ISSN : 2230-7109 (Online) | ISSN : 2230-9543 (Print) IJECT Vol.

8, Issue 4, Oct - Dec 2017

Battery Less Phones: A Deep Assessment on Device for

Long Range Scavenging of Wireless Power
1
Sparsh Rawlani, 2Purvesh Biyani, 3Apoorv Joshi
St. Mary's Convent School, Ujjain, MP, India
1

2
Delhi Public School, Indore, MP, India
3
Pioneer Convent School, Indore, MP, India

Abstract A. Perspective for Battery Less Phones

If we just date back to January 9, 2007, it’s the date when the A lot of discrepancies about the battery’s performance were going
world first witnessed a smart phone, and in fact, the first ‘Touch on around the world. The issue about the battery’s anomalous
screen phone’. Mr. Jobs, the owner of Apple Inclusive launched drain lead to the research of innovative stuff, which furthermore
the “I-phone” aiming to turn everyone’s life uncomplicated. And lead to the invention of these Battery Less Mobiles. Smart Phones
then, it has been ten years since the launch of the smart phone, and these days are a real help for the human race, the way they are
in these 10 years, the world has observed a revolutionary change used to reduce our burden and anxiety by saving our time is just
in the era of smart phones. One of the most drastic changes was unexplainable, And to the fact that everyone knows about the
witnessed in the batteries of these smart phones, ranging from battery affair, people still purchase phones to stay connected to
1000mAh to 5000mAh on an average. In the past couple of years, the world, and hence, these battery less phones were created to
intense usage of smart phones for various purposes has resulted replace the battery’s draining issue and to offer an effective method
in battery draining at a rapid rate. Many types of research have of staying connected to the world [2].
been done in order to find the exact reason for the battery drain
at a rapid rate and its solutions, although none of them were able B. Battery Less Smart Phones Vs Battery Saving
to accomplish anything special, and hence, rather than to find a Applications
solution to battery’s long life, a different solution was established, The multi task calculating apps can increase your battery’s life, but
and it was to construct phones, which can be operated without to a very small extent. These apps maintain your phone’s battery
batteries. life by clearing other apps from the background and by suggesting
This research paper focuses on the implementations of “Battery you the precautions about how to use your phones effectively, but
Less Smart phones”, and on its pros and cons. It will also state battery less phones are way different as the battery doesn’t exist
some of the economic and possible changes that can be made as and hence they will be greatly helpful in the future, especially for
per our research. upcoming generations [3].
So, this paper will completely focus on the methods about how
Keywords to implement the technology as soon as possible and what could
Invention, Advantages, Disadvantages, Incentives, Economy be the effective changes in it.
Factor, Astonishing Technology, Computer Science, Battery
drain.

I. Introduction
The smart phones we are using these days are indeed smart, however,
are they really that smart as the companies claim? The answer
to this question is yes, but aren’t those really dumb if discussed
in terms of battery life? Yes, they are. Even the companies that
sell smart phones at phenomenal rates have the issue of battery’s
performance [1]. The performance is better as compared to others,
but it is still a mystery if discussed in terms of long life. The idea
of battery less smart phones was initiated by a group of researchers
from “The University of Washington”, who invented the phone
with a dial pad, and to the next level of astonishment, the phone Fig. 2: Consumption by Normal Smart Phones
was designed so that it could harvest energy from “Radio Signals”.
The phone developed, features a dial pad, a small led light, and
will also include an E-ink display.

Fig. 1: A Look at the Prototype Invented Recently Fig. 3: Energy Savings by Battery Less Smart Phones

