Eurocode concerning to fire

l EN 1992, Eurocode 2 -Design of concrete structure

l EN 1993, Eurocode 3-Design of steel structure
l EN 1994, Eurocode 4-Design of composite steel and concrete
structure
l EN 1995, Eurocode 5-Design of timber structure
l EN 1996, Eurocode 6-Design of masonry structure
l EN 1999, Eurocode 9-Design of aluminum alloy structure

l EN 1991, Eurocode 1- Actions on structures: Part 1-2 General

actions-Actions on structures exposed to fire

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
References for fire design
http://www.tkk.fi/Units/Civil/Steel/ (Report 29)
http://www.terasrakenneyhdistys.fi/ (ESDEP, Welded profile)
http://www.ilt.kuleuven.ac.be/bwk/materials/Teaching
/master/toc.htm (ESDEP in English)
http://www.arcelor.com/sections/DIFISEK/DIFISEK_welcome
.html (DIFISEK)
http://www.mace.manchester.ac.uk/project/research/stru
ctures/strucfire/ (one stop shop in fire engineering)
Structural design for fire safety / Andrew H. Buchanan
Steel and composite structures : behaviour and design for fire safety
/Y.C. Wang
Laboratory of Steel Structures
Helsinki University of Technology
 Structure in fire

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
 Thermo Action and Thermo
Analysis

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
 Contents

l Basic concepts concerning fire safety

l Thermal actions
l Thermal analysis

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
Fire safety
l to reduce loss of life
l to reduce property or financial loss in or in
the neighborhood of a building fire

Ways to achieve these objectives

l fire prevention
l operational or active measures
l structural or passive measures
Laboratory of Steel Structures
Helsinki University of Technology
 Safety in case of fire
l occupants can leave the works or be rescued by
other means
l the safety of rescue teams is taken into
consideration
l the load bearing capacity of the construction can
be assumed for a specific period of time
l the generation and spread of fire and smoke
within the works are limited
l the spread of fire to neighboring construction
works is limited

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
 Room Fire
Laboratory of Steel Structures
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 growth period

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
 Thermal Actions
l Some examples of fire scenarios
– in a small room, it is assumed a fully developed fire, using
the maximum fire load which can be in the compartment
– in a large room, at least two assumptions can be made, either
a uniformly distributed fire load leading to a fully developed
fire in the compartment or localized fires depending on the
possible location of the fire load
– for element outside the facade of the building, flames coming
through windows and doors will be considered

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
 Thermal Actions
l Thermal actions are generally given as temperature-time
relationship
l Relationship between temperature, time and space
location may be:
ü given by a nominal temperature curve, uniform in the space
– representing a ”realistic fire”, either
üspecified in terms of parametric fire exposure, or
– given by an analytical formula for localized fire, or
– obtained by computer modeling

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
Laboratory of Steel Structures
Helsinki University of Technology
 Nominal temperature-time curve
Standard
1200
Θg = 20 + 345log10(8t+1) Hydrocarbon Fire
1000
Standard Fire
External 800

Temperature ( C )
Θg = 20 + 660(1-0.687 e-0.32t –0.313e-3.8t) 600 External Fire

400

Hydrocarbon 200

Θg = 20 + 1080(1-0.325 e-0.167t –0.675e-2.5t) 0

0 30 60 90 120 150
Time (min)
Unit of time t is minute

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
Laboratory of Steel Structures
Helsinki University of Technology
 Parametric Fires
l temperature-time curve
l uniformly distribution in the
compartment
l valid for fire compartments
– up to 500 m2 of floor area,
– without openings in the roof
– a maximum compartment
height of 4 m

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
Laboratory of Steel Structures
Helsinki University of Technology
Laboratory of Steel Structures
Helsinki University of Technology
Laboratory of Steel Structures
Helsinki University of Technology
What is thermo analysis

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
 Analysis assumptions for
steel member

l uniform temperature
in cross-section

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
 net heat flux [W/m2]: heat flow per unit area

hc = αc (θg - θm)

hr = Φ ε σ [(θr + 273) 4 – (θm +273 ) 4]

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
hnet = αc (θg - θm) + Φ ε σ [(θr + 273) 4 – (θm +273 ) 4]
θg: Gas temperature near the fire exposed member [°C]
θm: Surface temperature [°C]
θr: effective radiation temperature of the fire environment [°C], in
case of fully engulfed members, gas temperature can be used

Φ: configuration factor that is a measure of how much of the emitter

is ‘seen’ by the receiving surface (=1) lower value can be taken
considering shadow effect

