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Pumps Notes: H Q Power

Pumps are devices that convert mechanical power into hydraulic power. There are two main types of pumps: kinetic pumps which continuously add energy through centrifugal or axial flow, and positive displacement pumps which add energy periodically through reciprocating or rotary motion. Common pumps include centrifugal pumps, gear pumps, lobe pumps, vane pumps, and reciprocating piston pumps. Proper pump selection, installation, priming, and operation are important to maximize efficiency and avoid issues like cavitation.

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81 views

Pumps Notes: H Q Power

Pumps are devices that convert mechanical power into hydraulic power. There are two main types of pumps: kinetic pumps which continuously add energy through centrifugal or axial flow, and positive displacement pumps which add energy periodically through reciprocating or rotary motion. Common pumps include centrifugal pumps, gear pumps, lobe pumps, vane pumps, and reciprocating piston pumps. Proper pump selection, installation, priming, and operation are important to maximize efficiency and avoid issues like cavitation.

Uploaded by

ahmedaboshady
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pumps Notes

Pumps are devices that convert the Mechanical power into Hydraulic
power.

Revision Notes!

1. When fluid flows slowly, smoothly and in parallel layers the flow
is called Laminar. At fast velocities, the inertia of the water
overcomes fluid frictional forces and Turbulent flow results
flowing in eddies and whirls.

2. The dimensionless Reynolds Number characterizes whether flow


conditions lead to laminar or turbulent flow. Laminar Flow as
(Re<2000) and Turbulent Flow as (Re>3000)

3. Losses in flow are either friction or eddy.

4. Bernoulli's Equation:
E 1 E 2 H 1  2
P V 2 P V 2
[ Z  ] [  Z  ] h 1  2
w 2g 1 w 2g 2

5. Hydraulic Power:

Power specificgravity QDischarg e H Head


Pumps Specifications:

1. Discharge (Q).
2. Head (H).
3. Efficiency (η
).

1
Types of Pumps:

1. Kinetic pumps.
2. Positive Displacement pumps.

Kinetic Pumps
 The dynamic head pumps add energy continuously, according to
the direction of flow classified into two types A) Centrifugal [the
most common type] B) Axial.

 Its idea is to convert the energy of the prime mover first into
velocity (Kinetic Energy) then into (Pressure Energy).

 It contains of two main parts:

A) Impeller: Converts the driver motor energy into kinetic energy.

B) Volute Casing: Converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy.

2
Piping System Equation:
H m H st  KQ 2

C.P System Curves:

Lifting as the static head is positive, Circulating as the static head is zero
and Boosting as the static head is negative.

3
C.P Performance Curves:

The maximum efficiency remains the same as the Speed (N) increases.

Pump Operating Point:

The intersection point of both performance and system curves.

4
Pump Connections:

1. To get the required Head and Discharge.


2. To achieve the minimum no. of pumps.
3. To achieve the minimum Shaft Power.

A) Series Connection: Constant Discharge, Higher Head.

B) Parallel Connection: Constant Head, Higher Discharge.

5
C.P Installation:

1. Install the pump at the lowest possible position (High Static Head).
2. Install the pump at the nearest possible position to the suction side.
3. Use as less as possible the sources of eddy losses.

Cavitation in C.P:
Vaporization within a pump is called "Cavitation" we see that a
reduction in pressure can cause a liquid to vaporize if it is close to its
vapor pressure.

Cavitation means that cavities are forming in the liquid that we are
pumping. When these cavities form at the suction of the pump several
things happen all at once.

 Loss in capacity.
 No longer can build the same head.
 The efficiency drops.
 The cavities or bubbles will collapse when they pass into the higher
regions of pressure causing noise and vibration.

Cavitation never occurs in the delivery side because the manometric


suction head can be negative but the manometric delivery head is always
positive.

Avoiding the Cavitation in C.P:


The pressure on the liquid entering a centrifugal pump is reduced as it
moves from the suction flange to the point at which it receives energy
from the impeller. Obviously, we must compare this reduced pressure to
the vapor pressure entering the pump to determine whether the liquid will
vaporize. When the available NPSH is equal to or greater than the
required NPSH the pump will not cavitate.