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The researchers developed this technology with an aim of getting as compared to the described one. In the phone, a “photo diode”
rid of the charging issues. The phone recently developed obtains was used to convert the ambient light into current or DC power.
energy from “Thin air” or from the “Radio Frequency Waves” These photo diodes can also produce energy in absence of light
(RF) [4]. The zero power frameworks can only attend and make as they contain optical filters and in-built lenses to perform better
calls and contains a dial-pad screen, making it obsolete according in dark conditions.
to the present technology [5], although, keeping the fact in mind
that doesn’t require any power; the phones can really be helpful
in crucial situations where it is hard to find electricity.
• The low power model also lacks a data connection but the
technology is still under development so everything would
get stabilized in future.
• The model doesn’t work without headphones or earphones.
• A special microphone is being designed to generate some
electromagnetic waves to enhance the device’s output.
• The range of the signals is quite less, and hence the range
of the distance can be increased by a significant amount, if
a licensed mobile frequency is used, making it a better hope
for the future.
• The next advanced step would be to introduce an E-ink display
that would be powered by radio frequencies, which would
look similar to that of Kindle, except for the battery. Fig 5: Flow Diagram Explaining the Working of a Photo Diode

II. Framework for Battery Free Phones

The prototype invented a few months back, yields energy from 2. Conversion of Ambient Signals to Power with the Photo
ambient sources, and surprisingly those ambient sources are Diode
“Radio Signals or Radio Waves”, and the device uses a minute The researchers at the University easily found the fact that using a
photo diode to harvest energy from the ambient light or RF sources. photo diode for converting ambient signals and light into current
It consumes only 3.5 microwatts of power from these energy is much efficient and economical than installing a power harvester
sources. The device has a limited range of just 31 feet from the since the amount of power required for the functioning of the
base station and the range can be expanded to 50 feet with the prototype was very less. A Photodiode is a semiconductor, with
help of a small “Solar Cell” [6]. p-n junction diode and an intrinsic layer between two junctions
[8]. The photocurrent is provoked by the electron hole pair because
A. Procedure for Fetching Energy from Ambient of the assimilation of light between depletion region. When
Sources photons of energy greater than 1.1 electron volt (eV) strike the
diode, electron-hole pairs are originated. The potency of photon
1. Harnessing Energy absorption depends on the energy of photons – the lower the
In order to harness energy from the ambient sources, a base energy of photons, the deeper the assimilation is. If the absorption
station is required and the base station is placed as per the occurs in the depleted region of the p-n junction, these hole pairs
range specified(31feet-50feet), RF energy can be transmitted in are wiped from the junction - due to the inbuilt electric field of
unlicensed bands or grids ranging from 868MHz to 5.4GHz from the depletion region. Hence, the holes proceed toward the anode
their respective base stations [7]. It is then, that this RF energy and the electrons move toward the cathode, thereby generating
is transfigured into DC power through some energy harnessing photocurrent. The sum of photocurrents and dark currents, which
devices such as “Powercast’s Powerharvester Receivers”, these flow with or without light, is the amount of current progressing
receivers also contain criterion or conventional antennas having through the photodiode, And this is how a small amount of power
an average resistance of 40-50 ohms. is generated in the battery less phone with the assistance of a tiny
photo diode [9].

Fig 4: Diagram Stating Conversion of RF Waves to DC Power

The main feature of these harvesters is to maintain the effectiveness

while maintaining the disparities of RF to DC transfiguration in
order to make the output stable, Although heading with the new Fig. 6: Structure of a Simple Photodiode
technology of battery free phones, the procedure was way different