σ: Stefan-Boltzmann constant [W/m2K4] (=5.67 × 10-8 )

ε: Resultant emissivity of two surface ε = εm · εf

εm: surface emissivity of the member (0.7 may be used)

εf: emissivity of fire (=1.0)
Laboratory of Steel Structures
Helsinki University of Technology
convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)

αc (W/m2K)
Exposed sides
the standard temperature-time curve is used 25
the external fire curve is used 25
the hydrocarbon temperature-time is used 50
the simplified fire models are used 35
the advanced fire models are used 35
Unexposed side of separating members
the radiation effects are not included 4
the radiation effects are included 9

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
 Thermal Response for unprotected
steel members
heat entering = heat to raise temperature
hnet Am ∆t = ρa ca V ∆ θa
Specific heat, ca, is the amount
of heat required to heat a unit
net heat flux [W/m2]: heat flow per unit area mass of material by one
degree [ J/kgK ]

∆ θa.t = (Am/V)·(1/ρa ca) ·hnet · ∆t

∆ t no more than 5 second

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
 Shadow Effect

∆θa.t = ksh⋅(Am/V)·(1/ρa ca) ·hnet · ∆t

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
Section factor Open section exposed to fire Open section
exposed to fire on
A m /V: three sides
Perimeter / Section area
A m /V:
Surface exposed to
fire / Section area

Tube exposed to fire

on all sides

Am / V = 1 / t

Hollow section or welded box section with

uniform thickness exposed to fire on all
sides
if t << b, A m / V = 1 / t

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
Thermal properties
Specific Heat
(J/kg°K)

5000

Specific heat, cp, is 4000

the amount of heat
required to heat a unit 3000
ca=600 J/kg°K
(EC3 simple calculation
mass of material by 2000
models)
one degree [ J/kgK ]
1000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Temperature (°C)

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
 Thermal
conductivity
(W/m°K)
Thermal conductivity, λ,
represents the rate of heat 60
transferred through a unit
50 λa=45 W/m°K (EC3 simple calculation models)
thickness material per unit
temperature difference 40
[W/mK]
30

20

10

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Temperature (°C)

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
 Thermal Response for protected
steel members

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
 Thermal Response for protected
steel members

∆θ a.t =
λ p / d p Ap  1 
 ( ) ( )
 θ g.t − θ a.t ∆t − e φ / 10 − 1 ∆θ g.t
ca ρ a V  1 + φ / 3 
∆θ a.t ≥ 0

cpρ p Ap ∆ t no more than 30 second

φ= dp
ca ρ a V

dp is the thickness of fire protection material

λp is thermal conductivity of the fire protection material

ρp is the density of fire protection material

Laboratory of Steel Structures
Helsinki University of Technology
Thermal properties of insulation materials
Materials Density Thermal conductivity Specific heat Equilibrium moisture
ρi λi ci content
(kg/m3) (W/mK) (J/kgK) %
Sprays
Sprayed mineral fiber 300 0.12 1200 1
Perlite or vermiculite 350 0.12 1200 15
plaster
High density perlite or 550 0.12 1200 15
vermiculite plaster
Boards:
Fiber-silicate or fiber- 600 0.15 1200 3
calcium silicate
Gypsum plaster 800 0.20 1700 20
Compressed fiber boards
Mineral wool, fiber silicate 150 0.20 1200 2

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
The steel temperature increase a may be modified to allow for a
time delay td in the rise of the steel temperature when it reaches
100°C, due to the latent heat of vaporization of the moisture. The
calculation method for td is given in ENV13381-4 (2002)

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology
 Contour encasement of
uniform thickness

Contour encasement of
uniform thickness,
exposed to fire on 3 sides

Hollow encasement of uniform

thickness, exposed to fire on 3 sides
(The clearance c1 and c2 < h/4)
Hollow encasement of uniform
thickness
(The clearance c1 and c2 < h/4)
Laboratory of Steel Structures
Helsinki University of Technology
Spreadsheet calculation for temperatures of unprotected or protected
steel members

Time Steel temperature Fire temperature Temperature change in steel

θa θg ∆θa
t1 = ∆t Initial steel Fire temperature half way Calculating from increasemental
temperature θa0 through time step (at ∆t / 2) equation with θa and θg from this
row
t2 = t1 + θa + ∆θa Fire temperature half way Calculating from increasemental
∆t θa Temperature for through time step (at t1+∆t / equation with θa and θg from this
previous row 2) row

Laboratory of Steel Structures

Helsinki University of Technology