUS GLASS INSULATED HVAC DUCT SYSTEMS

fiber glass as “known to the state to cause cancer” was • Duke University – A 1997 study showed that mold is no
based principally on the old IARC classification. more likely to grow on fiber glass than on any other
surface in the duct system. Mold grows in the presence
Fiber glass is now the most thoroughly evaluated of water. By helping to reduce condensation, fiber glass
insulation material in the market. The data from these insulated ducts actually help minimize microbial growth.
evaluations demonstrate that:
• University of Nevada Las Vegas – A 1996 study
(1) No causal association has been found between confirmed the results of numerous earlier studies
either cancer or non-malignant pulmonary disease and showing that fiber content in the indoor air from fiber
human exposure to glass fibers. glass lined systems is insignificant and does not
adversely affect the health of building occupants.
(2) Inhalation exposures of animals to massive amounts
of biosoluble glass wool fibers, hundreds and even Conclusion:
thousands of times greater than human exposures, have NAIMA members believe fiber glass is safe to manufacture,
not shown a relationship between glass wool fibers and install, and use when recommended work practices are
disease. followed. Complete details on work practices and exposure
guidelines are contained in NAIMA’s Health and Safety
(3) Glass wool fibers are biosoluble and therefore Partnership Program and can be obtained in written or
dissolve more rapidly in body fluids than other fibers that video form. For more information about quoted references
have been associated with human disease. herein contacting NAIMA at the following address:

(4) Workplace levels of respirable glass fibers in most

settings are less than 1 fiber/cc; and airborne levels in
insulated buildings are not significantly different than
levels outside or in uninsulated buildings.
44 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 310,
NAIMA member companies continue to support Alexandria, VA 22314
ongoing scientific investigations into the health and safety
aspects of glass wools as part of their comprehensive Phone: (703) 684-0084, Fax: (703) 684-0427
product stewardship program. NAIMA is dedicated to Or visit us on the internet at www.naima.org
providing up-to-date information on the results of these
studies as they become available. The NAIMA Air Handling Committee includes representatives
of the following companies involved in the development,
Safety of In-Place Duct Products manufacture, and marketing of fibrous glass insulations for
HVAC duct systems:
When properly designed and installed, fiber glass products
for air handling systems improve the indoor environment by CertainTeed Corp.
controlling heat loss or gain, while reducing condensation P. O. Box 860, Valley Forge, PA 19482,
and providing acoustical insulation. 800-233-8990
Johns Manville Corp.
The results of several more recent scientific studies
P. O. Box 5108, Denver, CO 80217,
demonstrate that fiber glass insulated HVAC systems have
800-654-3103
no adverse effects on indoor environmental quality.
Knauf Fiber Glass
• The IPCS Environmental Health Criteria 77 on man- One Knauf Drive, Shelbyville, IN 46176,
made mineral fibers has stated: “ … it has generally 800-825-4434
been concluded that the contribution of fibrous glass Owens Corning
lined air transmission systems to the fibre content of One Owens Corning Parkway, Toledo, OH 43659
indoor air is insignificant.” 800-GET-PINK

45
About NAIMA

NAIMA is the association for North American manufacturers of fiber glass, rock wool,
and slag wool insulation products. Its role is to promote energy efficiency and
environmental preservation through the use of fiber glass, rock wool, and slag wool
insulation, and to encourage the safe production and use of these materials.

In May 1999, NAIMA began implementing a comprehensive voluntary

work practice partnership with the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA). The program, known as the Health and Safety Partnership
Program, or HSPP, promotes the safe handling and use of insulation materials and
incorporates education and training for the
manufacture, fabrication, installation and removal of fiber glass, rock
wool and slag wool insulation products.

For more information, contact:

44 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 310

Alexandria, VA 22314
Tel: 703-684-0084
Fax: 703-684-0427
E-mail: insulation @naima.org
Website: http://www.naima.org Pub. #AH121 3/07