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III. Prototype & Working of Battery Less Smart Phones base station by the use of a “backscatter” in order to maintain a
In the given model, the user undertakes a button to twig in between cycle of transferring digital packages that furthermore helps in
the two transmitting and listening notes. The team of researchers retaining signal strength so that the call doesn’t hang up in an
utilized the shell components on a printed circuit board and the insufficient manner [12].
team corroborated and ensured that the battery free prototype can
perform basic functions like calling someone up and then hanging 1. Backscatter-Working and Performance
up the call without any inadequate call drops. A custom base A backscatter is a device that reflects or deviates any particle
station collects the data in form of digital packages with the help through an angle measure of approximately 180 degrees. RFID
of a “Backscatter” and connects our call through “Skype” and the (Radio Frequency Identification) backscattering is a technology
person at the other end answers the call and responds. The device which uses the RF power transmitter in accordance to the tag reader
inherits the signals with a technology referred as “Zero Power to vitalize the tag(objects that are to be identified). Necessarily,
Amplitude Modulation” and plants the audio onto the earphones. they “deviate” part of the power conveyed by the reader, although
For making a call, the user has to dial the number on the dial pad it affects some of the properties, and in this manner, it sends backs
and has to speak into the microphone. For attending the call at information to the reader. With the help of RFID backscatter, some
receiver’s end, the user has to pick up the call and respond, the tags obtain their data transmission by converting the properties of
call is transported to a long distance with a backscatter, which the tags themselves, where as the rest twig between a load resistor
helps in the cycling of data packages [10]. in and out of the antenna circuit [13]. RFID backscatter conversion
controls outside the field region, and the radio signal proliferates
A. Shell Component and its Working away from the RFID reader. When the signal approaches the RFID
The Shell, which is used with the Kernel (part of operating system), tag, this inter communicates with the ongoing signal and some
is a part of the operating system of the battery free device that energy is deviated towards the RFID reader [14]. Over momentary
is utilized for recasting the Human made programming into ranges, the quantity of power outstretching the tag from the reader
the machine language. When the user enters the command for is quite enough to allow operation of low current circuits inside the
executing any sort of operation, the request proceeds to the shell tag, and so even with these low currents, the battery less device
parts, also known as Interpreter which then translates the code was able to reflect digital data packages.
and transfers it to the Kernel [11], the kernel then receives and
accepts the request and exhibits it on to the display area or screen.
The kernel also provides memory for the running processes on
the prototype.

Fig. 8: Reversing of Data Packages With Backscattering

C. Encoding of Speech Patterns

The process of obtaining power from the minute vibrations of the
microphone and speaker was indeed a great idea, but how does it
happen? or what are the basic steps behind it?
The answer to all these questions relates directly to the title. This
process inherently involves encoding of Speech Patterns through
the reflected radio signals in a way that hardly uses any power.
To dispatch speech, the phone encodes speech patterns through
the deviated or reflected signals with the help of those minute
vibrations in the microphone. To acquire speech, it translates
encoded radio signals into sound vibrations, which are harvested
by the speaker of the receiver’s phone [15].

Fig. 7: Simple Diagram Showing the Positions of Shell and Kernel 1. Why is Speech Patterns Encoded?
in Parts, of an Operating System Any sort of audio is constructed with the involvement of waveforms,
which furthermore are made up of frequencies and amplitudes. The
B. How is Power Saved? capability of a device to remake frequencies is known as Frequency
If we head back again towards the mobiles and devices of today’s Response and the capability of the device to create an adequate
generation, the phenomenon behind the battery’s hunger for amount of loud or soft sound is referred as Dynamic Range. So,
power is the process of converting analog signals into digital data when sound is being encoded, it simply means that both of these
packages that a phone can interpret. This process consumed the primary principles are capable of accumulating and transporting
highest amount of power in smart phones that we are operating at data productively. An audio encoded is completely different to
present, however that’s not the case with battery free cell phones as the type of audio formats that we use presently. For example,
the battery free prototype takes the dominance of minute vibrations audio formats like .mp3, are first encoded into file formats before
that occur in the phone’s microphone and speaker when the user being encoded to mp3. Some of the basic file formats like.WAV or
speaks into the microphone or listens to an incoming call. An FLAC, are both file formats and form of encodings [16]. FLAC
antenna connected to the shell and speaker components receives being the only file format that needs a header for encoding, the
the analog radio signals, which are emitted by the cellular base others help to encode Speech API without the use of extensive
station and then these signals are transmitted back to the cellular headers and hence resulting in encoding Speech output at a faster

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rate. So if an audio is not encoded, it will let to great disturbance reconstructed once again to make it clear to the user.
in the Speech Output and therefore audio formats are encoded In the battery less phone, the backscatter helps in maintaining the
before they are used, and in the battery free prototype, the minute strength of the signals by sending them back to the cellular base
vibrations helped in encoding the formats at that instant, to be station by deviation of signals, and finally, the call is connected
precise those vibrations acted as a source for encoding speech to the phone number and the receiver’s audio is heard through
patterns for both the incident and reflected signals [17]. headphones.