Pmin Pv Patm


N .P .S .H available N .P .S .H required
v2
H ss hls  hv hatm H m
2g

6
Priming the C.P:

 Priming the C.P by filling the pump casing with water before the
pump is started else way the pump will not be able to function.

 Using vacuum devices to remove the vapor and gases from the
suction side. If the pump casing becomes filed with vapor and
gases the pump impeller becomes gas-bound and incapable of
pumping.

 At starting the delivery valve should be opened because if it's


closed a failure of motor may occurs. (The discharge is zero as
the shaft power is maximum) so soft start is recommended to
increase the motor speed gradually.

Multi-Stage C.P:

A more economical approach to developing high pressures with a single


centrifugal pump is to include multiple impellers on a common shaft
within the same pump casing.

Internal channels in the pump casing route the discharge of one impeller
to the suction of another impeller.

7
Positive Displacement Pumps
 The positive displacement pumps add energy periodically,
according to the movement of the main pump parts classified into
two types A) Reciprocating [Piston and Diaphragm] B) Rotary
[Gear, Lope, Vane and Screw].

 The positive displacement pump delivers a definite volume of fluid


for each cycle of pump operation regardless of the head against
which the pump is operating.

 Positive displacement pumps are protected from over-


pressurization by a relief valve on the upstream side of the pump
discharge valve.

 Slippage is the rate at which liquid leaks from the discharge of the
pump back to the pump suction.

 Unlike centrifugal pumps, P.D pumps are self priming.

8
Rotary Gear Pump:

Gear pumps are positive displacement rotary pumps used to transport


high pressure and high volume flows. They function through the use of
two or more internal gears that create vacuum pressure, propelling the
fluid media. Typically a rotating assembly includes a driving gear and a
driven gear. As each tooth of the gear makes contact the load moves to
the next tooth and fluid moves with each contact. Gear pumps provide a
continuous, non-pulsating flow so gear pumps may be preferred in a
number of applications of petrochemical and marines.

Rotary External Gear Pump

Rotary Internal Gear Pump

9
Gear Pump Discharge Equation:
N
Q act a l n 
60
Where:
a = Area between adjacent teeth.
l = Gear width.
n = number of Gears.

Rotary Lobe Pump:

In principle the lobe pump is similar to the external gear pump; liquid
flows into the region created as the counter-rotating lobes enmesh.

Lobe pump gives higher discharge and less noise than the gear pump.

Rotary Vane Pump:

10
A slotted rotor or impeller is eccentrically supported in a cam. As the
impeller rotates and fluid enters the pump, centrifugal force, hydraulic
pressure pushes the vanes to the walls of the housing.

The housing and cam force fluid into the pumping chamber through holes
in the cam. Fluid enters the pockets created by the vanes, rotor, cam, and
side plate.

As the impeller continues around, the vanes sweep the fluid to the
opposite side of the crescent where it is squeezed through discharge holes
of the cam as the vane approaches the point of the crescent fluid then
exits the discharge port.

Vane Pump Disadvantages:


 Complex housing.
 Not suitable for high pressures.
 Not suitable for high viscosity.

Reciprocating Piston Pump:

 The pumping action in any reciprocating pump is dependent upon


the positive displacement or the fluid pumped by a piston or
plunger. The capacity of the pump is, therefore, determined by the
area of the piston and its rate of travel. Reciprocating pumps move
water or other liquids by a plunger or piston that travels back and
forth inside a cylinder.

 Flow can be controlled by regulating speed of drive with no head


loss by throttling as in a centrifugal pump. Used often at high or
very high pressures. The flow rate can be easily changed by
adjusting the RPM of the driver.

11
Reciprocating Piston Pump Capacity:

Simplex single acting pumps discharge the cylinder volume for each two
strokes. The forward stroke discharges the cylinder and the back stroke or
reverse stroke fills the cylinder.

Simplex double acting pumps discharge the cylinder volume for each
pump stroke. The forward stroke discharges the cylinder in front of the
piston while filling the cylinder behind the piston. The back or reverse
stroke discharges the cylinder behind the piston while filling the cylinder
forward of the piston.

 N
Q theo Stroke  D  n 2

4 60
Q act Q theo volumetric
Where:
D = Cylinder Diameter.
n = number of Cylinders.
Avoiding the pulsating in P.D reciprocating pumps:

1. Using Multi-cylinders.
2. Using Air-Vessels.

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