D. Zero Power Amplitude Modulation-Working and F. Increase in the Range With a Solar Cell
Importance Earlier in this paper, we saw that the range under which the
The zero power amplitude modulation is that the electron with battery free model worked, was just limited to 31 feet, that is the
the greatest intensity is used in almost all wireless receivers and phone stopped working, once it was taken beyond the specified
these can be easily substituted with electronic components that range. Although, there was a solution implemented that the range
can even sustain without a battery. With amplitude modulation, could be extended to few more feet, making it 50 feet from the
compact range receiver can be manufactured which can work cellular base station. So the importance of that minute solar cell
without a battery supply then the RF signal is obtained. Amplitude was unimaginable, and hence at this point, the use of solar cell
modulation might be shifted using pulse coding to impart an became a much important factor [21].
idiosyncratic device ON signal, to the Zero-Power Receiver [18].
When engulfed into a phone or GPS, it withdraws the requirement 1. How do solar cell work and increases range by saving
for the devices ON and OFF feature, resulting in extreme battery energy?
life. It can also increase the range of the current RFID’s in an Solar cell constitutes of P-N junction diode, which is assembled
appreciable manner, And it can also provide an exceptionally wide from Silicon and Germanium. With the help of vapor deposition,
input bandwidth. In the battery, less phone zero power amplitude P type layer is diffused over N type semiconductor with p type
modulation helped in receiving the signals and placed the audio having some electrodes. This process constructs open space for
on to the earphones, as describes earlier the phone cannot be light to fall on P layer and hence underlying the P-N junction [22].
operated without earphones. The audio is transmitted using zero The bottom of N layer comprises of current assembling electrode.
power analog backscatter [19]. Since the device uses RF signals When a light photon arrives at the junction, they exhilarate electrons
to manipulate few microwatts of power, it was necessary to use from valence band to conduction band, discarding behind an equal
earphones so that the signal strength is not lost, as earphones number of holes in the valence band. This electron hole generated
worked as an antenna as where they were used in FM radios on in the depletion region accelerates in opposite direction because of
cellular phones. the barrier field. Photo generated electrons accelerate in direction
of n type and electrons directed towards p side. The hoard of these
E. Skype - Usage and Information with Battery less charges carriers formulates p side, a positive electrode, and N
Phones side, a negative electrode. Hence photo voltage is set up across
For The biggest task that the researchers did with Skype, was to the junction. When load resistance is connected in the circuit,
answer the incoming calls and to keep those calls on hold whenever the current flows through the solar cell [23]. This current from
required. Skype is a VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), which the solar cell is greater than that produced by the RF signals and
helps us to communicate with anyone around the globe, free of hence a reason ,the capacity of backscatter increases in order to
cost. The best feature was the video calling that was launched by send digital packages back to the base station, and finally the
Skype a few years ago [20]. range increases [24].

Coming to its working, Any VoIP application uses SIP(Standard

IP or TCP protocols) to produce data packs and transmits it to the
same network that you use for surfing the internet actually it works
as per IP address, also known as your network address. VoIP is
one of the best Internet Protocols, since, the transmission is not
just limited to audio, but also to text, images, and videos as well. Fig. 9: A Solar Cell as used in the Battery Less Phone
The working starts with the receiver that ranges from hardware
products to software applications. User’s voice is first captured by IV. Advantages
the microphone and then encoded into a digital package that it is The advantages of this battery-less phones are exceptional, though
transferred to a compressor which compresses an audio format so the implementation of these phones completely, is still a mystery.
it can work on slow connections as well. The audio clips are then From saving energy to utilizing new technology, this outstanding
divided into parts and are finally sent to the required destination prototype stands rigidly in every part of the platform, when it
from your network. Then at the receiver’s end, the audio is comes to energy saving.

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A. Conserves Electricity phone possesses a backscatter that sends the digital packages
Since the phone doesn’t consist of a battery, it saves electricity to back to the cellular base station. The base station then receives
a great amount. As per a survey, it approximately costs a person the signals and connects the call through Skype. The battery less
around 5$ a year to charge a phone. The amount may not seem phone obtains signals with the help of zero power amplitude
that big, but it increases to 500 $ for 10 years and around 5000$ in modulation and transfers audio onto our earphones. To respond,
a century. So now it can be easily figured that battery less phone the user has to press a button and speak into the microphone.
can save electricity and money by large amounts. Even after combining these amazing technologies, the phone
has multiple disadvantages, Range being the biggest one. As per
B. Saves Time the rate of growing technology, these limitations will be fixed
From some of the latest facts and figures, it was estimated that soon with all the Wifi routers having RF emission sources, and
a person usually spends approximately 2.5 hours in a day while we would soon witness an ‘Advance Battery less Phone’ with
waiting for the phone to charge. The amount of time increases to multiple features.
around 1000 hours in a year.
A. Limitations
C. Low Power Consumption It is not a hidden factor that anything in the world which is in
As explained earlier, the battery free cell-phone consumes only existence has a disadvantage or a negative factor behind the
3.5 microwatts of power, which is captured from ambient power convenience of that object. The same truth applies for the battery
sources. On an average, it was found that charging your phone free prototype. Even after having tremendous advantages, it has
consumes 1kWh of power in a year. The power is quite low as some limitations too, which restricts the implementation of the
compared to the time period of one year, Although if we imagine device completely.
that if a normal mobile with battery consumes this much power,
then how many years would it take for a battery less cell phone 1. Limited Range
to use 1kWh of power? The answer goes even beyond hundred This paper already illustrated that the range under which the device
thousand years, so it saves power by a huge amount. works is extremely limited, which is just 31 feet from the cellular
base station, and can be extended to 51 feet with the help of a solar
D. No Charging Issues cell when the energy is obtained from ambient light. So as soon
The fact is not hidden that charging a phone, again and again, as the user leaves the area covered by the RF signals, the signal
annoys a person, the most. Charging a phone completely and strength is lost and the device stops working. Even though a solar
plugging it once more after using it for some hours, displeases cell increases the range, it still remains very less in terms of using
the user in emergency and crucial situations. With the battery it worldwide, and that’s the biggest reason why the phone is not
less phone, anyone can operate the phone anytime and anywhere implemented completely, as researchers are still establishing a
without worrying about the sudden drain of the battery. definite way to increase the range.

2. Connecting to calls with ear/head phones

Another issue faced by this device is that the user was unable to
call someone without the use of earphones, since the earphones
worked as a sort of an antenna for receiving signals using zero
power amplitude modulation, However, this process consumed
extremely low power for calling, using earphones every time
while having a conversation was not a good deal.

3. Use of solar cell

A solar cell was used in the device in order to increase the range
by few feet, the solar cell only worked when the energy was
harvested from ambient “light”.
Therefore, to obtain energy in the absence of light was not possible
as the solar cell harnessed energy from the light, hence increasing
Fig 10: Chip set used for battery free Smartphone the range was not always possible.

V. Conclusion 4. Lacking multiple operational Features

It was extremely astonishing to witness that a group of researchers This new technology of operating phones without a battery
have finally developed a phone that uses no power, which means was a mind-boggling invention, although the phone had many
the phone has no battery and harnesses energy from ambient disadvantages and lacked multiple features, still, it was praised
signals and light sources. Even Mr. Jobs, who designed the first a lot due to the tremendous efforts of the researchers. One of the
ever smart phone, might have never thought that smart phones important disadvantages was that the phone just had a capacitive
would be that smart that someday we would be able to use it touch screen with a keypad used to dial a number, so, even after
without a rechargeable option, that is without a battery. The phone being the latest invention, it was way back as compared to the
just consumes 3.5 microwatts of power and harvests energy from battery devices we use nowadays. It was not possible to use the
ambient radio and light sources with the help of minute diodes prototype for multiple uses such as for social media purposes or
that convert light and signal strength into a current which is for entertainment purposes, as the advance version of this phone
furthermore converted into few microwatts of power. With the is still under development, and the phone still requires some more
phone, we can just dial a number and call to another person. The amount of energy to perform special tasks.

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VI. Future Scope & Possible Enhancements

The team of researchers already explained the major pros and cons
of the battery free cell phone and demonstrated the model with a
hope of making major enhancements in the future. The prototype
lacked multiple features and in-fact, the phone was limited to a
capacitive dial pad which was made upon a plane mother board
with all the crucial parts(photo diodes and solar cell ) exposed.
Hence, some of the betterments that can be implemented are:-

A. Increase in the Range

The biggest limitation that restricts the phone is its range which
is extremely less. As a reason, the biggest improvement yet to
be made is to increase the range by multiple factors. The reason
behind the limited range was the lack of cellular base stations
that emitted RF signals, so the easiest way to increase range is to
reconstruct the usual Wifi routers and antennas so that they start
emitting RF signals. This is the best way to increase the range by
hundreds and thousands of miles.

Fig 11: Amazon’s Kindle with E-ink Display

A similar form of the screen would be implanted in an advanced

model of battery less phone. Unlike Kindle, it will obtain energy
from the RF signals and not from any sort of battery. The team
of researchers tried to implant it now but the attempt failed due
to an error.

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2010 IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on, pp. 105- Convent School, Ujjian, Madhya
114. IEEE, 2010. Pradesh, India, in May 2017. His
[13] Lurton, X., G. Lamarche, C. Brown, E. Heffron, V. Lucieer, primary subjects at the high school
G. Rice, A. Schimel, T. Weber,"The GeoHab Backscatter included Physics, Chemistry,
Working Group: definition of guidelines and recommendations Mathematics, English and Informatics
for seafloor backscatter measurements by hydrographic Practices (computers). His research
multibeam echosounders", In ICES Symposium: Marine interests include the implementations of
Ecosystem Acoustics-Observing the Ocean Interior in Battery Less Phones which can harvest
Support of Integrated Management, pp. 28. 2015. power from RF waves. At present, He
[14] Azad, A. K. M., Joarder Kamruzzaman, Nemai Chandra is researching on a technology related to IR and RF waves
Karmakar,"Wireless sensor network protocols applicable to
RFID system", In Chipless and conventional radio frequency Purvesh Biyani received his high
identification: Systems for ubiquitous tagging, pp. 251-284. school graduation from, Delhi Public
IGI Global, 2012. School, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India,
[15] Cox, Richard V., Joachim Hagenauer, Nambi Seshadri, and in May 2017. His primary subjects
C-EW Sundberg,"Subband speech coding and matched at the high school included Physics,
convolutional channel coding for mobile radio channels", Chemistry, Mathematics, English
IEEE Transactions on signal processing 39, no. 8, pp. 1717- and Physical Education. His research
1731, 1991. interests include the implementations of
[16] Petitto, Laura Ann, Robert J. Zatorre, Kristine Gauna, Erwin Battery Less Phones which can harvest
James Nikelski, Deanna Dostie, Alan C. Evans,"Speech- power from RF waves. At present, He
like cerebral activity in profoundly deaf people processing is researching on a technology related
signed languages: implications for the neural basis of human to IR and RF waves.
language", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
97, No. 25, pp. 13961-13966, 2000. Apoorv Joshi is currently in 12th
[17] Gersho, Allen, Vladimir Cuperman,"Vector quantization: grade in Pioneer Convent High
A pattern-matching technique for speech coding", IEEE School, Indore, Madhya Pradesh,
Communications Magazine 21, No. 9, pp. 15-21, 1983. India. His primary subjects include
[18] Staszewski, Robert Bogdan, John L. Wallberg, Sameh Rezeq, Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry,
Chih-Ming Hung, Oren E. Eliezer, Sudheer K. Vemulapalli, and Physical Education. His research
Chan Fernando et al.,"All-digital PLL and transmitter for interest includes the implementation
mobile phones", IEEE journal of Solid-State circuits 40, No. of Battery Less Phones which can
12, pp. 2469-2482, 2005. harvest power from RF waves. He will
[19] Su, David K., William J. McFarland,"An IC for linearizing be graduating in May 2018. At present
RF power amplifiers using envelope elimination and he is also researching on a technology
restoration", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 33, No. related to IR and RF.
12, pp. 2252-2258, 1998.
[20] Baghel, Sudhir Kumar, Kirti Keshav, Venkateswara Rao

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